From 491dd3b15b7166c4eb72a690472293c2b624ee96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: turtle89431 Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 03:29:27 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Scrape wikipedia-science: 7490 new, 3372 updated, 11176 total (kb-cron) --- _index.db | Bin 88748032 -> 88891392 bytes .../wiki/Academia_Sinica-0.md | 47 ++++ .../wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md | 70 ++++++ .../wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md | 72 ++++++ .../Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md | 67 ++++++ .../wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md | 52 +++++ ..._of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md | 51 ++++ .../wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md | 20 ++ .../wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md | 98 ++++++++ .../Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md | 86 +++++++ .../wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md | 40 ++++ .../Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md | 33 +++ ...can_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md | 17 ++ .../wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md | 83 +++++++ .../wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md | 50 ++++ 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b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +--- +title: "Academia Sinica" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Academia Sinica (AS; Latin: Academia Sinica, lit. 'Chinese Academy'; Chinese: 中央研究院; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Yánjiùyuàn) is the national academy of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Headquartered in Nangang, Taipei, it conducts research in mathematics, physical sciences, life sciences, humanities, and social sciences. +The academy was founded in Nanjing, China, in 1928, and was re-established in Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. As an educational institute, it provides PhD training and scholarship through its English-language Taiwan International Graduate Program in biology, agriculture, chemistry, physics, informatics, and earth and environmental sciences. +Membership in Academia Sinica is determined through the election of academicians. An academician of Academia Sinica is the highest academic honor in the country. The current president of the academy since 2016 is James C. Liao, an expert in metabolic engineering, systems biology and synthetic biology. + +== History == + +=== Founding and early years === + +Academia Sinica was established in April 1928 in the capital city of Nanking by the National Government of the Republic of China as the country's highest research organization. Its name is a Latin title whose literal meaning is "Chinese Academy". The academy's first president was the philosopher Cai Yuanpei and its first director-general was the scholar Yang Xingfo. According to historian James Reardon-Anderson, it was "by far the best-funded, most prominent research organ in Republican China". Prior to World War II, Academia Sinica received one-third of all government research expenditures and was also funded by the British and American Boxer Indemnities. The academy's early expenditures encompassed buying the lands, buildings, and equipment necessary to support a staff dedicated to the study of applied sciences. +Under Cai's direction, Academia Sinica adopted European and American institutional models, including the practice of electing academicians. Cai envisioned the academy's mission as modernizing Chinese academia by "saving the nation through scholarship" and "saving the nation through science". He advocated for the academic freedom of educational administration, so that the academy's scholarship could develop autonomously without interference from politics. Under Cai and Yang, the academy operated independently of the Kuomintang (KMT) government and attained membership in the International Council of Scientific Unions. By 1931, ten research institutes—ranging from physics to philology to zoology—were in operation. +In 1935, president Ding Wenjiang established a system of academic assessors in 1935. + +=== War years === +During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Cai died in 1949 and was succeeded as president by geologist Chu Chia-hua, who organized the relocation of the academy's artifacts from Kunming when fighting intensified there. +After the Surrender of Japan, the academy's headquarters returned to Nanking. In October 1946, president Chu Chia-hua organized the election of the academy's first group of academicians. They included mathematicians Su Buqing, Shiing-Shen Chern, and Hua Luogeng; chemists Hsien Wu, Zhuang Changgong, K. K. Chen, and Hou Debang; geologists Li Siguang, Weng Wenhao, Yang Zhongjian, and Zhang Hongzhao; meteorologist Chu Coching; engineer Mao Yisheng; and historian-linguists Fu Ssu-nien and Chen Yinke; among others. Of the 81 academicians elected, 49 were educated in the U.S., 23 in Europe, and five in Japan; six—including archaeologist Dong Zuobin and historians Gu Jiegang and Liu Yizheng—were educated domestically. +On December 19, 1948, all of the academy's institutes unanimously voted to move to Taiwan via Guangxi and Guangdong, due to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War. However, only Academia Sinica's Institute of Mathematics and the Institute of History and Philology were able to relocate to Taiwan; the remainder of the academy's property and affiliates in mainland China were absorbed into the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Of the original group of 81 academicians, only nine moved to Taiwan. +The academy was low on monetary funds, and reopened with the Institute of History and Philology in December 1954. In the same year, its main campus was constructed in Jiuzhuang, Nangang, Taipei. Due to the importance of agriculture to the economy of Taiwan, efforts were made to revive the Institute of Botany. The second convocation of the Academia Sinica was held in 1957. At the same time, the mainland part of Academia Sinica remained functioning under Communist rule and was renamed as the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 1980s. + +=== Contemporary === +In the 2000s, many of the current institutes and research centers were established, partially through reorganization of old ones. Academia Sinica's first PhD program, the Taiwan International Graduate Program, was inaugurated in 2006. + +== Leadership == +The president of Academia Sinica is appointed by the president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from three candidates recommended by the Council Meeting. The president of Academia Sinica must be an academician. After the appointment, the president serves a five-year term and can serve up to two consecutive terms. +Academia Sinica's current president is James C. Liao, a biochemist, who replaced Chi-Huey Wong, a biological chemist and the Parsons Foundation Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles, as the 11th president on 21 June 2016. The list of past presidents also includes Hu Shih, a philosopher and essayist, and a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of vernacular Chinese, as well as an influential redology scholar and holder of the Jiaxu manuscript (Chinese: 甲戌本; pinyin: Jiǎxū běn) until his death. The fifth president, Yuan T. Lee, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes". + +=== Presidents === +Cai Yuanpei (1928–1940) +Chu Chia-Hua (Acting, 1940–1957) +Hu Shih (1958–1962) +Wang Shih-Chieh (1962–1970) +Chien Shih-Liang (1970–1983) +Wu Ta-You (1983–1994) +Yuan T. Lee (1994–2006) +Chi-Huey Wong (2006–2016) +James C. Liao (2016–) + +== Convocation == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2528770c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +--- +title: "Academia Sinica" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Convocation of Academia Sinica consists of 281 academicians, including 105 domestic and 176 overseas appointed scientists. Seven academicians of Academia Sinica are Nobel laureates. Academician membership is an honorary lifetime privilege without remuneration. They do not necessarily perform research or reside at the Academia Sinica campus. According to their own expertise, academicians are grouped into three divisions: Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. A maximum number of ten new members is allocated to each of the three divisions during the biennial convocation. The eligibility of the academicians is not restricted to the residents of Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens. More than half of the academicians are overseas scholars and scientists. +At the convocation, the academicians elect new academicians and honorary academicians, and elect members to the Council of Academia Sinica. The convocation can also recommend policies to the government on academic research. The academicians also have responsibilities to carry out research at the government's request, although the government has never requested any task. + +== Academicians == + +Academicians are elected every two years, with nominations open in July and ending in October. Outcome of election to academicians are publicly announced in July the following year. Election to the academy is regarded a national honor in Taiwan. Up until the 34th convocation of academicians in 2022, any scientist of Chinese descent could be elected a member of Academia Sinica. Starting in 2023, election is to be restricted to citizens of the Republic of China. This change led Academia Sinica to discuss formally classifying non-Taiwanese members as honorary or foreign members. Such a classification system would require amendments to the Organic Act of the Academia Sinica. A group of academicians proposed that membership be further restricted to Taiwan passport or national identification card holders. + +=== Resident academicians === + +=== Nobel Prize laureates === +Yuan T. Lee (chemistry 1986) +Steven Chu (physics 1997) +Daniel C. Tsui (physics 1998) + +=== Academicians who reside overseas === + +== Campuses == + +Academia Sinica has its main campus located in Nangang, Taipei, and runs over 40 research stations distributed across the country and throughout the world. + +=== Main campus === +The main campus in Jiuzhuang, Nangang was constructed in 1954. In addition to the Central Office of Administration and 28 institutes and research centers, the main campus has 10 museums or memorial halls open to the public, as well as an ecological pond, a forest park, a Tudigong temple (Fude Temple 福德宮), and Sifen Creek (四分溪), which runs through the campus and to the north by the National Biotechnology Research Park. + +=== National Biotechnology Research Park === +The National Biotechnology Research Park, finished in 2017 and inaugurated in October 2018 by Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen, is located about 500 m north of the main campus and 500 m south of the Nankang Software Park, with the Nangang station to the west and the Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center MRT station to the east. It is home to four Academia Sinica centers for translational medicine, innovation, incubation, and bioinformatics service, as well as the Biotechnology Development Center of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the National Laboratory Animal Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology. + +=== National Taiwan University main campus === +Three physical sciences institutes, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Atomic and Molecular Sciences, are located in the main campus of National Taiwan University in Gongguan, Daan, Taipei. A joint office between the two institutions was established in 2014. + +=== Southern Campus === +A campus in the Shalun Smart Green Energy Science City, near the Tainan High Speed Rail station, Guiren District, Tainan, opened in 2024. The Southern Campus is part of an effort to promote regional balance in the academic landscape of Taiwan and will prioritize research on agricultural biotechnology, sustainable development, and archaeology of early Taiwanese history and culture. + +== Organization == + +=== Institutes and research centers === +Academia Sinica covers three major academic divisions: + +=== Research stations === +The research stations in Taiwan include: + +Southern Taiwan Science Park Archaeological Station (南科考古工作站) +Green Island Marine Station (綠島海洋研究站) +Yuanyang Lake Station (鴛鴦湖工作站), Jianshi, Hsinchu +Marine Research Station, Jiaosi, Yilan (宜蘭礁溪臨海研究站) +Dongsha Atoll Research Station, Kaohsiung (東沙環礁研究站) +The research sites abroad include: + +Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Luzon, the Philippines +Sesoko Station, Okinawa, Japan +Yuan Tseh Lee Array (YTLA), Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States +South-East Asian Time Series Study (SEATS) on the South China Sea + +== Education programs == + +=== PhD programs === + +==== Joint programs ==== +In general Academia Sinica is a non-teaching institution, but it has very close collaboration with the top research universities in Taiwan, such as National Taiwan University, National Tsing Hua University, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and National Central University. Many research fellows from Academia Sinica have a second appointment or joint professorship at these universities. In addition, Academia Sinica established joint PhD programs in biological sciences with Taiwan's universities, such as the Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology with National Taiwan Ocean University. Through these mechanisms, the faculty at Academia Sinica give lecture courses and supervise graduate students. + +==== Taiwan International Graduate Program ==== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf7a38371 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +--- +title: "Academia Sinica" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:04.194889+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Since 2002, Academia Sinica set up the Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), open to local and international students for PhD programs. All courses at TIGP are conducted in English. Students can choose their advisor among a faculty selected for the program out of outstanding researchers and professors appointed at Academia Sinica or at one of the partner universities (or both). Currently, admittance to the programme guarantees a monthly stipend of 40,000 NTD, roughly $1,200 or €1,150 in their first year and up to 50,000 NTD, roughly $1,500 or €1,400 in their third year. +The TIGP offers PhD programs only in selected disciplines agreed upon by Academia Sinica and its national research universities partners. The program offers doctoral degrees in highly interdisciplinary areas in the physical sciences, applied sciences, engineering, biological and agricultural sciences, health and medical sciences, humanities and social sciences. As of March 2017, Academia Sinica administers 13 such programs with degrees issued from partner universities: + +Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics +Molecular Science and Technology +Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences +Bioinformatics +Molecular and Cell Biology +Nano Science and Technology +Molecular Medicine +Earth System Science +Biodiversity +Interdisciplinary Neuroscience +Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology +Social Network and Human-Centered Computing +Artificial Intelligence of Things + +=== Predoctoral programs === + +==== TIGP International Internship Program ==== +Launched in 2009, the TIGP International Internship Program (TIGP-IIP) is an intensive, predoctoral, summer research training program for two months that prepares its participating interns with the necessary knowledge and skills for future research or career development through rigorous hands-on training. + +== Postdoctoral scholars == +Academia Sinica has a high number of both domestic and international postdoctoral fellows. They are funded by grants of the Ministry of Science and Technology or by Academia Sinica. The latter, the Academia Sinica Postdoctoral Fellow Program, consists of two tracks: Regular Postdoctoral Scholars (starting annual salary: NT$810,351 (US$28,100), additional benefits depending on the principal investigator) and Academia Sinica Postdoctoral Scholars (annual salary up to NT$1,167,278 (US$40,000), plus round-trip ticket and research subsidy of (US$4,500). + +== International cooperation == +The institute has extensive cooperation with research and academic institutions from other countries (such as Harvard-Yenching Institute) and hosts several foreign institutes and their scholars. + +=== France === +The Taipei Center of the French School of Asian Studies (EFEO) was hosted by the Institute of Modern History, AS, from 1992 to 1996 and since 1996 by the Institute of History and Philology. Its research projects center on the local and cultural history of Taiwan and China, and it organizes conferences and talks, support visiting scholars and students, and hosts EFEO fellows. + +== Journals associated with Academia Sinica == +Academia Sinica currently sponsors the following journals: + +Botanical Studies +Zoological Studies +Language and Linguistics +Statistica Sinica +Academia Sinica Law Journal +Taiwan Journal of Anthropology +Academia Economic Papers +Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica +Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy + +== See also == + +List of universities in Taiwan +Max Planck Institutes +Tang K. Tang +Academician of Academia Sinica + +== References == + +=== Other sources === +Levinson, David et al. eds. The Encyclopedia of Modern Asia (6 vol Thomson-Gale, 2002) 1:9–. +Reardon-Anderson, James (1991). The Study of Change: Chemistry in China, 1840-1949. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53325-6. +Chen, Zhenghong (2021-08-28). China's Medium and Long-Term Science and Technology Program: History and Philosophy. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-75146-3. +Huang, Li-an (November 1, 2010). Chu Chia-hua and Academia Sinica. Academia Historica. ISBN 978-986-02-4873-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) + +== External links == + +Official website (in English and Chinese) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64bfaea1e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +--- +title: "Academy of Science of South Africa" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science_of_South_Africa" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:55.384949+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) is the national science academy in South Africa. It was started in 1996, and encompasses all fields of scientific work. Its legal foundation is the Academy of Science of South Africa Act, Act 67 of 2001, which came into operation in May 2002. +The ASSAf was inaugurated in March 1996 by the former President of South Africa and patron of the academy, Nelson Mandela. +In 2021, the academy had 632 members. + + +== History == +For about one century, the national science 'academy' comprised two separate institutions – the Royal Society (from the UK) and the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (SAAWK). SAAWK had an Afrikaans-language focus and was heavily supported by South African business. Based in Pretoria, it was established in 1909 and was the national academy (the statute was passed in 1950) until democracy in 1994. It was structured in two 'faculties': human and natural sciences, with a journal for each. While it still awards numerous medals and prizes, it is no longer recognised as the national science academy of South Africa. +With the dawn of democracy in the early 1990s, it was realised that a new model was required. The Foundation for Research and Development (now the National Research Foundation) invited the Royal Society of South Africa, SAAWK and the Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA) to plan a new academy. +Vigorous debates ensued, with South Africa's scientific community in flux. A democratic model based on empirical inquiry was agreed to be essential to the new academy, inclusive of all South Africa's leading academics. In 1994, a plan and a draft constitution were adopted. +In 1995, 100 founder members were elected, and the Academy of Science of South Africa was launched in 1996 with then-President Nelson Mandela as patron. When the ASSAf Statute was passed, Act 67 of 2001, and the SAAWK statute was revoked, ASSAf became the official science academy of South Africa. The academy had a central niche which differed from the previous academy: rather than having a merely honorific function, it was to provide professional, independent evidence-based advice. With the grant-in-aid from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the academy moved to central Pretoria. +In 2001, the DST commissioned the academy's first study on South African scholarly journals. The study consisted of a steering committee comprising a number of stakeholders, and a consensus panel which would later release a report with a number of recommendations. In 2006, the report entitled A Strategic Approach to Research Publishing in SA was released. +The year 2004 brought a breakthrough when the African Science Academies Development Initiative (ASADI) led by the United States National Academies, selected ASSAf as an intensive partner, guaranteeing funding and mentoring for 5 to 7 years. This led to the first symposium on evidence-based practice theory and best-practice. +This was followed by the study on HIV/AIDS, TB and nutrition, ASSAf's first self-initiated consensus study. The report was released in October 2007. +Studies currently in progress include: + +State of the humanities in SA +PhD study: enhancing the production of postgraduates in South Africa +Scholarly books: their production, use and evaluation in South Africa today +Clinical research and related training in South Africa +Improved nutritional assessment in South Africa +Low carbon cities +Forum-based study on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education +Forum-based study on science for poverty alleviation +The academy established a number of awards, the most notable being the Science-for-Society gold medals, two of which are awarded annually. In conjunction with the DST and the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS), the annual TWAS prize for young scientists is awarded. The Sydney Brenner Fellowship is also awarded by ASSAf, along with merit awards and certificates. +IN 2001, the academy took over the publication of the South African Journal of Science (SAJS), an indexed ISI journal. The academy has been instrumental in the establishment of SciELO SA, a free open access, fully indexed journal platform. The SAJS was the first journal to be uploaded to this platform. +In 2004, the academy launched Quest: Science for South Africa, a quarterly popular science magazine. In addition, a quarterly newsletter is published. The academy has also released a number of statements on a variety of topics such as xenophobia, climate change, and ocean acidification, both by itself, and in conjunction with other science academies. +As of 2019 Himla Soodyall replaced Roseanne Diab as the chief executive officer. + + +== Objectives == +The key objective of the academy is to promote and apply scientific thinking in the service of society. To this end, the academy shall: + +Use the common ground of scientific knowledge and activity to remove barriers between people and obstacles to full development of their intellectual capacity; +Endeavour in every possible way to inspire, promote and recognise excellence in scientific and technical practice; +Investigate and publicly report on various matters, in its own discretion or at the request of government or organisations in civil society, to promote and apply scientific thinking in the service of society; +Promote science education and a culture of science in the population at large; +Maintain strict independence while consulting other organisations and individuals in the widest manner possible; +Endeavour to establish and develop close relations with scientific organisations in South Africa and with similar academies in other countries; and +Take any other action that it may consider necessary towards the attainment of its key objective. + + +== Relevance == +The strategic priorities of the academy are closely matched to those of the nation, focusing particularly on the need for the greatly enhanced availability of high-level human capital and an increased use of the country's best intellectual expertise in generating evidence-based policy advice that is practically feasible. +The academy is aligned to national policy as dictated in the White Paper on Science and Technology and the National Research and Development Strategy. It also seeks to meet other national priorities, such as the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa, the Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition and the Grand Challenges of the Department of Science and Technology. + + +== See also == +Open access in South Africa +Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns +Notable members of the academy + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..396e9a567 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Academy of Sciences of Moldova" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:27.803271+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Romanian: Academia de Științe a Moldovei), established in 1961, is the main scientific organization of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology. Ion Tighineanu has been the president of the Academy of Sciences since 9 April 2019. + + +== History == +As early as June 1946, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to establish the Moldovan Research Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Chisinau. In October 1949, the research base was transformed into the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The grand opening of the Academy took place on August 2, 1961. A meeting of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova in September 1994 confirms the reasoned scientific opinion of philologists that the correct name of the state language of Moldova is Romanian. Since September 2009, the University at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova has been operating in the country. In October 2017, President Igor Dodon signed a law that provides for the reform of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. + + +== Organization and departments == +Management +President: Ion Tighineanu +Vice Presidents: Eva Gudumac, Svetlana Cojocaru and Ion Hadârcă. +Chief Scientific Secretary: Liliana Condraticova +Scientific departments: +Biological, chemical and environmental sciences +Medical Sciences +Physical and Engineering Sciences +Economic sciences +Humanities and Arts +Agricultural Sciences + + +== Liberation Monument == +On 23 August 1969, during the 25th anniversary of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, a Liberation Monument at the Academy of Sciences was opened. It has been renovated three times, in 1975, 2014 and 2019. Architects Vladimir Naumov, Naum Epelbaum and Lazar Dubinovskiy were part of the project. + + +== Presidents == +Iachim Grosul (1961–1976) +Alexandru Jucenco (1977–1989) +Andrei Andrieș (1989–2004) +Gheorghe Duca (2004–2019) +Ion Tighineanu (2019–present) + + +== Gallery == + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website (in Romanian, English, and Russian) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..983a07c66 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_of_Ukraine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:11.605713+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine (ATS of Ukraine, ATSU) is a Ukrainian national academy, a public organization aiming at the consolidation of the intellectual and industrial-technological potential of applied scientists, technologists, and other experts in Ukraine. + + +== History == +ATSU was founded in 1991 at the initiative of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The constituent assembly included a group of leading applied scientists and experts on technologies representing the scientific, industrial and military-industrial structure of Ukraine. The founding body included Ajzenberg J., Aleksandrov M. Gassanov L., Gerasimenko S., Gorbulin V., Dovgopoliy A., Kljuchnikov A., Konoplev I., Kornilov I., Krivulko V., Kuchma L., Matveev M., Morozov A., Pavlovskiy M., Parhomenko V., Petrov V., Piljushenko V., Ribinok V., Seminozhenko V., Skljarov V., Solovev Y., Tonkal V., Chujko A., Haber N and Shpak A. + + +== Members == +The ATSU has two-tier membership: Acting (Full) Members (Academicians), and Corresponding Members. There is also an additional membership category for Foreign Members. +There are currently 130 acting members (academicians), 125 correspondent members, two candidates for membership, and also 19 foreign acting members and seven foreign correspondent members from the US, Canada, Germany, Korea, Turkey, Russian Federation, Israel, Azerbaijan, Sweden, Italy, Netherlands, Poland and Uzbekistan. 179 of the members have Ph.D. degrees. Members include 88 professors, seven associate professors, and 12 correspondent members of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU). + + +== Organizational structure == +The ATSU is led by a Praesidium and the Bureau of the Praesidium. There are ten sections dealing with the different fields of activity of the academy, namely: + +Information Technologies & Management of Technologies +Technologies of Mechanical Engineering +Technologies of Instrument-Making +Nature Protection Technologies & Geotechnologies +Social and Economic Management of Technologies, Preparation and Retraining of Experts +Technologies of Food & Fodder Products +Technologies in Building +Technologies in Power +High Technologies; and +Special Technologies +The academy has four regional branches, in Kharkiv, Donetsk, Lviv and Crimean, and ten city branches. The academy also controls four R&D institutes, the Ukrainian Centre of Ecological & Water Projects, the Scientific Research Institute for Radiating Protection, the Institute for Bioiatrotechnics & Technologies and the Institute for Radar-Tracking Technologies. The academy was also the key founder of a number of other institutions, including the non-profit association Darnitsa − Centre of Investments, Innovations, and High Techs Promotion and others. + + +== Awards == +The АТS of Ukraine awards the best scientists in the area of technologies "The Medal of Academician V.M. Glushkov". According to tradition, awarded person plant a tree in an avenue of sweet cherries. + + +== Notable members == +The Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine has many known scientists. Among them is Anatoliy A. Morozov, the president of АТS of Ukraine, the developer of a program and hardware complex of the Parliament of Ukraine. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fa742485 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Accademia dei Lincei" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651. +During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns. + +== First Accademia == + +The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly botany. Cesi's father disapproved of the research career that Federico was pursuing. His mother, Olimpia Orsini, supported him both financially and morally. The academy struggled due to this disapproval, but after the death of Frederico's father, he had enough money to allow the academy to flourish. The academy, hosted in Palazzo Cesi-Armellini near Saint Peter, replaced the first scientific community ever, Giambattista della Porta's Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples that had been closed by the Inquisition. Cesi founded the Accademia dei Lincei with three friends: the Dutch physician Johannes van Heeck (Italianized to Giovanni Ecchio) and two fellow Umbrians, mathematician Francesco Stelluti and polymath Anastasio de Filiis. At the time of the Accademia's founding Cesi was only 18, and the others were only 8 years older. Cesi and his friends aimed to understand all of the natural sciences. The literary and antiquarian emphasis set the "Lincei" apart from the host of sixteenth and seventeenth-century Italian Academies. Cesi envisioned a program of free experiment that was respectful of tradition, yet unfettered by blind obedience to authority, even that of Aristotle and Ptolemy, whose theories the new science called into question. While originally a private association, the academy became a semi-public establishment during the Napoleonic domination of Rome. This shift allowed the local scientific elite to carve out a place for themselves in larger scientific networks. However, as a semi-public establishment, the academy's focus was directed by Napoleonic politics. This focus directed the member's efforts towards stimulating industry, turning public opinion in favour of the French regime and secularizing the country. +The name "Lincei" 'the lynx-like (i. e., lynx-eyed, sharp-eyed) ones' came from Giambattista della Porta's book Magia Naturalis, which had an illustration of the fabled cat on the cover and the words "[...] with lynx-like eyes, examining those things which manifest themselves, so that having observed them, he may zealously use them". Accademia dei Lincei's symbols were both a lynx and an eagle; animals with, or reputed to have, keen sight (in classical and medieval bestiaries the lynx was reputed to be able to see through rock and "new walls"). The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "Take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (minima cura si maxima vis). According to T. O'Conor Sloane, their other motto was Sagacius ista. When Cesi visited Naples, he met with many scientists in fields of interest to him including the botanist, Fabio Colonna, the natural history writer, Ferrante Imperato, and the polymath della Porta. Della Porta was impressed with Cesi, and dedicated three works to the Linceans including a treatise on distillation called De Distillatione, a book on curvilinear geometry called Elementa Curvilinea, and The Transformations of the Atmosphere. Della Porta encouraged Cesi to continue with his endeavours. Giambattista della Porta joined Cesi's academy in 1610. While in Naples, Cesi also met with Nardo Antonio Recchi to negotiate the acquisition of a collection of material describing Aztec plants and animals written by Francisco Hernández de Toledo. This collection of material would eventually become the Tesoro Messicano (Mexican Treasury). +The goal was nothing less than the assembly of modern science reflected on the method of observation: the church of knowledge. The academy was to possess in each quarter of the global communes with adequate endowments to retain membership. These communes were complete with libraries, laboratories, museums, printing presses, and botanical gardens. Members frequently wrote letters about their observations. The Lyncæis denounced marriage as a "mollis et effeminata requies" (i.e. a soft and feminine rest) which would pose an "obstacle to a life of research". Membership was banned to monks. Members were ordered to "penetrate into the interior of things in order to know the causes and operations of nature, as it is said the lynx does, which sees not only what is outside, but what is hidden within." +Galileo was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611, and became its intellectual centre. Galileo clearly felt honoured by his association with the Academy for he adopted Galileo Galilei Linceo as his signature. The Academy published his works and supported him during his disputes with the Roman Inquisition. Among the Academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were Galileo's "Letters on Sunspots" and "The Assayer", and the Tesoro Messicano describing the flora, fauna and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labour, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. The new usage of microscopy, with "references to magnification tools can be found in the works of Galileo and several Lincei, Harvey, Gassendi, Marco Aurelio Severino—who was probably also in contact with the Lincie—and Nathanial Highmore." Domenico Bertoloni Meli, in Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Johns Hopkins University Press: 2011; p. 41). Microscopes were not just by the Lincei for astronomical and mathematical work, but were also used for new experimentations in anatomy, as this was the time of the rise of mechanistic anatomy, and the theories of atomism. Experimentation proliferated across the board. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630 at forty-five. +The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope. After Cesi's death, the Accademia dei Lincei closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, whose heirs sold them. The majority of the collection was procured by George III of the United Kingdom, in 1763. The drawings were discovered in Windsor Castle in 1986, by art historian David Freedberg. They are being published as part of The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b35d53a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "Accademia dei Lincei" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:12.970828+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Members === +Federico Cesi – founder +Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "telescope" +Anastasio de Filiis – polymath +Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician +Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright +Adam Elsheimer – German artist +Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "microscope" +Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher +Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath +Francesco Stelluti – mathematician +Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor +Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician +Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII +Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII + +== Accademia re-foundation == +In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei. The period from 1801 to 1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia, the institution saw a transition from a private association to a municipal institution. Despite efforts from the early 1800s onward, the Accademia underwent a true revival in 1847, when Pope Pius IX re-founded it as the Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, anglicised as the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei. + +== Reale Accademia dei Lincei == +In 1874, Quintino Sella turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, anglicised as the Royal National Lincean Academy. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy. After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese Quintino Sella infused new life into the Nuovi Lincei, reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archaeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of Soci (Fellows). + +=== Members === +Mario Ageno +Giusto Bellavitis +Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli – archaeologist – first female member +Domenico Comparetti +Benedetto Croce +Albert Einstein +Enrico Fermi +Edward Augustus Freeman +Giovanni Gentile +William Ewart Gladstone +Otto Hahn +Werner Heisenberg +Filippo Mariotti +Theodor Mommsen +Antonio Pacinotti +Louis Pasteur +Max Planck +Olinto De Pretto +George Rawlinson +Augusto Righi +Wilhelm Röntgen +Manlio Simonetti +Herbert Spencer +Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff +Celal Şengör - Geologist - First and only Middle Eastern member + +== Accademia d'Italia == +see main article Royal Academy of Italy +During the Italian fascist period, the Lincean Academy was effectively replaced by the new Accademia d'Italia, the Italian Academy, but was not fully absorbed by that institution until 1939. In 1949, after the fall of the fascist regime, at the suggestion of Benedetto Croce, the Lincean Academy recovered its independence. A brief history of this period of the Accademia, as well as the complete inventory of publications and documents produced in the same period, can be found in the book by Cagiano De Azevedo & Gerardi (2005). + +== Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei == +In 1986, the academy was placed under a statute that says it shall be composed of 540 members, of whom 180 are ordinary Italian members, 180 are foreigners, and 180 are Italian corresponding members. The members are divided into two classes: one for mathematical, physical, and natural sciences; the other for moral, historical, and philological sciences. +In 2001, the natural sciences were re-divided into five categories: mathematics, mechanics and applications; astronomy, geodesy, geophysics and applications; physics, chemistry and applications; geology, paleontology, mineralogy and applications; and biological sciences and applications. At the same time, the moral sciences were divided into seven categories: philology and linguistics; archaeology; criticism of art and of poetry; history, historical geography, and anthropology; philosophical science; juridical science; social and political science. + +== Prizes == +The Accademia regularly awards prestigious prizes to talented researchers and scholars. Notable prizes include: + +Premio Presidente della Repubblica +Feltrinelli Prize +Alfredo di Braccio Award for young Italian researchers in Physics and Chemistry +Premio del Ministro per i Beni e le Attività Culturali +Premio Linceo +Premio Internazionale Cataldo Agostinelli e Angela Gili Agostinelli + +== Footnotes == + +== Notes == + +== References == +This article draws material from the corresponding article in the Italian Wikipedia, retrieved 09:12, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC) +Cagiano De Azevedo, Paola; Gerardi, Elvira, eds. (2005). Reale Accademia d'Italia. Inventario dell'archivio (Inventory of the Archive) (PDF). Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato – Strumenti. Vol. CLXVII. Roma: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali – Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari – Direzione Generale per gli Archivi. pp. lxxxiv+492. ISBN 88-7125-264-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. (in Italian), freely available from the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali – Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari – Direzione Generale per gli Archivi (a branch of the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali). The complete inventory of the Reale Accademia d'Italia, which incorporated the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei between 1939 and 1944. +O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (August 2004). "The Accademia dei Lincei". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews. +Van Helden, Albert (24 May 2004). "Accademia dei Lincei". Connexions. Rice University. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. +Walton, S.A., Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition, 2001, Annals of Science, 2001 Oct;58(4):357-79, PDF on Academia.edu +David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002. +Sloane, Thomas O'Conor (1895) [1890]. Facts worth knowing: Selected mainly from the Scientific American for household, workshop, and farm. Hartford: S. C. Scranton and Co. OCLC 228795767. + +== External links == + +Official website, with brief history (in Italian). +Official website in English +Notes on the Accademia dei Lincei from the Scholarly Societies Project +"The Scientific Societies of Italy" . Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 42. November 1892. ISSN 0161-7370 – via Wikisource. +The British Library's database of Italian Academies Archived 30 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine +Historic article about the society, Scientific American, "The Oldest Scientific Society", 27 November 1880, p. 340 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a32a83a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +--- +title: "Accademia nazionale delle scienze" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:14.186387+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (lit. 'National Academy of the Sciences'), or more formally L'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL, and also called the Accademia dei XL (lit. 'Academy of the Forty'), is Italy's national academy of science. Its offices are located within the Villino Rosso, at the corner of via L. Spallanzani and via Siracusa, Villa Torlonia, Rome. +The academy promotes progress in mathematics, physics, and natural sciences; organizes meetings; publishes journals; establishes consultative committees for governmental agencies; and awards scientific prizes. +The academy contains 40 fellows and a variable number of "fellows in excess" who are age 70 and above, and who have been fellows for at least five years. It also contains 25 foreign members. + + +== History == +The academy was founded in 1782 in Verona as the Società Italiana, comprising 40 scientists from various parts of Italy. The idea of forming an academy comprising the leading Italian scientists was put forward in 1766 by the mathematician Antonio Maria Lorgna. By 1781 he had received the support of Alessandro Volta, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich and others. In the following year the academy was created as the Società Italiana, with forty members representing the most important Italian scientists of the period. + + +== Notable members == +Antonio Maria Lorgna, founding president 1782 +Gian Francesco Malfatti, proper member 1782 +Felice Fontana, proper member 1782 +Gregorio Fontana, proper member 1782 +Giordano Riccati, proper member 1782 +Lazzaro Spallanzani, proper member 1782 +Giuseppe Maria Giovene, proper member 1799 +Alessandro Volta, proper member 1782 +Roger Joseph Boscovich, proper member 1782 +Antonio Scarpa, proper member 1782 +Joseph-Louis Lagrange, proper member 1786 +Giovanni Battista Venturi, proper member 1786 +Giovanni Arduino, proper member 1786 +Barnaba Oriani, proper member 1786 +Franz Karl Achard, foreign member 1786 +Charles Bonnet, foreign member 1786 +Ignaz von Born, foreign member 1786 +Petrus Camper, foreign member 1786 +Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, foreign member 1786 +Benjamin Franklin, foreign member 1786 +Peter Simon Pallas, foreign member 1786 +Otto Friedrich Müller, foreign member 1786 +Lorenzo Mascheroni, proper member 1791 +Joseph Priestley, foreign member 1786 +Carl Wilhelm Scheele, foreign member 1786 +Giuseppe Piazzi, proper member 1803 +Giovanni Aldini, proper member 1804 +René Just Haüy, foreign member 1805 +Carl Friedrich Gauss, foreign member 1810 +Giuseppe Zamboni, proper member 1820 +Amedeo Avogadro, proper member 1821 +Paolo Ruffini, president 1816-1822 +Gabrio Piola, proper member 1828 +Macedonio Melloni, proper member 1839 +Angelo Secchi, proper member 1854 +Carlo Matteucci, president 1866-1868 +Antonio Stoppani, proper member 1867 +Giovanni Schiaparelli, proper member 1867 +Eugenio Beltrami, proper member 1870 +Lorenzo Respighi, proper member 1878 +Augusto Righi, president (1888-1920) +Luigi Cremona, president 1893-1903 +Camillo Golgi, proper member 1896 +Stanislao Cannizzaro, president 1903-1910 +Tullio Levi-Civita, proper member 1910 +Guglielmo Marconi, proper member 1919 +Vito Volterra, president 1919-1920 +Enrico Fermi, proper member 1930 +Giulio Natta, proper member 1964 +Enrico Bombieri, proper member 1875 +Ennio De Giorgi, proper member 1977 +Rita Levi-Montalcini, proper member 1980 +Carlo Rubbia, proper member 1984 + + +== References == +Official website +Michael Sachs, World Guide to Scientific Associations and Learned Societies, K.G. Saur, 1990. ISBN 3-598-20530-9. +Michael Zils, Willi Gorzny, World Guide to Scientific Associations, Gale Research Co., 1982, page 143. +World of Learning 1979-1980, Taylor & Francis Group, International Publications Service, Europa Publications, 1979, page 718. ISBN 0-905118-40-5. +Penso, Giuseppe (2004), The Origin of the Academy, Accademia dei XL, archived from the original on 2011-09-27, retrieved 2012-08-15. + + +== External links == + +Bortolotti, Ettore (1935). "QUARANTA, Società dei". Enciclopedia Italiana. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 22 July 2025. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da85d0773 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "Bandung Techno Park" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:25.253399+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Bandung Techno Park (BTP) is a technology park located in the Bandung Technoplex area, West Java. It was established on January 19, 2010, in collaboration with the quadruple helix model between the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University), the Ministry of Industry, and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. It is one of the oldest techno parks in Indonesia by housed startup companies in the technology sector. + + +== History == + +In 2007, the Telkom Institute of Technology (now Telkom University) established a Technical Implementation Unit of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesian: Unit Pelaksana Teknis Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi) to develop startups in the field of technology. The activities of this unit are supported by the Ministry of Industry and the Office of West Java Industry and Trade Service. +IT Telkom was entrusted by the Ministry of Industry to develop the Telecommunications Design Center (Indonesian: Pusat Desain Telekomunikasi or PDT) in 2009, which then formed an advanced part of the business incubator in 2010. It was inaugurated at the Telkom Institute of Technology Learning Center Building on January 12, 2010, which was also groundbreaking for the establishment of the Bandung Techno Park in the IT Telkom campus area. +Telematics Technical Implementation Unit and the Telecommunications Design Center became the forerunner to the establishment of the Bandung Techno Park on January 19, 2010. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Minister of Industry, MS Hidayat. Since its inception, BTP was part of IT Telkom until November 2011. +After that, Bandung Techno Park separated itself and became the authority of the Telkom Foundation. In 2015, Bandung Techno Park began building two new buildings funded by the Telkom Foundation, the Ministry of Industry, and the Ministry of Research and Technology. It was given 10% of the total area of Bandung Technoplex. Both buildings were completed and inaugurated on 16 January 2018 by the incumbent Minister of Industry, Airlangga Hartarto. Also since 2018, Bandung Techno Park has joined Telkom University and has become a university directorate. + + +== Facilities == + +The Bandung Techno Park has two buildings, the Telematics Innovation Center Building and the Electronics Innovation Center Building with a 400 m road entrance. +The main programs are business incubation, research, product customization, and services such as intellectual property, management consulting, IT consulting, supporting INDI 4.0 assessment, co-working space, and training center. + + +== See also == +Business cluster +Mega-Site +Technology park +Golden Triangle of Jakarta + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b38a3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Epidemiological Society of London" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_Society_of_London" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:12.820307+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Epidemiological Society of London was a British medical society founded in 1850 with the objective of investigating the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic disease. In 1907 it merged with the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London and became a part of the Royal Society of Medicine as the Epidemiological Section and then Epidemiology and Public Health section. + + +== History == +Following a severe outbreak of cholera in England in 1831-32 a London physician, J.H.Tucker, proposed in a letter to the Lancet that a society should be formed to specifically study epidemics. The first meeting of the Epidemiological Society of London took place on 6 May 1850 in Hanover Square, London. At a follow-up meeting in July, chaired by Sir Astley Cooper, a constitution was agreed and officers appointed. Benjamin Guy Babington, a Guy's Hospital physician, was elected as the first president of the society, whose agreed objectives were: + +to institute rigid examination into the causes and conditions which influence the origin, propagation, mitigation, and prevention of epidemic diseases +to institute...original and comprehensive researches into the nature and laws of disease +to communicate with government and legislature on matters connected with the prevention of epidemic diseases. +The seal of the society included the Latin words, venienti occurrite morbo (confront disease at its onset). +For the first ten years of its existence the society's activities were reported in the Lancet, the British Medical Journal, the Medical Times and the Sanitary Review. Thereafter the proceedings were reported in Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London. The society held regular meetings at which papers were presented. +In 1860, the National (British) Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS) - a Department of Public Health - had as its Head of the Sub-Committee the founding President of the Epidemiological Society: B.G. Babington. Reports from members of the Epidemiological Society were recorded at the NAPSS; the two societies being linked courtesy of their members holding a scientific interest in matters epidemiological - e.g.: The society's published transactions from 1858 include a report from the Epidemiological Society which is followed by a miscellaneous paper delivered by T. M. Greenhow: "Health; how preserved, how impaired". Greenhow's nephew, Dr E Headlam Greenhow, is listed as delivering a paper: "Public Health Statistics". Dr E.H. Greenhow had held the "Chair" of the Epidemiological Society in May 1853. +In 1900 the Epidemiological Society held its final Commemoration Dinner. In 1907 it became the Epidemiology and State Medicine section of the Royal Society of Medicine. + + +== Awards == +The Jenner Medal was instituted by the society in 1896 to commemorate the centenary of Edward Jenner’s first vaccination of a boy against smallpox. It features on one side the head of Jenner and on the other the globe emblem of the Epidemiological Society. It was first presented in 1898 to Sir William Henry Power. + + +== Past Presidents == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6a5b537c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Imperial Mexican Academy of Science and Literature" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Mexican_Academy_of_Science_and_Literature" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:01.849574+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Imperial Academy of Science and Literature (Academia Imperial de Ciencias y Literatura) was founded by Emperor Maximilian under the Second Mexican Empire by a decree published on April 10, 1865, with the aim of promoting and protecting the activities of professional academics. It was to be composed of three departments: science and mathematics, philosophy and history, and philology and literature. +José Fernando Ramírez was named president and named to the philosophy and history department. To the science and mathematics department was named Leopoldo Río de la Loza, Miguel F. Jiménez, head of the school of medicine, Joaquin de Mier y Teran professor of mathematics at the College of Mining, and Antonio del Castillo. To the philosophy and history department were named the lawyers Pascual Almazan, Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, and the lawyer Manuel Orozco y Berra. To the philology and literature department were named Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Jose Maria Barcena, Francisco Pimentel and José María Lacunza. +The academy was inaugurated on July 6 in the grand ballroom of Chapultepec Castle in the presence of both the Emperor and the Empress. Maximilian gave a speech highlighting government efforts to improve the technology of the nation including in the fields of agriculture, transportation, communications, and mining. This was followed by a speech by Fernando Ramirez touching upon the same themes. +As the political situation of the Empire became precarious, the academy ceased operations in 1866. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3690e70d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +title: "Indian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:04.337906+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy. + + +== Objectives == +The aims of the Academy are to: + +Promote progress in pure and applied branches of science. +Encourage important research in various branches of science. +Represent the scientific work of India internationally. +Publish work relating to scientific research initiated by the Academy, Provincial Academies, Universities and Government Scientific Institutions. +Organise meetings of Committees and Conferences to discuss papers submitted to the Academy. +Advise Government and other bodies on scientific and other matters referred to the Academy. + + +== Publications == +The first issue of the Academy Proceedings appeared in two sections in July 1934. They were split into two in July 1935 – one part devoted to physical sciences and the other to life sciences. In 1973 the Academy's publications were further split into several journals aimed as specific scientific disciplines. +Since 1978 the Academy has published a monthly research journal called Sādhanā — Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences. The journal covers all branches of Engineering Science. Sādhanā is distributed in print outside India and online worldwide by Springer. +Since 1996 the Academy has published a monthly journal called Resonance – Journal of Science Education. Aimed generally at undergraduates, it also contains some material for junior and senior academic levels. Each issue focuses on the life and work of a famous scientist. It incorporates articles reviewing new books and classics. +The Academy publishes 12 Journals, viz., Resonance, Journal of Biosciences, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, Journal of Genetics, Journal of Earth System Science, Sādhanā, Pramana – Journal of Physics, Proceedings of Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, Bulletin of Materials Science, DIALOGUE: Science, Scientists, and Society, and Indian Academy of Sciences Conference Series. + + +== Project Lifescape == +Aimed at enriching scientific education, the Academy launched Project Lifescape in collaboration with the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science to spread biodiversity literacy. It aims to involve school and college students in obtaining first-hand information on the status of, and ongoing changes in, ecological habitats of a set of species of considerable human significance. An objective of the project is to publish illustrated accounts of 1500 Indian species of micro-organisms, plants and animals. The accounts would also include ancillary information on the distribution, ecology and behaviour of the species. +The project has published three books, Butterflies of Peninsular India, Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular India, and Amphibians of Peninsular India. A fourth, Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India is available in electronic format, freely downloadable from the project website. + + +== The Raman Chair == +The Government of India instituted the Raman Chair in 1972 to commemorate the memory of the founder of the Academy. Eminent scientists are invited by the Council of the Academy to occupy the Chair, for periods of between six weeks and six months. + + +== Science education activities == +The Academy sponsors and conducts two-week Refresher Courses for selected teachers from across India. It awards annual Summer Research Fellowships to talented teachers and students to work with Academy Fellows on research-oriented projects in various research centres across India. It conducts Lecture Programmes at schools and universities on various research topics. + + +== Members of the Council (2025 to 2027) == +Raghavan Varadarajan (President) +Umesh V. Waghmare (Previous President) +Swagata Dasgupta (Vice-President) +Vikram Jayaram (Vice-President) +Ram Sagar(Vice-President) +Ramgopal V. Rao(Vice-President) +Balasubramanian Gopal (Secretary) +Gaiti Hasan (Secretary) +V.A. Raghunathan (Treasurer) +Amita Aggarwal +Sharmila A. Bapat +Arup Bose +Maneesha S. Inamdar +Jaya N. Iyer +Devang V. Khakhar +G. Mugesh +Syed W.A. Naqvi +G.V.R. Prasad +Anil K. Tripathi +K. Vijayamohanan Pillai + + +== Presidents == +The list of presidents of the academy. + + +== See also == +National Academy of Sciences, India +Indian National Science Academy + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Indian Academy of Sciences website +Resonance Journal website +World Wide Science website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27541772e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Indian National Science Academy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:05.620222+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is a national academy in New Delhi for Indian scientists in all branches of science and technology. +In 2015 INSA has constituted a junior wing for young scientists in the country named Indian National Young Academy of Sciences (INYAS) in line with other national young academies. INYAS is the academy for young scientists in India as a national young academy and is affiliated with Global Young Academy. INYAS is also a signatory of the declaration on the Core Values of Young Academies, adopted at World Science Forum, Budapest on 20 November 2019. Prof.Shekhar C. Mande is the serving president (2026-present). + + +== History == +The origins of INSA can be traced back to the founding of National Institute of Sciences in India (NISI) in the year 1935 in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The basic objective was and continues to be to promote, nurture and safeguard the interests of sciences and scientists. The NISI was recognized by the Government of India, as a Premier National Scientific Society. NISI moved to its present premises in Delhi in 1951. A Government of India's decision in 1968 mandated INSA to represent India in all the international science fora. In 1970, NISI was given a new name- Indian National Science Academy (INSA). Its campus at the Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg came into being during 1951 with a major expansion during late 80's-mid 90's. Today the main INSA-building stands out at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg as seven-storied, beautifully shaped Golden Jubilee Building, completed in 1996. + + +== Overview == +The Academy consists of Foundation fellows, Fellows (FNA) and Foreign Fellows. Election to the Academy is only by nomination. The objectives of the academy encompass promotion of science in India including its application to national welfare, safeguarding the interests of the scientists, establishing linkages with international bodies to foster collaboration and expressing considered opinion on national issues. +It plays a role in promoting, recognising and rewarding excellence in scientific research. With a view to promoting the pursuit of excellence in the field of 'Science and Technology', the academy has instituted 59 awards, placed in 4 categories, viz International Awards, General Medal & Lecture Awards, Subjectwise Medals/Lectures and Awards for Young Scientists. It also publishes journals, organises scientific discussions and brings out proceedings and monographs. +It is a signatory to the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in 2004. + + +== Presidents == +The list of presidents of the society. + + +== Publications == +The academy publishes three peer-reviewed journals + +Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (formerly Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India) +Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics +Indian Journal of History of Science +It also publishers a year book, annual reports, INSA News, biographical memoirs, special publications and the proceedings of INSA seminars and symposia. + + +== See also == +Indian Academy of Sciences +Indian National Academy of Engineering +National Academy of Sciences, India + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website +INSA — journals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab5010526 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Indonesian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:06.862893+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (AIPI)) is an independent nonstructural Indonesian institution that was formally regulated and established in 1990, formed in 1956 as Indonesian Assembly of Sciences (Majelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, MIPI) then restructured in 1967 to become Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), to assemble leading Indonesian scientists for the purposes of giving opinions, suggestions, and considerations on their own initiatives and/or requests regarding the mastery, development, and utilization of science and technology for the national government and its citizen. + + +== External links == +AIPI's official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60d70a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +--- +title: "Institute of History of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:08.086747+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Abbasgulu Bakikhanov of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a scientific research institute affiliated with ANAS. + + +== History == +Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences of History and Ethnology Institute was established in 1935 as an independent History, Archeology and Ethnography Institute which was subject to Azerbaijani Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The institute has been operating since 1936. Within the structure of USSR Academy of Sciences’ Azerbaijani branch, the institute started function as a separate scientific research institution since 1940. When the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences was organized in 1945 the History Institute was incorporated into its structure as an independent scientific institution. Later, in 1951, the Institute of History was transformed into the Institute of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR and in 1956, after the creation of the Philosophy Sector affiliated with EA of Azerbaijan, it again began to function as an independent institute. In 1974, the Archeology and Ethnography Sector was established which initially operated as dependent bodies on History Institute, but since 1993, it has become a body. + + +== Heads of the institute == +The Institute of History and Ethnology named after Abbasgulu Bakikhanov of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences has been headed by the following scientists: + +Meshchaninov Ivan Ivanovich (1936–1937) +Ziffeld-Simumyagi Arthur Rudolfovich (8 May 1937 – 1 June 1937) +Ahmadov Ahmad Ali oglu (1 June 1937 – 11 July 1937) +Hasanov Idris Meshedi Zaman oglu (19 July 1937 – 17 February 1938) +Kozin Yakov Dmitriyevich (9 January 1940 – 28 October 1940) +Klimov Aleksey Alekseyevich (17 February 1938 – 1 January 1939 (1)/ 29 October 1940 – 10 April 1941 (2)) +Huseynov Ismayil Abbas oglu (10 April 1941 – 25 February 1944) +Alizadeh Abdulkarim Ali oglu (25 February 1944 – 16 June 1950) +Sharifli Mammadali Khalil oglu (16 June 1950 – 16 February 1951) +Quliyev Aliovset Najafqulu oglu (5 April 1953 - 16 January 1958 (1) / 6 June 1967 – 6 November 1969 (2)) +Ibrahimov Zulfali Imamali oglu (12 November 1960 – 6 June 1967) +Sumbatzadeh Alisohbet Sumbat oglu (16 April 1970 – 24 March 1972) +Quliyev Jamil Bahadur oglu (27 March 1972 – 17 January 1978) +Aliyev Igrar Hebib oglu (17 January 1978 – 11 June 2004) +Mahmudov Yagub Mikayil oglu (13 September 2004 – 22 January 2021) +Shukurov Karim Karam oglu (since 28 January 2021) + + +== Objectives == +The History Institute affiliated with ANAS (Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences) aims to analyze the history of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The institute has 4 directions; to conduct general scientific researches on history of Azerbaijan, historiography and source study on Azerbaijan history, political history of Azerbaijan, and the social and economic history of Azerbaijan. + + +== Structure == +The structure of the Institute of History named after A.A. Bakikhanov of ANAS includes management, scientific research departments and other departments. + + +=== Management === +Director +Deputy director for scientific affairs +Scientific Secretary +Deputy director for general affairs + + +=== Scientific research departments === +"Aliyev studies" department +"Theory of history, source studies and historiography" department +"Source studies and historiography" department +"Ancient history" department +"History of Atropatena and Albania (Caucasus)" department +"History of 7th-14th centuries of Azerbaijan" department +"History of XV-XVIII centuries of Azerbaijan" department +"History of Northern Azerbaijan at the beginning of the 19th-20th centuries" department +"History of the Azerbaijan People's Republic" department +"Soviet period history of Azerbaijan" department +"History of the Republic of Azerbaijan" department +"History of Western Azerbaijan" department +"History of international relations of Azerbaijan" department +"World history" department +"Ethnography of Turkish peoples" department +"Historical ethnography" department +"Modern period ethnography" department + + +=== Other departments === +Human Resources department +Department of education +Department of international relations +Public relations department +Department of work with documents +Supply and service department +Department of scientific information and publishing works + + +== Collaborating organizations == +Chakha Akhriev Research Institute of the Humanities of the Republic of Ingushetia +T.M.Kerashev Institute of Humanitarian Studies of the Republic of Adygea +Maikop State Technological University of the Republic of Adygea +Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center +Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization of the RF the “Institute of History, Economics and Law” +Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) +Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan + + +== See also == +Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be576ac3b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:09.274097+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences is a research institution that is part of the structure of Physical, Mathematical and Technical Sciences Department of the National Academy of Sciences. The director of the institute is academician Nazim Mammadov. The institute is located in Baku city. + + +== History == +In 1945, the Institute of Physics and Mathematics was established on the basis of the physics sector of the Azerbaijani branch of the Transcaucasian section of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1959, Institute of Physics and Mathematics were reorganized and became 2 independent institutes: Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics and Institute of Physics. The first chairman of the department was academician İ.Q.Yesman. In 1950-1954, the department was headed by academician Y.Mammadaliyev. Between 1954 and 1957, academician M. Naghiyev took this position and served as academician-secretary (it shortly before had replaced "chairman" position). From 1957 to 1993, the director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics, and then the Institute of Physics, was Academician Hasan Abdullayev. + + +== Structure == +The following sectors exist within the structure of Institute; Independent Trade Union, Women Council, Council of Young Scientists and Specialists, Information Sector, Interdisciplinary Sector, Innovation Sector and General Sector. + + +=== Laboratories included in the General Sector === +Laboratory Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures; Laboratory of nanostructures in semiconductors; +Laboratory of Resonance Phenomena in Solids; +Optical and transport properties of diamond like and multinary compounds; +Vacuum photo electronics laboratory; +Molecular Spectroscopy; +Laboratory of Physics of cosmic-ray sources; +High voltages physics and technology laboratory; +Laboratory of Solar and hydrogen energy converters; +Department Cryogenic technology; + + +=== Laboratories included in the Innovation Sector === +Laboratory of Structure and Structural transformations; +Laboratory of Bio nanostructure Physics; +Laboratory of the Solid State Theory; +Nanocrystals Physics Laboratory; +Laboratory physics of non-crystalline semiconductors; +Optoelectronics laboratory; +Laboratory of thin film structures; +Laboratory Infrared photoelectronics and plasma phenomena; +Laboratory of photoelectric and optical diagnostics of semiconductor structures; +Laboratory of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; +Nuclear Research Laboratory; +Laboratory of High energy physics; +Laboratory of Chaos in Dynamical Systems ; +Laboratory of Materials; +Laboratory of Quantum Information Science; +Applied Physics Laboratory; +Crystallography Laboratory; + + +=== Laboratories included in the Interdisciplinary Sector === +Narrow-zonal Semiconductors and High-temperature Superconductors; +Laboratory Physics of Non-equilibrium Electron Processes in Semiconductors; +Laboratory of Solid State Electronics; +Laboratory of epitaxial layers and structures; +Laboratory of Crystal Physics; +Acousto-optic laboratory; +Physics of polymer nano- and active composites; +Laboratory of Specialized Non-standard Control and Diagnostics Systems; +Laboratory of Heterostructures Physics; + + +=== Laboratories included in Information Sector === +Department Receiving of information, storage and development of intelligent system; +Institute of Information Technology; +Department of Scientific – Technical Information and Patent Investigations; +Department of Encyclopedia and Terminology; + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9deb8d3bf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Iraqi Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:10.487333+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1947 for the purpose of developing and regulating the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World. +The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963. +It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. +The current president is Mohammed Husayn Al Yaseen, professor of Arabic at University of Baghdad. + + +== See also == +List of language regulators + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Homepage in Arabic \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f621ab72 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +--- +title: "Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:11.728636+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, based in Jerusalem, was established in 1961 by the State of Israel to foster contact between Israeli scholars in the sciences and humanities and create a think tank for advising the government on research projects of national importance. Its members include many of Israel's most distinguished scholars. +The offices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities are located next door to the official residence of the President of Israel and the Council for Higher Education in Israel in Albert Einstein Square in Jerusalem. +In the sciences, the Academy funds projects on the geology, flora, and fauna of Israel, and facilitates the participation of Israeli scientists in research at international projects, such as high-energy physics at CERN and synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Israel has the highest concentration of scientists and engineers in the world. The academy funds a number of prestigious awards in the sciences including the Alon Prize. +In the humanities, research is funded into the study of the Tanakh and Talmud, Jewish history, Jewish philosophy, Jewish art, and the Hebrew language, as well as Hebrew prose and poetry. +The Academy administers the Einstein Fellowships fund, which fosters relations between scientists from around the world and the Israeli academic community, the Israel Science Fund, with an annual budget of $53 million, and a number of research funds based on grants from the Adler Fund for Space Research, the Wolf Foundation, and the Fulks Fund for Medical Research. The Academy also runs the Israel Academic Center in Cairo, which assists Israeli scholars with research into Egypt and Egyptian culture, and facilitates cooperation with Egyptian academics. +The Academy has observer status at the European Science Foundation, and runs exchange programs with the British Royal Society, the British Academy, the Swedish Academy, and the National Research Council of Singapore. + + +== Members == + + +=== Present (partial) === + +Shraga Abramson, Talmud +Saul Adler, Parasitology +Shmuel Agmon, Mathematics +Yakir Aharonov, Physics +Shlomo Alexander, Physics +Noga Alon, Mathematics +Ruth Arnon, Immunology +Shlomo Avineri, Political science +Robert Aumann, Mathematics, Nobel Prize (2005) in Economics +David Ayalon, History of Muslim People +Meir Bar-Asher, Islamic Studies +Aharon Barak, Law +Yehuda Bauer, Holocaust Studies +Malachi Beit-Arie, Palaeography +Ze'ev Ben-Haim, Hebrew Studies +Joseph Bernstein, Mathematics +Yehudith Birk, Agricultural Biochemistry +Joshua Blau, Arabic Language and Literature +Haim (Howard) Cedar, Biochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, Molecular Genetics +Ilan Chet, Agricultural Biotechnology +Aaron Ciechanover, Biochemistry, Nobel Prize (2004) in Chemistry +Nili Cohen, Law +Solly Cohen, Experimental Physics +Yadin Dudai, Neurobiology +Itzhak Englard, Law +Michael Feldman, Molecular Cell Biology +Margalit Finkelberg, Classical Philology +Israel Finkelstein, Archaeology +Yohanan Friedmann, Islamic Studies +Daniel Friedmann, Law +Mordechai Akiva Friedman, Talmud +Dov Frohman, Applied physics +Hillel Furstenberg, Mathematics +Gideaon Goldenberg, Linguistics and Semitic Languages +Amiram Grinvald, Neurobiology +Yoram Groner, Molecular biology +Avraham Grossman, Jewish Studies +Don Handelman, Anthropology, Sociology +Menahem Haran, Bible +Haim Harari, Natural sciences +David Harel, Natural Sciences +Ehud Hrushovski, Mathematics +Elhanan Helpman, Economics +Avram Hershko, Biochemistry, medicine, Nobel Prize (2005) in Chemistry +Yoseph Imry, Physics +Benjamin Isaac, History +Joshua Jortner, Chemistry +Yosef Kaplan, Jewish Studies, History +Benjamin Kedar, History +Eitan Kohlberg, Asian and African Studies +Asher Koriat, Psychology +Raphael Levine, Chemistry +Alexander Levitzki, Biological chemistry +Alexander Lubotzky, Mathematics +Raphael Mechoulam, Chemistry +David Milstein, Chemistry +David Navon, Psychology +Ruth Nevo, English Literature +Abraham Nitzan, Chemistry +Ariel Porat, Law +Michael O. Rabin, Mathematics +Ariel Rubinstein, Economics +Leo Sachs, Biology +Michael Sela, Immunology +Uri Seligson, Hematology +Shaul Shaked, Iranian Studies, Religious Studies +Adi Shamir, Applied mathematics +Dan Shechtman, Materials Engineering +Saharon Shelah, Mathematics +Uri Sivan, +Yechezkel Stein, Medicine +Izchak Steinberg, Physical Chemistry +Zehev Tadmor, Chemical Engineering polymers +Igal Talmi, Particle Physics +Daniel Weihs, +Meir Wilchek, Biophysics +Itamar Willner, Chemistry +Menahem Yaari, Economy +Ada Yonath, Structural Biology, Nobel Prize (2009) in Chemistry + + +=== Past (partial) === +Hanoch Albeck, Talmud +Shimshon Amitsur, Mathematics +David Asheri, Classical Studies +Haim Beinart, Jewish Studies +Jacob Bekenstein, Physics +Zvi Ben-Avraham, Geophysics +Michael Confino, Russian and Eastern-European History +Hillel Daleski, English Literature +Amos de-Shalit, Physics +Ben-Zion Dinur, Jewish Studies +Israel Dostrovsky, Physical Chemistry +Aryeh Dvoretzky, Mathematics +Shmuel Eisenstadt, Sociology +Ezra Fleischer, Hebrew Literature +David Flusser, Religious Studies +Abraham Fraenkel, Mathematics +Gad Tedeschi, Civil Justice +David Ginsburg, Chemistry +Jonas Greenfield, Linguistics and Semitic Languages +Louis Guttman, Sociology +Georg Haas, Zoology +Aaron Katzir, Physical Chemistry +Ephraim Katzir, Biophysics +Yehezkel Kaufman, Bible +Abraham Kogan, Aeronautics +Dorothea Krook-Gilead, American Literature, English Literature +Jacob Licht, Bible +Saul Lieberman, Talmud +Shneior Lifson, Physical Chemistry +Yoram Lindenstrauss, Mathematics +Hans Lindner, Physiology +Zvi Lipkin, Physics +Benjamin Mazar, Archeology, Jewish Studies +Isaac Michaelson, Ophthalmology +Shlomo Morag, Hebrew Language +Yosef Naveh, Epigraphy, Palaeography +Yuval Ne'eman, Astrophysics, physics +Henry Neufeld, Cardiology +Franz Ollendorff, Electronics, Electrical Research +Don Patinkin, Economics +Chaim L. Pekeris, Applied Mathematics +Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, Mathematics +Leo Picard, Geology +Shlomo Pines, Philosophy +Amir Pnueli, Applied mathematics +Hans Jakob Polotsky, Linguistics +Joshua Prawer, History +Giulio Racah, Physics +Markus Reiner, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (deceased 1976) +Haiim B. Rosén, Linguistics +Nathan Rosen, Physics +Nathan Rotenstreich, Philosophy +Dov Sadan, Yiddish Language and Literature +Jefim Schirmann, Hebrew Literature +Gershon Scholem, Jewish Mysticism +Moshe Segal, Bible +Gershon Shaked, Hebrew Literature +Nathan Sharon, Molecular Biology +Ariel Shisha-Halevy, Linguistics +Chone Shmeruk, Yiddish Literature +Shmuel Shtrikman, Applied Physics +Menahem Stern, Jewish Studies +Hayim Tadmor, Assyriology, History of the Ancient Near East +Jacob Talmon, Modern History +Yoram Tsafrir, Archeology +Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai, Hebrew Language +Efraim Urbach, Talmud +Haim Ernst Wertheimer, Pathologic Physiology +Chaim Wirzubski, Classical Studies +Israel Yeivin, Hebrew Language +Moshe Zakai, Electrical Engineering +Jacob Ziv, Electrical Engineering +Michael Zohary, Natural Sciences Botany +Bernhard Zondek, Natural Sciences Obstetrics + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at Wikimedia Commons + +Official website +"Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities" Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 24, 1999 +"About the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities" International Stem Cell Forum, retrieved August 16, 2005 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e66a44d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Lombardo_Accademia_di_Scienze_e_Lettere" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:15.427341+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere is an Italian academy founded by Napoleon in 1797. At the time of the foundation the Istituto was an institution of the Cisalpine Republic and its name was Istituto Nazionale della Repubblica Cisalpina. +The first location of the Istituto was Bologna and the academy was bound to include no more than 60 members. The first 31 were appointed by Napoleon in 1802 and the first president was Alessandro Volta, who started serving in 1803. The Istituto was concerned with Natural Sciences, Political Sciences and Arts. +Upon requests of its members, in 1810 Napoleon changed the name of the Istituto in Istituto Reale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Its new location was Palazzo Brera in Milan, where it is still located nowadays. Additional sections were then added in Bologna, Verona, Padua and Venice. +At Napoleon's fall the Istituto passed under the administration of the Austrian government and then, since 1859 until 1935, under the administration of the Italian government. From 1935 the Istituto is a private no profit association. +In 1959 Istituto Lombardo moved to a new location, Palazzo Landriani, where are now located the library and the archive, many storages and the offices, but maintained its historical Sala Adunanze (the conference room) and some storages in Palazzo Brera. + + +== See also == +International Giovanni Sacchi Landriani Prize + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website, with brief history (in Italian). +Official rules of the Istituto (in Italian). Archived 17 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384ecd1a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "Japan Academy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:17.869026+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Japan Academy (Japanese: 日本学士院, Nihon Gakushiin) is an honorary organisation and science academy founded in 1879 to bring together leading Japanese scholars with distinguished records of scientific achievements. The Academy is currently an extraordinary organ of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology with its headquarters located in Taito, Tokyo, Japan. Election to the Academy is considered the highest distinction a scholar can achieve, and members enjoy life tenure and an annual monetary stipend. + + +== History == +In 1873, Meiroku-sha (Meiroku Society) was founded. The main people of Meiroku-sha involved in Meiroku-sha were from Kaiseijo (later transformed into University of Tokyo) and Keio Gijuku. +In an effort to replicate the institutional landscape found in many Western nations, the leaders of the Meiji government sought to create a national academy of scholars and scientists modelled to the British Royal Society. +In 1879, Nishi Amane was made the head of what was then called the Tokyo Academy. + +In 1906, it was renamed the Imperial Academy, and in 1947 it was renamed the Japan Academy. + + +== Prizes awarded == +The Imperial Prize and Japan Academy Prize are awarded to persons who have achieved notable research landmarks or who have authored outstanding academic papers or books. One of the Academy's most important functions involves conferring these prizes, which have been awarded annually since 1911. Since 1949, these prize award ceremonies have been graced by the presence of HIM the Emperor of Japan; and since 1990, both the Emperor and Empress have attended. + + +=== Japan Academy Prize === +From 1911 until 1947, the academy annually conferred the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (Gakushiin Onshi Shō). Amongst past winners are Hideyo Noguchi (1915) and Tasuku Honjo (1996). After 1947, the name of the award was changed to Japan Academy Prize (Gakushiin Shō). + + +=== Duke of Edinburgh Prize === +In 1987, HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh suggested that the Academy take responsibility for conferring the biennial Duke of Edinburgh Prize to a Japanese scientist with outstanding achievements in the area of wildlife protection and species preservation. In addition to this specific award, some 75 prizes and medals are associated with The Duke of Edinburgh. + + +=== Japan Academy Medal === +Since 2004, the Academy has annually conferred the Japan Academy Medal. + + +== Timeline == + +The early-Meiji era Tokyo Academy was institutionally re-organized into an Imperial Academy in 1906; and this institution was renamed the Japan Academy in 1947: + +1879 The Tokyo Academy established; Tokyo Academy Magazine (Vol. 1, No. 1). +1890 Tokyo Academy Statute promulgated. +1895 Honorary Membership established. +1906 Statute of the Imperial Academy promulgated; joined Internationale Assoziation der Akademien (IAA). +1911 Imperial Prize and Imperial Academy Prize established; first award ceremony. +1912 Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (Vol. 1, No. 1). +1919 Imperial Academy joined Union Académique Internationale (UAI). +1925 Statute of the Imperial Academy amended (increased membership). +1942 Transactions of the Imperial Academy (Vol. 1, No. 1). +1947 Imperial Academy renamed Japan Academy. +1949 Japan Academy institutionally linked to Science Council of Japan. +1956 Law of the Japan Academy promulgated; Japan Academy de-linked from Science Council of Japan. +1971 Exchange program with foreign academies started. +1983 Visiting program of Honorary Members started. +1984 First public lecture meeting was held. +1987 Duke of Edinburgh Prize was adopted. +2004 Japan Academy Medal established. + + +== President == + + +=== President of the Tokyo Academy === + + +=== President of the Imperial Academy === + + +=== President of the Japan Academy === + + +== Counterparts in other countries == +Royal Society of London +British Academy +Romanian Academy +Hungarian Academy of Sciences +Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences +Bulgarian Academy of Sciences +Academy of Sciences, Institute of France +Royal Society of Canada +National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea +Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +Kita, Atsushi. (2005). Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery (tr., Peter Durfee). Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-2355-1 (cloth) + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a1fdcde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +--- +title: "Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:19.093553+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) is the highest scientific organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Academy of Sciences was founded on 1 June 1946 on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The central office is located in Almaty. It is a state institution that joins active members (academicians), corresponding members, and leading scientists of Kazakhstan. +The main activities of the Academy are scientific research, analysis and forecasting of the development of science, priorities of science development and scientific personnel training, support, formation, and coordination of scientific programs, promotion of international cooperation, innovation and investment in science-based development. Areas of research include earth sciences, mathematics, computer science, physics, remote sensing and space technologies, chemistry, new materials, biologically active substances, biochemistry and physiology of plants, botany, soil sciences, social sciences and humanities. The incumbent president (as of 2022) is Professor Murat Zhurinov. + + +== History of Academy == +The first scientific institutions appeared in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. At the first stage, these were agricultural institutions that was conducting research on seed variety. + + +=== Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences === +The history of the Academy dates back to March 8, 1932, when the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the request of the government of the Kazakh ASSR, decided to organize a scientific base in Kazakhstan in Almaty. The new organization created in the same year included the zoological and botanical sectors. In November 1938, the base was transformed into the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (KazFAN of the USSR). This was the largest institution in the republic, which employed 100 scientists, including 3 doctors and 14 candidates of sciences - before the start of World War II. +By the beginning of the 1940s, there were 12 universities, 11 research & development and design-technological organizations, 2 design institutes, 2 agricultural experimental stations, 6 factory research and design divisions, a botanical garden and a zoological park in the republic and the city of Almaty. + + +=== The Academy of Sciences of the KazakhSSR === +On October 26, 1945 a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was issued on the organization of the Academy of Sciences in Kazakhstan. Therefore the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR was established on June 1, 1946 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and became the main science headquarter of the republic and the coordinator of scientific research works in Kazakhstan. From the first years of its establishment, the National Academy of Sciences of the republic launched a broad study on the development of rich natural resources, which has made a significant contribution to the development of the productive forces of the country in solving the most important problems of an economic, social and spiritual development of Kazakhstan's society. + + +=== National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan === +In 1996, by a decree of the President of Kazakhstan, the National Academy of Sciences, the Kazakh Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Ministry of Science and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan merged into the central executive body of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan - “Ministry of Science - National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan”. +In 1999, the Academy of Sciences was separated from the ministry, while all academic institutions remained part of the ministry. The Academy is a public association. +In 2003, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Academy was given the status of the Republican private association "National academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan". + + +== Academy Presidents == +Kanysh Satbayev (1946–52, 1955–64) +Dinmukhamed Kunaev (1952–55) +Shafik Chokin (1964–67) +Shahmardan Yesenov (1967–74) +Askar Kunaev (1974–86) +Murat Aitkhozhin (1986–87) +Umirzak Sultangazin (1987–94) +Kenzhegali Sagadiyev (1994–96) +Vladimir Shkolnik (1996–99) +Nagima Aitkhozhina (1999–2002) +Serikbek Daukeev (2002–03) +Murat Zhurinov (2003–2019) +Kunsulu Zakariya (2019–2024) +Akhylbek Kurishbayev (2024–present) + + +== Notable academy members == + + +=== Full Members (Academians) === +Kanysh Satbayev — Geologist and First President. +Mikhail Rusakov — Geologist +Dinmukhamed Kunaev — Engineer (and later politician) +Shafik Chokin — Power Engineer +Nikolai Vasilievich Pavlov — Botanist +Murat Aitkhozhin — Molecular Biologist +Nadir Nadirov — Chemist +Maya Shigaeva — Microbiologist +Orazak Ismagulov — Anthropologist +Askar Dzhumadildayev — Mathematician + + +=== Corresponding Members === +Sarsen Amanzholov — Linguist + + +== Academy departments == +From the late 1980s to 1999, the structure of the Academy of Sciences included five departments (by field of science) and one regional branch of the Academy of Sciences: + + +=== Department of Physical and Mathematical Science === +Institute of Nuclear Physics +Institute of High Energy Physics +Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mathematics +Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute +Kamenskoe Plateau Observatory +Assy-Turgen Observatory +Tien Shan Astronomical Observatory +Ionosphere Institute +Physical-Technical Institute +Institute of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering +Institute of Space Research +Institute of Informatics and Control Problems + + +=== Department of Geological Sciences === +Institute of Geological Sciences named after K. Satpayev +U. M. Ahmedsafin Institute of Hydrogeology and Geoecology +Institute of seismology +Institute of mining engineering +Institute of Geography + + +=== Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences === +Institute of Metallurgy and Concentration +A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences +D. V. Sokolsky Institute of Organic Catalysis and Electrochemistry +Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Natural Salts + + +=== Department of Biological Sciences === +Institute of General Genetics and Cytology +Institute of Soil Science +Institute of Botany +Institute of Zoology +Institute of Microbiology and Virology +Institute of Experimental Biology +Institute of Physiology +Institute of M. Aitkhozhin Molecular Biology and Biochemistry +Main botanical garden +Scientific Center for Regional Nutrition Problems + + +=== Department of Social Sciences === +Institute of Philosophy +Institute of State and Law +Institute of Economics +Institute of History and Ethnology named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov +M. O. Auezov Institute of literature and art +Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics +Institute of Uigur science +A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archeology +Center of foreign economics +Center for Oriental Studies + + +=== Central Kazakhstani branch in Karaganda === +Chemical and Metallurgical Institute +Institute of Organic Synthesis and Carbon Chemistry +Institute of Physiology and Labor Hygiene +Institute of Applied Mathematics +Institute for Problems of Integrated Subsoil Development + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48520d0d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:20.329787+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences (official name: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan), (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук илимдер академиясы), originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993. +The aims of the academy are to carry out research in natural, engineering, and social sciences, to train scientists in all fields of knowledge, to advise the government in matters of scientific policy, and to disseminate knowledge. The academy defines the research topics in the national research institutions, coordinates basic research funded by the state, participates in international organizations, and organizes symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research. As of 2008, there are 37 academicians, 57 corresponding members, and 7 foreign members. Academician Kanat Abdrakhmatov was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 28 November 2022. + + +== History == +The history of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences begins in 1943 when Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. It included institutes of geology, biology, chemistry, language, and history. An increasing potential of the branch resulted in establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on August 17, 1954. Among 8 research units of the academy were institutes of: chemistry, geology, botanic, water management and energy, history, zoology and parasitology, language and literature, and medicine. In December 1993, the Academy of Sciences was transformed into National Academy of Sciences with newly established South branch. + + +== Departments and Institutions == +The academy has 3 major departments (sections), specifically: + +Physico Technical, Mathematical, and Mining and Geological Sciences, +Chemical Engineering, Medical and Biological, and Agrarian Sciences, and +Social Sciences +Each of departments consists of scientific institutes, and centers. + + +=== Department of Physico Technical, Mathematical, and Mining and Geological Sciences === + + +=== Department of Chemical Engineering, Medical and Biological, and Agrarian Sciences === + + +=== Department of Social Sciences === + + +== Budget == +The budget of the organization was 479,200,000 Kyrgyz som in 2022. + + +== Presidents of the Academy of Sciences == +The list of presidents of the Academy of Sciences is as follows: + + +== Academicians == +Musa Adyshev +Askar Akayev +Andrey Korjenkov +Vladimir Ploskikh +Kakish Ryskulova + + +== Gallery == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences on The Interacademy Panel site. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb1faf782 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Latvian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:21.591374+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Latvian Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Latviensis) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country's foremost scientists. The academy was founded as the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (Latvian: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija). It is located in Riga. The current president of the academy is Ivars Kalviņš. + + +== Building == +The Academy of Sciences edifice was built after World War II, between 1951 and 1961, collecting the necessary financing from the newly established kolkhozes in Latvia and – as further expenses increased, collecting the finances as "voluntary donations" deducted from the salaries of the Latvian rural population. +The building is decorated with several hammer and sickle symbols as well as Latvian folk ornaments and motifs. The spire was originally decorated with a wreath and a five pointed star, which was removed after Latvia regained independence in 1991. Being 108 metres (354 ft) tall, it was the first skyscraper in the republic and was the tallest building until the construction of the Swedbank Headquarters in Latvia (121 metres, 397 ft), and at the time, one of the highest reinforced concrete buildings in the world. +The building, designed by Osvalds Tīlmanis, Vaidelotis Apsītis, and Kārlis Plūksne, is a cousin to similar Stalin-era skyscrapers, which were representative of what became known as Stalinist architecture (sometimes referred to as Socialist Classicism). The architecture of the skyscraper resembles many others built in the Soviet Union at the time, most notably the main building of Moscow State University. Local nicknames include Stalin's birthday cake and the Kremlin. +The view of Riga cityscape is open for public viewing from the 17th-floor balcony (height of 65 metres, 213 ft). The tower is located in the suburb of Maskavas forštate. + + +== Gallery == + + +== See also == +Stalinist skyscrapers, overview list: "Seven Sisters" in Moscow and similar ones elsewhere + + +== References == + + +== External links == +International cooperation of the Latvian Academy of Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad35733f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Lebanese Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:22.788041+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Lebanese Academy of Sciences, known officially by its French name Académie des Sciences du Liban (ASL), is a learned society dedicated to promoting the growth, invigoration, and dissemination of the sciences in Lebanon, and to fostering a world-class scientific culture in the country. The ASL was recognized by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Lebanon in August 2007. + + +== Mission == +According to its charter, the ASL aims to + +Provide independent advice and guidance to governmental and private institutions on matters of scientific research and education. +Encourage, initiate and aid research and educational programs in the sciences. +Help the dissemination and promulgation of the results of scientific research. +Facilitate the exchange of ideas and results with similar institutions around the world. +Bestow awards and honors on distinguished scientists. +Exhort young Lebanese men and women to consider careers in the sciences. +Strengthen the links between the sciences and society by addressing the needs of the population, public health, the economy and the environment. + + +== History == +The formation of the ASL was shepherded by the French Academy of Sciences, which also hosted the first meeting of the ASL in Paris on June 27, 2008. The first meeting of the ASL's Executive Committee was held in Beirut, Lebanon on October 29–31, 2008. The ASL is broadly fashioned after the French Academy of Sciences. + + +== Members == +The members of the ASL are Lebanese scientists working inside and outside of Lebanon, as well as distinguished foreign scientists, including some who are of Lebanese origin, or who are keen to contribute to the growth of the sciences in Lebanon. All ASL academicians provide their services pro bono, i.e. voluntarily and without payment, as a public service. +ASL Members: + +Sir Michael Atiyah* (deceased 2019) +Kamal Badr +Edgar Choueiri (Founding President, 2007-2014)* +Charles Elachi +Charbel Farhat +Nesreen Ghaddar (Vice-President) +Makhluf Haddadin +June Nasrallah * (President, 2018--) +Mona Nemer* +Hussein M. Zbib +Huda Zoghbi +asterisk (*) denotes founding member + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2c1db59 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Lisbon Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:45.330025+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (Portuguese: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters. + + +== History == + +The academy was founded on 24 December 1779 in Lisbon, Portugal, by João Carlos de Bragança, Duke de Lafões, who served as the academy's first President, and José Correia da Serra, who served as its first secretary-general. Domenico Vandelli was among its mentors and early organizers. +It inherited several archives from its direct predecessor the Royal Academy of Portuguese History (Academia Real da História Portuguesa), which had been functioning since 1720 and stopped in 1776. This society had been meeting informally since 1717, under the sponsorship of the 4th Count of Ericeira, until its approval by King John V and receiving royal patronage. +The academy received royal patronage under Queen Maria I of Portugal in 1783, bestowing the title of Royal Academy of Sciences (Real Academia das Ciências) unto the institution. +The seat of the academy in Lisbon has been located in the Bairro Alto district of Lisbon since 1834. + + +== Organization == + +The academy has two classes: the Class of Sciences and the Class of Letters, and each has 30 full members and 60 corresponding members distributed in six sections. It also has a number of foreign members. +The academy was one of the first national members of the International Council for Science, is one of two Portuguese members of the European Science Foundation and is the Portuguese partner of the European Science Exchange Programme of The Royal Society (United Kingdom). + + +== Library == +The Library of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon is one of the most important libraries in Portugal, resulting from the union of the collection of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon with that of the Library of the Convent of Jesus, given by the State to the Academy, after the extinction of religious orders in 1834, together with the convent building. The Library was particularly enriched by numerous rare works acquired during the period in which it was under the responsibility of Friar Manuel do Cenáculo. When in 1777, he occupied the bishopric of Beja, the Library served to support the activities of the Aula Maynense, created by Father Joseph Mayne in 1792, in collaboration with the Academy, founded in 1779. +The library is rich in scientific works by authors such as Kepler, Newton, Linnaeus, Buffon, and many other renowned authors, as well as works of philosophy, theology, literature, and art, including incunabula, manuscripts (approximately 3,000 copies), periodicals, an invaluable collection of rare books from the 14th to 16th centuries, among others, totaling approximately 1,000,000 items. The library also holds the largest collection of Arabic manuscripts in Portugal, with approximately 80 items, all accessible online through the Library website. + + +== See also == +Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Class of Letters +Culture of Portugal +Science and technology in Portugal + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md index d966fe7d1..118dae435 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:20:09.778701+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md index 2bd69c525..91c00fd1d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-1.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 2/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:20:09.778701+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md index aa6273cd0..ec88ded87 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks-2.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 3/3 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T08:20:09.778701+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:23.970346+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23e5975dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +--- +title: "Lithuanian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:24.125974+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences or LMA (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Latin: Academia Scientiarum Lithuaniae) is a state-funded independent organization in Lithuania dedicated for science and research. Its mission is to mobilize prominent scientists and initiate activities that would strengthen the welfare of Lithuania and contribute to the scientific, social, cultural and you economic development of the country. + + +== History == +The idea of establishing the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was proposed in 1773 by Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt and other members of Vilnius University in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it was not implemented due to wars and conflicts in the region. The idea of an independent institution for science and research was revived during the Lithuanian National Revival with the main proponents of it being the members of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, including Jonas Basanavičius and Jonas Šliūpas. However, the implementation began only in 1939, initially with the establishment of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The institute was a basis of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences which was formally established on 16 January 1941. Its first president was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. +On 9 June 1988, the Sąjūdis movement was started from the Academy’s conference hall. In 1989, the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was declared independent from the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, and in March 1990, the Academy declared its decision to be independent of any public or political institution. In 1991, the Law on Research and Higher Education was adopted and LMA was reorganized. On 18 March 2003, the Seimas passed the Statute of the Academy of Sciences. + + +== Activities == +The LMA is governed by its charter which is approved by the Parliament of Lithuania. It can elect 120 members (under 75 years of age) and an unlimited number of foreign members as well as emeriti over 75 years of old. +The academy represents Lithuania in All European Academies, International Council for Science, European Academies' Science Advisory Council and InterAcademy Partnership. In addition to founding several scientific institutions and foundations, it issues publications and textbooks, sponsors symposia and conferences. It has established 15 memorial prizes and awards, encourages young scientists and students to engage in research by annually awarding 10 prizes to young scientists and 15 prizes to students. Since 2008, together with the Bank of Lithuania, it grants Vladas Jurgutis Award. + + +=== Lithuanian Science Prize === +Since 1993, the LMA supervises the process and facilitates the yearly awards of the Lithuanian Science Prize (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslo premija). The LMA and other academic institutions nominate the candidates. The winners are decided by the Commission for Lithuanian Science Prizes which is assembled by the government. There can be no more than 7 awards in the following areas: humanitarian science, social science, natural science (may be 2 awards), medicine and health science, agricultural science and technical science. +As of 2025, the monetary award for the prize is €54,600. + + +== Structure == +LMA consists of the following scientific divisions: + +Humanities and Social Sciences +Mathematical, Chemical and Physical Sciences +Biological, Medical and Geosciences +Agricultural and Forestry Sciences +Technical Sciences + + +== Head office == + +The building of the Academy is prominently located on Gediminas Avenue, close to Vilnius Cathedral. It had been originally erected in 1906-1909 on a design by architect Mikhail Prozorov as the Vilnius branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. Under German occupation following the battle of Vilnius (1915), it was used as a military hospital. Then during the brief period of independent Lithuanian control over Vilnius, it was used from December 1918 by the Trade and Industry Bank as its head office, but that ended as Lithuanian forces had to withdraw. Following Poland's takeover of the city, the building in 1921 became the Vilnius branch of the Polish National Loan Bank, then from 1924 of the latter's successor Bank Polski SA. During World War II it served as headquarters for the German commissar of the Vilnius district, then from July 1944 as seat of the Council of the People’s Commissars (Council of Ministers) for Soviet-ruled Lithuania. +In 1956, the Soviet authorities decided to relocate the Academy in the building, a decision eventually implemented two years later. + + +== Presidents == +Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius (1941) +Mykolas Biržiška (1941–1942) +Vladas Jurgutis (1942–1943) +Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas (1943–1944) +Juozas Matulis (1946–1984) +Juras Požela (1984–1992) +Benediktas Juodka (1992–2003) +Zenonas Rokus Rudzikas (2003–2009) +Valdemaras Razumas (2009–2018) +Jūras Banys (2018-2026) +Vytautas Nekrošius (from 2026) + + +== Publications == +Acta Medica Lituanica +Baltica : an international yearbook of Baltic Sea geology, geomorphology and paleontology +Biologija +Chemija +Ekologija +Energetika +Filosofija. Sociologija +Geografija +Geologija +Lituanistika +Pheromones +Menotyra +Žemės ūkio mokslai + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9862f1d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:25.351190+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Macedonian: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, МАНУ, romanized: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, MANU) is an academic institution in North Macedonia. + + +== History == +The Academy of Sciences and Arts was established by the Socialist Republic of Macedonia's assembly on 23 February 1967 as the highest scientific, scholarly and artistic institution in the country with the aim of monitoring and stimulating the sciences and arts. +The Academy's objectives are to survey the cultural heritage and natural resources, to assist in the planning of a national policy regarding the sciences and arts, to stimulate, co-ordinate, organize and conduct scientific and scholarly research and to promote artistic achievement, especially where particularly relevant to North Macedonia. +In 2009, MANU published the Macedonian Encyclopedia, a scientific encyclopedia of North Macedonia. The issuance of the encyclopedia caused a serious protest due to its content, and its authors have been subjected to severe criticism. Such reactions arose in the neighboring Greece, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Albania. It was urgently withdrawn. The reason behind this was political pressure from US and UK diplomats. +In February 2021 the members of the MANU requested that the recent Law proposal for the inclusion of the phrase “North Macedonia” as part of the institution’s name has to be withdrawn. Though, the Macedonian Parliament has agreed. Harsh criticism of the bilateral agreements signed with Bulgaria and Greece there has indicated that this national institution isn't under the direct influence of the government. The head of MANU Ljupčo Kocarev has called the Prespa Agreement a factor of regional destabilization and the agreement with Bulgaria “demeaning” to the ethnic Macedonians. The majority of academicians and the presidency of the Academy could not accept the change of the name of MANU (abv. for "Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts") into embarrassing or shameful "ANUSM" (abv. for "Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite na Severna Makedonija" (in Macedonian language)), so their decision was not to abide with the provisions of the Prespa Agreement and hence the presidency of the Academy rejected directive of the Government to comply with the treaty. + + +== Gallery == + + +== See also == +Macedonian Encyclopedia - published by the academy + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8621bdc8a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "Mexican Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners. + +== Principles and mission == +To maintain its independent status +To serve as a spokesman for the scientific community with society and the Mexican state +To advocate quality, professionalism and honesty in scientific research, training and dissemination +To foster the development and consolidation of the Mexican scientific community +To ensure that the aim of the production, implementation and dissemination of scientific knowledge is always to develop the creative and intellectual capacities of individuals and society + +== Objectives == +To group together the most outstanding researchers in Mexico in the various areas of science and to promote public recognition of their work +To encourage scientific research, training and dissemination in Mexico +To advocate the fullest utilization of Mexican researchers' production +To seek national and international recognition of Mexican scientists +To promote and direct exchange with scientific organizations and communities in other countries + +== Executive Board of Directors == +According to AMC's statutes, the Directive Council is responsible for supervising and managing all the Academia's affairs, and implementing the decisions made at the Ordinary and Extraordinary General Assemblies. It consists of a president, a vice-president, two secretaries (one appointed by the incoming president and another by vote), and a treasurer who will serve on the board for two years. The vice-president will occupy the post of president during the following period. + +== Membership == +To date, the Academia has a total of 1,847 researchers, working mostly in Mexico and occasionally abroad, who are affiliated to various institutions. These members are grouped, according to their specialty, in one of ten existing academic sections: agricultural sciences, astronomy, biology, social sciences and humanities, physics, geosciences, engineering, mathematics, medicine and chemistry. Each section has a coordinator responsible for liaising between members of the Academia and the Board of Directors. +The Academia also has corresponding members in various countries, active researchers who have been recognized in their disciplines and made a significant contribution to the development of research in Mexico. At present there are 58 corresponding members, including nine Nobel Prize winners. +The Academia has also expanded geographically to reinforce the work undertaken by its members at the country's academic centers. In 1993, the Central Regional Section, comprising the states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí and Querétaro was established. The year 2000 saw the creation of Regional Centers in the Southeast (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán, known as Southeast 1), the Northwest (Baja California Sur, Baja California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora), and the Northeast (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas). The Southeast II Regional Section (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz) was created in the year 2001. +A total of 85% of the 1,847 members of AMC belong to the National System of Researchers (NSR), 14% of whom are Emeritus or Level III members. + +=== Ex-presidents === + +== Standing commissions == + +=== Membership === +The Membership Commission, led by the vice-president of AMC, is composed of ten researchers from the areas of exact, natural and social sciences, each of whom occupies this post for four years. Every two years, half of the Commission's members, who have held the post for four years, are replaced by new members, elected by members' vote. Every year, this Commission analyzes all candidates seeking election as regular or corresponding members. + +=== Awards === +The Awards Commission, also led by the vice-president of AMC and divided into five areas: Exact Sciences, Social Sciences, Humanities, Natural Sciences and Engineering and Technology, analyzes and determines the recipients of the various awards granted annually by AMC. Every year, half the Commission's members, who have held the post for two years, are replaced by new members, elected by members' vote. + +=== Awards and incentives === +During the academic year, the Academia offers the following awards: + +AMC Research Awards +Instituted in 1961 and regarded as the highest distinction conferred by AMC, this award is offered to young researchers under the age of 40 undertaking state-of-the-art research in the areas of exact, natural and social sciences, humanities and engineering and technology. +Since 1961, AMC has given research awards to 159 scientists from over 20 institutions. + +Weizmann and Weizmann-Kahn Awards +Since 1986, the Academia, in conjunction with the Asociación Mexicana de Amigos del Instituto Weizmann de Ciencias, has granted Weizmann Awards to the best doctoral dissertations produced in Mexico by researchers under the age of thirty-five in the areas of exact and natural sciences. Likewise, since 2001, the Weizmann-Kahn Award has been granted to the best doctoral dissertations in engineering and technology. + +Social Sciences and Humanities Award +Since 1996, the Academia has granted this award to the best doctoral dissertations in social sciences undertaken in Mexico by researchers under the age of 40. + +== Academic programs == +AMC's activities are oriented towards developing and consolidating scientific culture by strengthening the values of creative intellect so that society regards them as its own. +As a result of the above, several AMC programs are designed to promote science among young people, foster the training of new researchers, enhance communication and collaboration with institutions responsible for research in Mexico and raise the Academia's international profile. + +Science at Your School +Created in 2002, this program seeks to raise the level of mathematics and science teaching using alternative methods to those employed in traditional teaching that will stimulate the interest of children and youth through greater interaction with teachers and their involvement in simple, direct experimental practices that will engage their curiosity and encourage more dynamic learning. +Specific actions have been implemented to train teachers and provide them with useful teaching tools. These actions have included diploma courses for teachers, designing special materials, providing special support for teachers, working in the classrooms, offering series of conferences and creating a web site. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a3fff05c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +--- +title: "Mexican Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Computers for Children and Youth +Since 1987, the purpose of this program has been to support the teaching of computer use through workshops aimed at primary school children. The workshops are held in various Mexican public libraries throughout the country and in the metropolitan area. In 2004, these workshops were attended by 37,228 children at 111 libraries in 12 Mexican states as well as in the Federal District. +Secondary school students are given a workshop to improve their grasp of mathematics, based on the program The Geometer's Sketchpad. + +Mathematics Teaching Program +Created in 1999, this program seeks to undertake activities to support mathematics teaching. It has focused on the production of teaching material to be used in projects to disseminate the free Computer Program for children and youth. It also undertakes studies on the problems that affect the formal teaching of mathematics in elementary and middle school. Some examples of math teaching can be seen at www.puemac.matem.unam.mx + +Scientific Research Summer +The Scientific Research Summer was created in 1990. The Summer is a short period of residence (June–August) for university students wishing to pursue a scientific career at Mexico's most prestigious research centers and laboratories. +In 2004, applications were received from 1,739 undergraduate students, 690 of whom were awarded grants. +The program also received the support of 459 researchers at 135 receiving institutions. + +Scientific Research Week +The Week consists of planning the greatest number of talks on scientific topics, aimed at young university and senior high school students throughout the country. In recent years, summer weeks have been held at fourteen institutions in twelve states with the participation of over 670 internal and 29 external speakers. + +Nobel Conferences +Designed to promote an annual visit by Nobel Prize winners in order for them to interact with Mexican researchers and graduate students, this program has been operating since 1995. Eleven Nobel Prize winners have visited the Academia to date. + +Visits from Distinguished Professors +In 1996, AMC, together with the United States-Mexico Science Foundation inaugurated this program aimed at promoting visits to Mexico by well-known researchers living in the United States to undertake academic work such as seminars, short courses and workshops, and to engage in new research collaborations with Mexican scientists. On average, fifteen of these professors visit various Mexican institutions every year. +Between 1996 and 2004, 155 visits by distinguished professors to various research institutes in Mexico were approved. + +== Promotion and dissemination of science == +The Academia has created several programs for promoting science to stimulate interest in scientific disciplines among Mexican children and youth. + +Science on Sundays +This program, created in 1982, consists of popular science talks for the general public, given by distinguished scientists. These talks are generally scheduled at week-ends. +In 2004, the program celebrated its 22nd anniversary. For an uninterrupted period of 22 years, the Science on Sundays program has operated at 149 venues at which 5,348 lectures have been given. In 2004, 391 talks were delivered at 16 sites distributed throughout 10 Mexican states and the Federal District. +The program currently operates at 16 venues. + +Science Olympiads +The original aim of this program, initiated in 1991, was the organization of four nationwide competitions in the areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, for pre-university students. In each area, the competitions are composed of three stages; state, national and training and selection of the delegations that will represent Mexico at international competitions. +The Academia also organizes five competitions: the National Chemistry Olympiad the National Biology Olympiad, the Spring Mathematics Competitions for students ages 13 to 15, the Funny Mathematics Competition for students under 12 and the Mexican Geography Olympiad. + +National Chemistry Olympiad +The Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, in conjunction with the Asociación Mexicana de Química Analítica, the Academia Mexicana de Química Inorgánica and the Sociedad Química de México organize the National Chemistry Olympiad. Approximately 8,000 students participate in this competition nationwide, every year. +Within the national and Latin American sphere, nine gold medals, 21 silver, 27 bronze medals and eight honorable mentions were obtained between 1994 and 2004. + +National Biology Olympiad +Since 1999, AMC has participated in the International Biology Olympiad. Six bronze and one silver medals have been obtained to date. +Approximately 7,000 participate nationwide every year. + +Spring Mathematics Competition +AMC annually invites applications for this competition, created in 1996 and consisting of two levels, one for children under thirteen, the other for teenagers under the age of fifteen. The winners participate in the May Olympiad, an international competition carried out simultaneously in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries. The winners of this competition then participate in the River Plate Olympiad, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. +Between 1996 and 2004, nine gold medals, 28 silver medals, 86 bronze medals and 37 honorable mentions were obtained. +In 2004, 200,824 students participated nationwide. + +Funny Mathematics Competition +The Funny Mathematics Competition, created in 1998, is aimed at children under the age of 12. The winners also participate in international competitions, particularly the one held every summer in Hong Kong. +In 2004, 81,474 children participated nationwide. + +Mexican Geography Olympiad +The Mexican Geography Olympiad was first held in 2003. It is organized in conjunction with Fundación Televisa and National Geographic en Español. The competition is aimed at students under the age of 17 most of whom are at secondary school. +Over 100,000 students participate nationwide every year, with the winners representing Mexico at the World Geography Championship organized by the National Geographic Society. + +== Special committees == +AMC has special committees for issues of national importance. These committees engage in studies that utilize the academics' specialized knowledge and the multi-disciplinary nature of the Academia to analyze the state of the art of various issues, by comparing the national situation with that of other countries as well as making recommendations to help government authorities in their decision-making. +To date, special committees have been established on Water, Biotechnology, and Steam Cells and Cloning. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a140b536d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Mexican Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:26.582549+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Communication and Dissemination == +AMC has a Communication and Dissemination Department that promotes activities, announcements, awards and meetings through press conferences, the written press and radio. + +News Web Site +The News Page provides information on the activities of AMC and similar institutions as well as useful data on science and technology for the Mexican media. + +Ciencia Journal +Founded over 50 years ago, Ciencia is a quarterly review with a print run of 6,000 aimed at members of the scientific community, higher education and research institutes and all professionals wishing to keep abreast of scientific advances, scientific planning and policy and human resource training. + +Publications +To date, the Academia has published over 50 publications including studies and projects on various topics. + +== Collaboration with national organizations == +AMC maintains crucial links with various government organizations, by actively participating in the discussion, evaluation and organization of major national forums. Likewise, the Academia serves as a consultant for the Congress of the Union, particular the Science and Technology Commissions of the Chambers and Deputies and Senators. It also collaborates closely with other equally important organizations including the following: + +National Council of Science and Technology +Ministry of Public Education +Scientific and Technological Advisory Forum +National Autonomous University of Mexico +Metropolitan Autonomous University +Center of Research and Advanced Studies +National Polytechnic Institute +Scientific Advisory Board for the President's Office + +== Collaboration with international organizations == +In order to reinforce research efforts among AMC members as well as to remain in contact with international organizations, the Academia coordinates various exchange and research support programs by maintaining solid links with similar international associations. +AMC currently collaborates closely with the following international organizations: + +National Academy of Sciences, US +InterAcademy Panel on International Issues +InterAcademy Council +Inter American Network of Academies of Science +The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS) +Third World Network of Scientific Organizations +Red Latinoamericana de Química +Red Latinoamericana de Biología +Royal Society of London +Slovak Academy of Science +American Chemical Society +Mexico-United States Foundation for Science +French Academy of Sciences +Royal Society of Canada + +== Sponsorship == +Since its inception, the Academia Mexicana de Ciencias has enjoyed the support of various public and private institutions that have generously contributed to its activities. +These include the National Council of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Public Education and the National Autonomous University of Mexico, among other institutions which have enabled the Academia to consolidate several programs, create others and support many of the activities involved in the country's scientific work. + +== See also == +CONACYT + +== References == + +== Extra links == +http://www.amc.mx \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d70eb0ad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:29.075813+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Црногорска академија наука и умјетности, ЦАНУ; Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, CANU) is the most important scientific institution of Montenegro. + + +== History == +It was founded in 1973 as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Црногорско друштво за науку и умјетност, Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost) and adopted its current name in 1976. It currently has 40 members (academicians) in three departments: natural sciences, humanities and arts. +The CANU has often been considered and described as a pro-Serbian institution in Montenegro, as the academy' posits the Serb ethnic origin of the Montenegrins. In opposition to this, a splinter group of intellectuals had formed the Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (DANU) in 1997, registered as a non-governmental organization, in an attempt to counter the official pro-Serbian academy. +Amid the constitutional reforms of 2007 CANU had resisted the standardization of the Montenegrin literary standard supporting the interpretation according to which Montenegrin is a "dialect" of the Serbian language. Some of CANU's prominent members have actively participated in the campaign against Montenegro's independence in the 2006 independence referendum. CANU president Momir Đurović had in 2007 maintained contacts with members of the pro-Serbian political opposition, and had visited the headquarters of the Serb People's Party and its leader Andrija Mandić during the negotiations on language-naming in the new constitution. The Academy has also criticized Montenegrin government's decision to recognize Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. +However, in 2015 DANU was merged into CANU, as all of its active members were accepted into membership and DANU was consequently disbanded, with CANU remaining the sole official scientific institution in Montenegro. + + +== Presidents == +List of presidents of the Montenegrin Academy of Arts and Sciences: + +Historian Branko Pavićević (born 1922) (1973–1981), +Economist Branislav Šoškić (born 1922) (1981–1985), +Economist Mirčeta Ðurović (born 1924) (1985–1989), +Surgeon Dragutin Vukotić (born 1924) (1989–2001), +Engineer Momir Ðurović (born 1941) (2002-2016) +Jurist Dragan Vukčević (born 1958) (2016–present) + + +== Notable members == +Notable historical, former and currently active members of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU): + +Social Sciences; Miomir Dašić, Zoran Lakić, Vlado Strugar, Branko Pavićević, Branislav Šoškić, Božina Ivanović, Mirčeta Đurović, Sima Ćirković, Nebojša Vučinić, Slobodan Perović, Šerbo Rastoder, Milorad Ekmečić and Branislav Đurđev +Natural Sciences: Ljubiša Stanković, Slobodan Backović, Vojin Dajović, Momir Đurović, Dragiša Ivanović and Ivo Šlaus +Arts: Vojo Stanić, Milos Vusković, Aleksandar Prijić, Dušan Vukotić, Mihailo Lalić, Radovan Zogović, Ćamil Sijarić, Žarko Đurović, Čedo Vuković, Dimitrije Popović, Sreten Asanović, Cvetan Grozdanov, Petar Omčikus, Asim Peco, Milivoj Solar, Zdravko Velimirović, Branko Popović, Jevrem Brković and Nikola Vukčević + + +== See also == +Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (DANU), a parallel scholars' academy in Montenegro, formed in 1998 by part of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts members, dissolved in 2015 with its membership rejoined CANU. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..522d17989 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Academy_of_Arts_and_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:30.319630+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံဝိဇ္ဇာနှင့် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်အဖွဲ့, abbreviated MAAS) is Myanmar's national academy of sciences and humanities. +The academy convenes an annual research conference. MAAS also publishes a research journal, the Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science. + + +== Leadership == +MAAS' chairman is Than Oo. Its vice-chairman is Kyi Kyi Hla. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cdc294da --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" +chunk: 1/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), also known as the National Academies, is a congressionally chartered organization that serves as the collective scientific national academy of the United States. The name is used interchangeably in two senses: (1) as an umbrella term or parent organization for its three sub-divisions that operate as quasi-independent honorific learned society member organizations known as the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM); and (2) as the brand for studies and reports issued by the unified operating arm of the three academies originally known as the National Research Council (NRC). The National Academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government. +The National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine began as activities of the National Academy of Sciences until they were reorganized in 2015 into units of the current National Academies while maintaining the charter status and corporate successorship of the original National Academy of Sciences. +Now jointly governed by all three academies, the NRC produces some 200 publications annually which are published by the National Academies Press. The reports produced by the National Academies have been characterized as reflective of scientific consensus. + +== History == +The US National Academy of Sciences was created by an Act of Incorporation dated March 3, 1863, which was signed by then president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The Act stated that "... the Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art. ... " With the American civil war raging, the new academy was presented with few problems to solve, but it did address matters of "... coinage, weights and measures, iron ship hulls, and the purity of whiskey ..." +All subsequently affiliated organizations have been created under this same overall congressional charter, including the two younger academies, National Academy of Engineering (NAE) (created in 1964) and NAM (created as the Institute of Medicine in 1970 and rechartered as NAM in 2015). +Under this same charter, the National Research Council was created in 1916. On June 19 of that year, then US president Woodrow Wilson requested that the National Academy of Sciences organize a "National Research Council". The purpose of the council (at first called the National Research Foundation) was in part to foster and encourage "the increased use of scientific research in the development of American industries ... the employment of scientific methods in strengthening the national defense ... and such other applications of science as will promote the national security and welfare." +At the time, the academy's effort to support national defense readiness, the Committee on Nitric Acid Supply, was approved by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. Nitric acid was the substance basic in the making of propellants such as cordite, high explosives, dyes, fertilizers, and other products but availability was limited due to World War I. The NRC, through its committee, recommended importing Chilean saltpeter and the construction of four new ordnance plants. These recommendations were accepted by the War Department in June 1917, although the plants were not completed prior to the end of the war. +In 1918, Wilson formalized the NRC's existence under Executive Order 2859. Wilson's order declared the function of the NRC to be in general: + +"(T)o stimulate research in the mathematical. physical, and biological sciences. and in the application of these sciences to engineering, agriculture. medicine. and other useful arts. with the object of increasing knowledge, of strengthening the national defense, and of contributing in other ways to the public welfare." +During World War I, when the United States was at war, the NRC operated as the Department of Science and Research of the Council of National Defense as well as the Science and Research Division of the United States Army Signal Corps. When war was first declared, the council had organized committees on anti-submarine and gas warfare. +On June 1, 1917, the council convened a meeting of scientific representatives of the United Kingdom and France with interested parties from the U.S. on the subject of submarine detection. Another meeting with the British and French was held in Paris in October 1918, at which more details of their work were disclosed. As a result of these meetings, the NRC recommended that scientists be brought together to work on the problems associated with submarine detection. Due to the success of council-directed research in producing a sound-based method of detecting submarines, as well as other military innovations, the NRC was retained at the end of the war, though it was gradually decoupled from the military. +NRC's Articles of Organization have been changed only three times: in 1956, January 1993, and July 2015. + +== The Academies == + +The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine are honorary membership organizations, each of which has its own governing Council, and each of which elects its own new members. The membership +of the three academies totals more than 6,300 scientists, engineers, and health professionals. New members for each organization are elected annually by existing members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. By the terms of the original 1863 Congressional charter, the three academies serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c275c4f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" +chunk: 2/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Program units == +The program units, formerly known as the National Research Council, are collectively the operating arm of the three academies for the purpose of providing objective policy advice. Although separately chartered (see above), it falls legally under the overall charter of the National Academy of Sciences, whose ultimate fiduciary body is the NAS Council. In actual practice, the NAS Council delegates governing authority to a Governing Board of the National Research Council that is chaired jointly by the presidents of the three academies, with additional members chosen by them or specified in the charters of the academies. +Under this three-academy umbrella, the program units produce reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine. +There are seven major divisions: Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division of Earth and Life Studies, Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Health and Medicine Division, Policy and Global Affairs Division, Transportation Research Board, and the Gulf Research Program. + +=== Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) === + +==== Units of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education ==== +Source: + +Board on Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF) +Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences (BBCSS) +Board on Human-Systems Integration (BOHSI) +Board on Environmental Change and Society (BECS) +Board on Science Education (BOSE) +Committee on Law and Justice (CLAJ) +Board on Testing and Assessment (BOTA) +Committee on Population (CPOP) +Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) + +=== Division on Earth and Life Studies (DELS) === + +==== Units of the Division on Earth and Life Studies ==== +Source: + +Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (BANR) +Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) +Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology (BCST) +Board on Earth Sciences and Resources (BESR) +Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST) +Board on Life Sciences (BLS) +Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) +Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) +Ocean Studies Board (OSB) +Polar Research Board (PRB) +Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) + +=== Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences (DEPS) === +The Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences has activities organized around: + +Government missions in defense, space, and aerospace +National infrastructure challenges such as energy and environmental systems, information and telecommunications, manufacturing and engineering design, civil engineering, and the built or constructed environment inclusive of its Board on Infrastructure and Constructed Environment or BICE +Science and engineering disciplines such as physics, astronomy, computer science and engineering, materials science and engineering, and the mathematical sciences and their applications. +Continuing assessments of federal government laboratories and research programs. + +==== Units of the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences ==== +Source: + +Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) +Air Force Studies Board (AFSB) +Board on Army Research and Development (BOARD) +Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES) +Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment (BICE) +Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics (BMSA) +Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA) +Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) +Intelligence Community Studies Board (ICSB) +Laboratory Assessments Board (LAB) +National Materials and Manufacturing Board (NMMB) +Naval Studies Board (NSB) +Space Studies Board (SSB) + +=== Gulf Research Program (GRP) === + +==== Units of the GRP ==== +Gulf Environmental Protection and Stewardship (GEPS) +Board on Gulf Education and Engagement (BGEE) +Gulf Health and Resilience Board (GHRB) +Source: + +=== Health and Medicine Division (HMD) === + +=== Policy and Global Affairs Division (PGA) === + +==== Units of the Policy and Global Affairs Division ==== +Source: + +Board on Higher Education and Workforce (BHEW) +Board on International Scientific Organizations (BISO) +Board on Research Data and Information (BRDI) +Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) +Committee on Human Rights (CHR) +Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) +Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy (COSEMPUP) +Committee on Science, Technology, and Law (CSTL) +Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM) +Fellowships Office +Government-University-Industry-Philanthropy Research Roundtable (GUIPRR, pronounced "gwipper", renamed in 2024 from Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable GUIRR). +Resilient America Program +Science and Technology for Sustainability (STS) + +=== Transportation Research Board (TRB) === + +==== Units of the Transportation Research Board ==== +Source: + +Consensus and Advisory Studies Division +Cooperative Research Programs Division +Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) +National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) +Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program (BTSCRP) +National Cooperative Research and Evaluation Program (NCREP) +Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) +National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) +National Cooperative Rail Research Program (NCRRP) +Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53a39858b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +--- +title: "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" +chunk: 3/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Study process == +The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance. Top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in academies membership) are enlisted to address the scientific and technical aspects of some of society's problems. These experts are volunteers who serve on study committees that are convened to answer specific sets of questions. All committee members serve without pay. +NASEM does not perform original research; rather it provides independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized. Study committees gather information from many sources in public meetings but deliberate in private in order to avoid political, special interest, and sponsor influence. +All reports go through an extensive external review facilitated by the internal Report Review Committee (also consisting of members from the NAS, NAE, and NAM). +Through this study process, the National Academies produce around 200 reports each year. Recent reports addressed the obesity epidemic, the use of forensics in the courtroom, invasive plants, pollinator collapse, underage drinking, the Hubble Space Telescope, vaccine safety, the hydrogen economy, transportation safety, climate change, and homeland security. Many reports influence policy decisions; some are instrumental in enabling new research programs; others provide independent program reviews. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and makes its publications available for free online reading. The full book PDFs have been available for free download since 2011. +The National Academies also provide credentialed witnesses who speak before government bodies on important issues. For example, a committee chair may speak on rising mortality rates in working adults in the US to a Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security, Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. + +=== Reports === + +==== Alcohol and health ==== +In 2025, the National Academies issued their consensus study report Review of Evidence on Alcohol and Health to inform the 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The committee conducted systematic reviews of scientific literature published to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption, including moderate alcohol consumption (defined as one drink per day for women and two for men), and eight specific health outcomes. To attempt to ensure the accuracy of these reviews, the report specifically attempted to account for "abstainer" and "sick quitter" biases by excluding studies that grouped former drinkers who may have quit due to health issues with lifelong non-drinkers. +The committee's findings varied in certainty across different health categories. It concluded with moderate certainty that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower all-cause mortality and a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to never consuming alcohol. Conversely, the report found with moderate certainty that moderate intake is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in females. For other conditions, such as colorectal cancer and nonfatal heart attacks, the evidence reached only a "low" level of certainty. In several areas, including neurocognition and weight change, the committee determined that no definitive conclusions could be drawn due to inconsistent data and the lack of standardized reporting in alcohol research. + +==== Climate change ==== +In 2001, the NRC published the report Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, which emphasized that national policy decisions made both in the near term and in the future will influence the extent of any damage suffered by vulnerable human populations and ecosystems later in this century. The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community: + +The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability. Human-induced warming and associated sea level rise are expected to continue through the 21st century ... The IPCC's conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current[2001] thinking of the scientific community on this issue. +In 2013, the NRC published the report Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises, which provided an updated look at the issue of abrupt climate change and its potential impacts. This study differed from previous treatments of abrupt changes by focusing on abrupt climate changes and also abrupt climate impacts that have the potential to severely affect the physical climate system, natural systems, or human systems, often affecting multiple interconnected areas of concern. + +==== Sexual assault ==== +In 2013, the NRC published the report Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault, which pointed out that approximately 80 percent of sexual assaults go unreported to law enforcement. The report recommends that the National Crime Victimization Survey adopt new approaches to interviews of rape victims, including changing the wording of questions. + +In an article about the report, Amber Stevenson, clinical supervisor and therapist at the Nashville Sexual Assault Center, said that victim-blaming was the main issue preventing victims from coming forward: As long as we as a community continue to make victim-blaming statements, such as, "She put herself in this situation,"..."She didn't fight back, she must have wanted it," we will continue to see rapes go unreported ... We have to stop blaming the victim. The conversation needs to shift to the person who chose to rape. + +==== Integrity in research ==== +The 1992 report, Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process was updated in 2017 by the report, Fostering Integrity in Research: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a66332fd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine" +chunk: 4/4 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:15.712867+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + + ... as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. +One of the report's main concerns is that a growing percentage of recently published research turns out to be not reproducible due in part to inadequate support of standards of transparency in many fields as well as to various other detrimental research practices. + +== Other programs == +The Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship is an annual program for recent graduate students to spend three months working in the National Academies. The Academies also administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum in downtown Washington until its closing in 2017; the Museum has since been replaced by LabX, a program of online resources and nationwide public events that aim to increase awareness of scientific and evidence-based solutions to community problems. + +== Revenue == +The National Academies do not receive direct appropriations from the federal government; instead their revenue comes from grants and contracts of federal agencies and private sources. According to the New York Times in 2023, "about 70 percent of the National Academies budget comes from federal funds, it also raised private donations from individuals, nonprofits and companies, including Chevron, Google, Merck, and Medtronic." At the time it was advising the government on opioid policy, it received $19 million from Purdue Pharma's Sackler family between 2000 and 2021. + +== See also == +American Academy of Arts and Sciences +List of members of the National Academy of Sciences +Member of the National Academy of Sciences +National Academies Press +National Academies Communication Award +United States National Research Council rankings + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Cochrane, Rexmond C. (1978). The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863-1963. Washington: The Academy. ISBN 978-0-309-02518-8. + +== External links == +Official website +National Academy of Sciences (NAS) +National Academy of Engineering (NAE) +National Academy of Medicine (NAM) +National Academies Press (NAP) +Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4c3008e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Medical Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:31.507937+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), better known by its acronym, NAMS, is a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body to the Government in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning and as a promoting agency for continuing medical education (CME) for medical and health professionals. It is a part of the Inter Academy Medical Panel (IAMP), a global network of medical academies. The Academy is headquartered at NAMS House, at Ansari Nagar, neighbouring the AIIMS and the ICMR House, along Mahatma Gandhi Marg, in the Indian capital of New Delhi. + + +== Genesis == +The National Academy of Medical Sciences originated as the Indian Academy of Medical Sciences, a registered society, on 21 April 1961, for the promotion of medical education and research in India. The academy, housed in NAMS House, New Delhi, started functioning when Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India inaugurated the institution on 19 December 1961. In 1963, the inaugural convocation was held at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi when Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan addressed the gathering. The Academy re-branded itself as the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) on 16 November 1979. + + +== Governance == +The Academy is governed by a council that is made up of 22 Indian medical professionals who are selected from the community. It is headed by a President and Vice President, and a Treasurer assists them in financial matters. Mukund S. Joshi is the incumbent president and Sanjay Wadhwa and Manorama Berry serves as the vice president and treasurer, respectively. The council members include many notable medical personalities such as P. K. Dave, Saroj Chooramani Gopal and Mohan Kameswaran, among others. + + +== Activities == +One of the principal activities of NAMS is promoting medical education through continuing medical education (CME) programmes for the junior scientists and medical professionals. The Academy provides opportunities, on a regular basis, for the aspirants to undergo training at various centres of excellence. It conducts symposia and workshops on various medical topics where medical professionals and researchers are exposed to modern medical methodologies and practices and encourages them to join the stream as members of the Academy. On successful performance at the entry examination conducted by the National Board of Examinations, the examinees are awarded the Diplomate of National Board title (formerly MNAMS). Further, it acts as an advisory body to the Government of India in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning. + + +== Emeritus Professors == +The academy honors academics with notable service profile and achievements with the title of Emeritus Professor. The following is a list of Emeritus Professor title holders: + + +== Journal of the Academy == +The Academy publishes a quarterly journal, the Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), which provides a platform for researchers, educationists and education administrators to publish their works. Sanjeev Misra is the editor while V. Mohan Kumar and Mohan Kameswaran serve as the Associate Editor and Assistant Editor respectively and they are assisted by an Editorial Board and a team of editorial assistants. + + +== Awards and Prizes == +The Academy has instituted six annual awards for contributions in the fields of research, service, publication and academics. + +Besides these awards, two annual orations NAMS Oration and Dr. K. L. Wig Oration, +have also been instituted by the Academy. + + +== See also == +Indian National Science Academy +Indian Academy of Sciences +National Academy of Sciences, India + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"National Academy of Medical Sciences(India)". IAMP Profile. Inter Academy Medical Panel. 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016. +"Dr R M Kasliwal Award". YouTube video. NAMSCON 2014. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2016. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2844ef038 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Medicine" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization (though created by and mostly funded by the US government). The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). +Operating outside the framework of the United States federal government, it relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and other experts, operating under a formal peer-review system. As a national academy, the organization annually elects new members with the help of its existing members; the election is based on the person's distinguished and continuing achievements in a relevant field as well as for their willingness to actively participate. + +== History == +The institute was founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences as the Institute of Medicine. +On April 28, 2015, NAS membership voted in favor of reconstituting the membership of the IOM as a new National Academy of Medicine and establishing a new division on health and medicine within the NRC that has the program activities of the IOM at its core. These changes took effect on July 1, 2015. + +== Presidents == + +Sources + +== Overview == +The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance. The work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists—leading national and international experts—who serve without compensation. Committees are chosen to assure the requisite expertise and avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by committee undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. Victor Dzau is President and Chairman of the Council. His six-year term began on July 1, 2014. The Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer is J. Michael McGinnis. +The majority of studies and other activities are requested and funded by the federal government. Private industry, foundations, and state and local governments also initiate studies, as does the academy itself. Reports are made available online for free by the publishing arm of the United States National Academies, the National Academies Press, in multiple formats. +The academy is both an honorific membership organization and a policy research organization. Its members, elected on the basis of their professional achievement and commitment to service, serve without compensation in the conduct of studies and other activities on matters of significance to health. Election to active membership is both an honor and a commitment to serve in Institute affairs. The bylaws specify that no more than 80 new members shall be elected annually, including 10 from outside the United States. The announcement of newly elected members occurs at the Annual Meeting in October. As of October 20, 2015, the number of regular members plus international and emeritus members is 2,012. An unusual diversity of talent among NAM members is assured by the charter stipulation that at least one-quarter be selected from outside the health professions, from such fields as the natural, social, and behavioral sciences, as well as law, administration, engineering, and the humanities. +The New York Times called the NAM (then called the IOM) the United States' "most esteemed and authoritative adviser on issues of health and medicine, and its reports can transform medical thinking around the world". + +=== NAM Perspectives === +NAM publishes a weekly periodical, NAM Perspectives, described as "a venue for leading health, medical, science, and policy experts to reflect on issues and opportunities important to the advancement of the NAM's mission". Papers present evidence-based descriptions and individual viewpoints on strategies and priorities, and must be accessible to a broad audience. + +== Awards == +The Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health (Sarnat Prize) was established in 1992 and is awarded annually by the Academy to recognize individuals, groups, or organizations for outstanding achievement in improving mental health. It is accompanied by a medal and $20,000. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4747097 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Medicine" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:17.198826+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notable members, past and present == +Harold Amos, microbiologist and professor +Nancy Andrews, Dean of Duke University School of Medicine +Andrea Baccarelli, Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University and President of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology. +Elizabeth Blackburn, biologist and winner of 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for co-discovery of telomerase +Patricia Flatley Brennan, Director of the National Library of Medicine +Emery N. Brown, statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist, Director of the Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology +Namandjé Bumpus, pharmacologist and the Chief Scientist of the Food and Drug Administration +Atul Butte, pediatrician and scientist at the University of California, San Francisco +Robert Califf, cardiologist, FDA Deputy Commissioner +Ben Carson, columnist and retired American neurosurgeon, former director of pediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital +Anthony Cerami, pioneering medical researcher +Dennis S. Charney, dean of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City +Sarah Cleaveland, veterinary epidemiologist +Jewel Plummer Cobb, cell biologist and President of California State University, Fullerton, 1981–90 +Francis Collins, geneticist, leader in the Human Genome Project and Director of National Institutes of Health +Jim Collins, synthetic biology pioneer and MacArthur genius +Toby Cosgrove, cardiothoracic surgeon, inventor, and CEO, Cleveland Clinic +Mark Daly, statistician and human geneticist, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School +Kenneth L. Davis, author, medical researcher and CEO of Mount Sinai Medical Center +Anthony Fauci Lienhard Award for Decades of Work Improving Public Health and Leadership in Shaping COVID-19 Pandemic Response +Stanton A. Glantz, Professor of Medicine (UCSF) and prominent tobacco control researcher and activist +Shimon Glick, Ben Gurion University, endocrinology, internal medicine, medical education and medical ethics +Farshid Guilak, Biomedical engineering and orthopaedic researcher, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Washington University in St. Louis +Margaret Hamburg, commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration +Mary Hawn, chair of surgery at Stanford University +Maurice Hilleman, microbiologist +Anna Huttenlocher, a rheumatologist and cell biologist +David Ho, a pioneer in the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients +Leroy Hood, winner of the 2003 Lemelson–MIT Prize +Harold Jaffe, physician, epidemiologist, and early HIV/AIDS researcher +Arthur Kellermann, professor and founding chairman of the department of Emergency Medicine at Emory University +Herbert Kleber, professor of psychiatry, Yale University +Philip J. Landrigan, pediatrician and children's environmental health advocate +Jeffrey Lieberman, chair of psychiatry, Columbia University; president, American Psychiatric Association +Rudolph Leibel, MD, professor at Columbia University and discoverer of leptin and leptin receptor +Alice H. Lichtenstein, senior scientist and director of Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory at Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, professor at Tufts University +Susan Lindquist, a molecular biologist and former Director of the Whitehead Institute +Howard Markel, George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan +Jonna Mazet, professor of epidemiology at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and executive director of the One Health Institute +Maclyn McCarty, youngest member of the research team responsible for the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment +Sherilyn S. McCoy, CEO of Avon Products and former Vice Chairman of Johnson & Johnson +Ruslan Medzhitov, professor of immunobiology at Yale University, co-discoverer of human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) +David O. Meltzer, Professor of Medicine and health economist at University of Chicago +Mario J. Molina, recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of impact of CFCs on ozone layer +Sean J. Morrison, stem cell biologist and director of the Children's Medical Center Research Institute at UT Southwestern Medical Center +Herbert Needleman, pediatrician and psychiatrist +Carl F. Nathan, Professor of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis at Weill Cornell Medicine +Peter R. Orszag, 37th Director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Barack Obama +Nicholas A. Peppas, pioneer of biomaterials and drug delivery +Megan Ranney, emergency physician, deputy dean of the Brown University School of Public Health, public health leader and communicator +Frederick Redlich, dean of the Yale School of Medicine from 1967 to 1972 +James Rothman, winner of the 2002 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research +Charles Rotimi, epidemiologist and Chief & Senior Investigator at the National Human Genome Research Institute +Jeffrey Sachs, economist and director of The Earth Institute at Columbia University +David A. Savitz, director of the Disease Prevention and Public Health Institute at the Mount Sinai Medical Center +Richard A. Smith, physician +Shirley M. Tilghman, former president of Princeton University +Abraham Verghese, novelist and recipient of the National Humanities Medal +Mary Wakefield, appointed administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) by President Barack Obama in February 2009 +Douglas C. Wallace, geneticist and pioneer of human mitochondrial genetics +Lawrence Weed, creator of the problem-oriented medical record +Sheldon Weinbaum, biomedical engineer, biofluid mechanician and Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, at the City College of New York +Ben Weston, Chief Health Policy Advisor for Milwaukee County +Kern Wildenthal, former president of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School +William Julius Wilson, sociologist +Elias Zerhouni, former executive vice-dean of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and director of the National Institutes of Health under George W. Bush + +== See also == +List of members of the National Academy of Medicine + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website +List of IOM reports +List of IOM activities \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0167329 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:32.739137+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Science and Technology (abbreviated as NAST PHL) is the highest recognition and scientific advisory body of the Philippines under the Department of Science and Technology. It was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1976 to honor and recognize Filipino scientists who made worthy contributions in the advancement of science and technology in the country. It also recommends individuals to be conferred the Order of National Scientist upon approval of the President of the Philippines. + + +== History == +The establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology was a proposal of several professors from the University of the Philippines. It was endorsed by the National Science Development Board (now Department of Science and Technology) to the President of the Philippines. NAST was created through Presidential Decree 1003-A issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 6, 1976. In 1978, President Marcos named the first ten members of the academy from members of the scientific community with three of them proclaimed as National Scientist, namely: Juan S. Salcedo Jr., Alfredo C. Santos and Gregorio Y. Zara. Through Executive Order 818 in 1982, the academy was tasked to give recommendations to the President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Cabinet on policies concerning science and technology in the country. + + +== Mandates == +The National Academy of Science and Technology is mandated: + +To recognize outstanding achievements in science and technology as well as provide meaningful incentives to those engaged in scientific and technological researches +To advise the President and the Cabinet on matters related to science and technology +To engage in projects and programs designed to recognize outstanding achievements in science and to promote scientific productivity +To embark on programs traditionally and internationally expected of an academy of science +To manage, operate and maintain the Philippine Science Heritage Center +To manage the Philippine Scientific Career System + + +== Functions == +The Academy's functions are the following: + +Recognition: As the highest government recognition body, it recognizes and supports works of different Filipino scientist that promotes advancement of science and encourages the youth to pursue science related careers. +Advisory: As an advisory body, it brings science closer to the people through awareness, promotes public participation on science issues and advises the government and non-government entities on science-related policies +Scientific Linkages: NAST communicates with other scientists inside and outside the country to promote collaboration and exchange of works, knowledge, and participation. +Management of the Philippine Science Heritage Center (PSHC): By virtue of Republic Act 9107, the NAST is mandated to manage the PSHC as a repository of all Philippine outstanding accomplishments in science and technology. + + +== Organization and Membership == +Members of the National Academy of Science and Technology are nominated by members of the scientific community. Current NAST members deliberate on the membership of an individual, following strict rules and regulations. Once admitted to the organization, members are called Academicians (abbreviated as Acd.). The academy is divided into several divisions to which an Academician is a member depending on his area of expertise. The divisions are the following: + +Agricultural Sciences +Biological Sciences +Engineering Sciences and Technology +Health Sciences +Mathematical and Physical Sciences +Social Sciences +From each division of the academy, a chair is elected to form the Executive Council. A president, vice-president, and secretary are elected from the Executive Council. The secretariat of NAST is headed by a director and implements the decisions of the Executive Council, and attends to the day-to-day affairs of the Academy. +Currently, the NAST Executive Council is composed of: + +Acd. Jaime C. Montoya, President and Chair, Health Sciences Division +Acd. Alvin B. Culaba, Vice President and Chair, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division +Acd. Jose Maria P. Balmaceda, Secretary and Chair, Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division +Acd. Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr., Chair, Agricultural Sciences Division +Acd. Windell L. Rivera, Chair, Biological Sciences Division +National Scientist Raul V. Fabella, Chair, Social Sciences Division +Acd. Arnel A. Salvador, Member +A Director heads the NAST Secretariat, which implements decisions of the Executive Council and attends day-to-day affairs of the Academy. The Secretariat is composed of two divisions, namely: Technical Services Division and Finance Administrative Division. + + +=== Academicians === + +Members of the NAST are called Academicians. As of 2024, there are 71 living Academicians. + + +=== National Scientist === + +All National Scientists are members of the NAST. As of August 2024, there are 11 living National Scientists. + + +=== Corresponding Members === +Corresponding membership is conferred on non-resident Filipino scientists who have made exemplary contributions to the advancement of science and technology and must have continuing connections and contributions to Philippine science. They should regularly come to the Philippines to practice their field of expertise. Filipino citizenship and residency are waived as long as the three qualifications are met. + + +=== Honorary Member === + + +== Annual Scientific Meeting == +The academy has conducted a scientific meeting every July since 1978. It gathers scientists from all over the country to discuss relevant issues related to science and technology. At the end of the convention, NAST honors exemplary scientists from different fields and presents recommendations to the government through the secretary of the Department of Science and Technology. + + +=== List of Annual Scientific Meetings === + + +== Awards == + +NAST also recognizes worthy contributions of Filipino scientists in the advancement of science and technology in the country during its Annual Scientific Meeting. It includes the following recognitions: Outstanding Young Scientists (OYS), The World Academy of Sciences for Developing Countries (TWAS) Prize for Young Scientists in the Philippines, NAST Talent Search for Young Scientists, NAST Environmental Science Award, NAST-LELEDFI Award for Outstanding Research in Tropical Medicine, Outstanding Scientific Papers, Outstanding Books and Outstanding Monographs. + + +== Publications == +As a promoter of science and technology, NAST also publishes books and monographs based on studies of present academicians, members of the scientific community and world-renowned scientists. Conference proceedings of their annual scientific meeting is published as the Transactions NAST PHL. +In 2021, the NAST published PAGTANAW 2050: The Philippine Science, Technology, and Innovation Foresight. it outlines a 30-year vision to guide the country’s STI agenda toward inclusive growth, sustainability, and national competitiveness by 2050. Rooted in the archipelagic and maritime character of the Philippines, PAGTANAW 2050 synthesizes global megatrends—such as climate change, pandemics, and digital transformation—with national priorities drawn from the 1987 Constitution, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), AmBisyon Natin 2040, and various Philippine development plans. Covering 12 key areas, including the Blue Economy, Governance, Education, and Space Exploration, the foresight identifies critical drivers of change and proposes long-term strategies that transcend political cycles. It serves as a unifying framework for policymakers, scientists, and stakeholders to build a future-ready, innovation-driven nation. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official Website of the National Academy of Science and Technology +Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd07c9c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences, India" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:03.071948+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president. + + +== Fellows == +Sneh Bhargava +Suddhasatwa Basu +Sudha Bhattacharya +Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah +Vinod Krishan +Suhas S. Joshi +Neelam Sangwan +Rajender Singh Sangwan +Ram Parikshan Roy + + +== Publications == +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India was a peer-review scientific journal established in 1930. It split in two parts in 1942. + +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences +The academy also publishes National Academy Science Letters. +NASI published the Proceedings of NASI, Sec. A & B, each in IV parts and National Academy Science Letters in VI parts, in collaboration with the Springer Nature, every year. +National Academy Science Letters received Impact Factor (IF) as 1.2 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; about 1200 papers were received from thirty countries/regions every year. +PNASI, Sec. A received Impact Factor (IF) as 0.80 in 2023-24 from Thomson Reuters; and about 450 papers were received from twenty-five countries/regions every year. +The PNASI, Sec. B received Cite Score as 2.4 in 2023-24 from Scopus; and about 600 papers were received from thirty-seven countries/regions every year. +Many special publications were released at New Delhi on the occasion of the "Closing Ceremony of the Anniversary Celebrations of 'Ba & Bapu' and Prof. Meghnad Saha". These were the collection of the Lectures delivered (in the memory of these three great personalities of the world) by the distinguished persons in different parts of the country. +Special Issue on "Remote Sensing", which most downloaded journal of the physics in the world,2017. Published in PNASI, Sec-A. +An important book on "Vector Biology and Control" was also published. + + +== Major Accomplishments (in past few years) == +The Academy also created two galleries (other than the Ganga-gallery at Prayagraj) on the rivers Brahmaputra and Cauvery respectively at Guwahati (with the partial support of the Govt. of Assam) and Mysuru (with total support of the Govt. of Karnataka), during the years of the report. NASI also undertook several projects on water; and scientifically rejuvenated the baolies (step-wells of about 200 years ago) at Bundelkhand area of MP with the scientific support of MPCOST, Bhopal and the BARC, Mumbai. All these facilities have been dedicated to the Nation. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29c62c415 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). +As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field in the United States. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. +Congress legislated and President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress (1863) establishing the National Academy of Sciences as an independent, trusted nongovernmental institution, created for the purpose of "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology [and] to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department." This objective gave the academy the purpose of enriching and providing resources to any part of the federal government—rather than serving a single branch or executive agency, in contrast to the Library of Congress or many entities that report to the President. The goal was somewhat unusual at the time, and also different than other knowledge-based entities serving a branch of government, such as the Library of Congress. The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services. + +== Overview == +As of 2024, the National Academy of Sciences includes 2,687 NAS members and 531 international members. It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005. Some 190 members have won a Nobel Prize. By its own admission in 1989, the addition of women to the academy "continues at a dismal trickle"; at that time there were 1,516 male members and 57 female members. +The National Academy of Sciences is one of the 135 member organizations of the International Science Council (ISC). Although there is no formal relationship with state and local academies of science, there often is informal dialogue. The National Academy is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers (president, vice president, home secretary, international secretary, and treasurer) and 12 Councilors, all of whom are elected from among the academy membership. Agencies of the United States government fund about 85 percent of the academy's activities. Further funding comes from state governments, private foundations, and industrial organizations. +The council has the ability, ad hoc, to delegate certain tasks to committees. For example, the Committee on Animal Nutrition has produced a series of Nutrient requirements of domestic animals reports since at least 1944, each one being initiated by a different subcommittee of experts in the field, for example, on dairy cattle. +The National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D.C., which is documented in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), its scholarly journal. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies and makes more than 5,000 publications freely available on its website. +From 2004 to 2017, the National Academy of Sciences administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museum's exhibits focused on climate change and infectious disease. In 2017, the museum closed and made way for a new science outreach program called LabX. + +== History == + +The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, created the National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original NAS members came from the so-called "Scientific Lazzaroni", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts (c. 1850). +In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of Alexander Dallas Bache, and also Charles Henry Davis, a professional astronomer who had been recently recalled from the Navy to Washington to head the Bureau of Navigation. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist Louis Agassiz and American mathematician Peirce, who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. +Agassiz was to come to Washington, D.C., at the government's expense to plan the organization with the others. This bypassed Joseph Henry, who was reluctant to have a bill for such an academy presented to Congress. This was in the belief that such a resolution would be "opposed as something at variance with our democratic institutions". Nevertheless, Henry soon became the second President of NAS. Agassiz, Davis, Peirce, Benjamin Gould and Senator Wilson met at Bache's house and "hurriedly wrote the bill incorporating the Academy, including in it the name of fifty incorporators". +During the last hours of the session, when the Senate was immersed in the rush of last-minute business before its adjournment, Senator Wilson introduced the bill. Without examining it or debating its provisions, both the Senate and House approved it, and President Lincoln signed it. +Although hailed as a great step forward in government recognition of the role of science in American society, at the time, the National Academy of Sciences created enormous ill feelings among scientists, whether or not they were named as incorporators. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f25b3da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The act states:[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States.The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century. +In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members. +In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing NAS in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth". + +== Membership == +The academy currently (as of late 2024) has 6,892 members, including international ones, both past and present. 3218 of them are living. Existing members elect new members for life. Up to 120 members are elected annually, while up to 30 foreign citizens may be elected as international members annually. The election process begins with a formal nomination, followed by a vetting period, and culminates in a final ballot at the academy's annual meeting in April each year. Members are affiliated with a specific scientific field in one of six so-called "classes", which include: Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Biological Sciences; Engineering and Applied Sciences; Biomedical Sciences; Behavioral and Social Sciences; and Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. +Over the entire history of the NAS, Harvard University is associated with the most members (331) overall, while the University of California at Berkeley is associated with the most members (255) without including the medical school. Examples of top schools, UC Berkeley/MIT/Princeton/Caltech do not have medical schools, while Harvard/Stanford do. The top ten institutions, two of which are from the University of California System and another four of which are in the Ivy League, account for nearly 28% of all members ever elected. Those ten are also precisely the only institutions in the entire history of the NAS to have had 100 or more members overall. +On the list for living members, only 14 institutions have 50 or more members overall, including the medical school (where it applies). They represent 32% of all living members of the NAS. + +== Facilities == + +The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States. The National Academy of Sciences Building is located at 2101 Constitution Avenue, in northwest Washington, D.C.; it sits on the National Mall, adjacent to the Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building and in front of the headquarters of the U.S. State Department. The building has a neoclassical architectural style and was built by architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue. The building was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Goodhue engaged a team of artists and architectural sculptors, including Albert Herter, Lee Lawrie, and Hildreth Meière to design interior embellishments celebrating the history and significance of science. The building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences hosts exhibitions exploring intersections of art, science, and culture such as Mathemalchemy. The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5, 2014. Approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. In June 2012, it reopened to visitors after a major two-year restoration project, which restored and improved the building's historic spaces, increased accessibility, and brought the building's aging infrastructure and facilities up to date. +More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, D.C. The Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences – formerly located at 525 E St., N.W. – hosted visits from the public, school field trips, and permanent science exhibits. +NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center is located on 100 Academy Drive in Irvine, California, near the campus of the University of California, Irvine; it offers a conference center and houses several NAS programs. The J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center, located at 314 Quissett Avenue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, is an NAS conference facility. + +== Presidents == +The president is the head of the academy, elected by a majority vote of the membership to serve in this position for a term to be determined by the governing Council, not to exceed six years, and may be re-elected for a second term. Terms usually start on July 1 and end on June 30. The academy has had 22 presidents since its foundation. The current president is geophysicist Marcia K. McNutt, the first woman to hold this position. Her term expires on June 30, 2026. + +Source + +== Awards == +The academy gives a number of different awards: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0df78741d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:18.571672+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +General +Membership of the National Academy of Sciences (including international members) +John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science +William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research +NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing +NAS Award for Scientific Discovery +Public Welfare Medal +Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research +National Academies Communication Award, with other national academies +Astronomy/Astrophysics +Henry Draper Medal +J. Lawrence Smith Medal +James Craig Watson Medal +Behavioral/Social Sciences +Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences +William and Katherine Estes Award, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War +Troland Research Awards +Biology and Medicine +Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics +Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal +Richard Lounsbery Award +Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal +NAS Award in Molecular Biology +NAS Award in the Neurosciences +Pradel Research Award +Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology +Chemistry +NAS Award in Chemical Sciences +NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society +Earth and Environmental Sciences +Alexander Agassiz Medal +Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship +Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal +Mary Clark Thompson Medal +NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences +Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008 +Stanley Miller Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008 +G. K. Warren Prize +Engineering and Applied Sciences +J.C. Hunsaker Award – aeronautical engineering +Gibbs Brothers Medal – naval architecture, marine engineering +NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science +NAS Prize in Food and Agriculture Sciences +Mathematics and Computer Science +NAS Award in Mathematics +Physics +Arctowski Medal +Comstock Prize in Physics +Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics + +== Joint Declaration on Global Warming == +In 2005, the national science academies of the G8 forum (including the National Academy of Sciences) and science academies of Brazil, China, and India (three of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the developing world) signed a statement on the global response to climate change. The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change has become sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action. +On May 7, 2010, a letter signed by 255 Academy members was published in Science magazine, decrying "political assaults" against climate change scientists. This was in response to a civil investigative demand on the University of Virginia (UVA) by Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, seeking a broad range of documents from Michael E. Mann, a former UVA professor from 1999 to 2005. Mann, who currently works at the University of Pennsylvania, is a climate change researcher, and Cuccinelli alleges that Mann may have defrauded Virginia taxpayers in the course of his environmental research. Investigations had cleared Mann of charges that he falsified or suppressed data. + +== Notable appointments == +1873, Edward C. Pickering (1846–1919) was the youngest scientist elected +1924, Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953) was the first lifetime woman member to be elected +1965, David Blackwell (1919–2010) was the first African-American elected +2013, Ben Barres (1954–2017) was the first openly transgender scientist elected +2024, Peter Ungar (1963–present) was the first Arkansan elected + +== See also == +American Academy of Arts and Sciences +National Digital Library Program (NDLP) +List of members of the National Academy of Sciences +National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) +National Science Foundation (NSF) +National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy +National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs +National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine +Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Nader, Ralph (1975). Introduction. The brain bank of America: An inquiry into the politics of science. By Boffey, Philip. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-006368-6. +Hilgartner, Stephen (2000). Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama. Writing science. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3646-6. 634. + +== External links == + +Official website +Office of Cultural Programs +LabX +The Science & Entertainment Exchange +Library of Congress: +LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the LOC +Digital Collections and Programs +Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program +Vega Science Trust: +Video programmes +Sherwood Rowland, NL, discusses Climate Change (Video). 2006. 119. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2379a978 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Sri_Lanka" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:33.982501+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka (NASSL) is a high level, non-governmental scientific body, established in 1976, it was granted incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1988. The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka fulfills a number of roles; promoting the dissemination of scientific knowledge, recognizing excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement and recognizing outstanding contributions to the advancement of science and +acting as a consultative body to the Government of Sri Lanka on all matters and activities related to the application of science and technology in national development. Scientists who have achieved excellence in their respective scientific / technological fields are nominated by Fellows of the Academy to be considered for membership. Admission to the Academy is by election following nomination and evaluation of the nominees. The membership of the NASSL was 125 in February 2012.The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2016, there were about 125 fellows. Fellows of the National Academy use the post-nominal FNASSL. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d7d6830 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +--- +title: "National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:56.746554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국학술원), is the senior national organization of distinguished South Korean scientists and scholars. It was founded to promote learning and research in all areas of sciences by conferring membership and preferential treatment to those who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of sciences and learning. The Academy consists of 150 Fellows who are selected by their peers for their contributions to the sciences and education. + + +== Overview == + +The National Academy of Sciences was inaugurated on July 17, 1954, and entrusted with the duty of promoting the development of sciences, and of facilitating the development of national culture. Founded on the legal basis of Culture Protection Act promulgated on August 7, 1952, the National Academy of Sciences initially comprised 50 members. +On March 25, 1954, fifty members were selected from around the nation : twenty-five from the humanities and social sciences, and twenty-five from the natural sciences. Thirty-four years later, on December 31, 1988, the Culture Protection Act of 1952 was replaced by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Act. The ceiling of membership is 150. The present Academy members total 134 as of June 2006. These include 62 in the Humanities and Social Science Division and 72 in the Natural Science Division. The members are assigned to 11 sections. + + +=== Functions === +The specific functions of the National Academy of Sciences include: + +Consultation and proposals on national policies related to the promotion of science +Scientific research and support thereof +Domestic and international academic exchanges and organizing academic events +Presentation of the National Academy of Science Awards +Other matters concerning the promotion of the sciences + + +== Members == + + +=== Philosophy, ethics, logic, aesthetics, religion, pedagogy and psychology === +Lew Seung-kook (Eastern Philosophy) +Kim Kyu-young (Western Philosophy) +Kim Tae-kil (Ethics) +Chung Bom-mo (Pedagogy) +Cho Tae-kyung (Psychology) +Park Young-sik (Analytic Philosophy) +Chung Chin-hong (Phenomenology of Religion) +Cha Jae-ho (Psychology) +Zoh Myeong-han (Cognitive Psychology) +Oh Byung-nam (Aesthetics) +Lee Don-hee (Philosophy of Education) +Lee sung-jin (Educational Psychology) + + +=== Language and literature === +Yoh Suk-kee (English Literature) +Cho Sung-shik (English Linguistics) +Kang Tou-shik (German Literature) +Jung Myong-hwan (French Literature) +Ki-Moon Lee (Korean Linguistics) +Kim Wan-jin (Korean Linguistics) +Chang Suk-jin (Linguistics) +Kim Hyun-chang (Spanish Literature) +Kim Yong-jik (Korean Modern Literature) +Lee Kyong-shik ( English Literature) +Cho Dong-il (Korean Classical Literature) +Hong Chai-song (French Linguistics) + + +=== History, geography, archaeology, cultural anthropology and folklore === +Chun Hae-jong (East Asian History) +Lee Du-hyun (Korean Folklore and Cultural Anthropology) +Youn Moo-byong (Archaeology) +Lee Woo-sung (Korean History) +Hwang Su-uoung (Art History) +Kim Yong-sup (Korean History) +Cha Ha-soon (Western History) +Lee Song-mu (Korean History, Choson Period) +Lee Ki-suk (Human Geography) +Lee Ki-dong (Korean History) +Kim Young-han (European History) +Lee Sung-kyu (Oriental History) +Yi Tae-jin (Korean History) + + +=== Law === +Lee Hang-nyong (Law) +Nam Heung-woo (Criminal Law & Criminology) +Kim Jhong-won (Criminal Law) +Kim Chung-kyun (International Law) +Kim Tschol-su (Constitutional Law) +Huang Seok-in (Economic Law & Civil Law) +Koh Sang-ryong (Civil Law) +Kim Nam-jin (Public Administrative Law) +Chung Dong-yoon (Commercial Law – Corporations & Civil Procedure) +Park Byoung-ho (Korean Legal History & Family Law) + + +=== Political science, public administration, and sociology === +Lee Man-gap (Sociology) +Hong Sung-chick (Sociology) +Cha Ki-pyok (Comparative Politics) +Lim Hy-sop (Sociology) +Kang Sin-taek (Public Administration : Public Budgeting) +Ahn Byung-joon (Political Science & International Reiations) +Kim Kyong-dong (Sociology) +Kim Yong-koo (International Relations) +Jin Duk-gyu (Politics) +Paik Wan-ki (Public Administration) +Lee jung-bock (Contemporary Korean Politics) +Kim Hong-woo (political thought) + + +=== Economics and business administration === +Choi Ho-chin (Economics) +Lee Hyun-jae (Economics) +Cho Soon (Economics) +Byun Hyung-yoon (Economics) +Kim Dong-ki (Business Administration (Marketing)) +Park Kwang-soon (Economics) +Yoon Ki-jung (Economics) +Kwak Soo-il (Business Administration) +Jeong Ki-jun (Economics) +Kim Kee-young (Business Administration) +Yoo Jang-hee (Economics) + + +=== Mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy and meteorology === +Chang Sei-hun (Chemistry) +Lee Sang-soo (Physics: Lasers and Optics) +Shim Jyong-sup (Polymer Chemistry) +Yoon Se-won (Physics) +Park Tai-won (Applied Chemistry) +Yoon Kap-byung (Mathematics) +Ahn Se-hee (Nuclear Physics) +Rho Chae-shik (Micrometeorology / Pollution Climatology) +Koh Yoon-suk (Physics, Theoretical Nuclear) +Park Se-hie (Mathematics) +Kwun Sook-il (Physics) +Ki U-hang (Mathematics) +Yoon Nung-min (Chemistry) +Lee Ik-choon (Chemistry, Physical Chemistry) +Kim Yong-hae (Organic Chemistry) + + +=== Biology, geology, physical education, nutrition, and home economics === +Cheong Chang-hi (Geology Stratigraphy) +Kim Choon-min (Plant Ecology) +Kim Chang-whan (Entomology, Developmental Biology) +Ju Jin-soon (Nutrition) +Lee Sang-man (Petrology) +Kim Hoon-soo (Animal Taxonomy) +Lee Yung-nok (Molecular Biology) +Kim Soo-jin (Geology (Mineralogy)) +Kim Joon-ho (Botany) +Lee Jeong-woo (Home Economics) +Ha Doo-bong (Biology) +Park Sang-dai (Cellular & Molecular Genetics) +Park Hi-in (Geology) +Maeng Won-jai (Nutrition) +Lim Burn-jang (Sport Sociology) + + +=== Architecture, mechanical engineering, mining engineering, electrical engineering, electronics, naval architecture, civil engineering === +Hahn Song-yop (Electrical Engineering) +Kang Myung-soon (Mechanical Engineering) +Yoon Chang-sup (Architecture) +Rhee Sung-won (Electrical Engineering) +Woo Hyung-ju (Electrical Engineering) +Kim Sang-joo (Metallurgical Engineering) +Hwang Jong-heul (Naval Architecture) +Park Chung-hyun (Civil Engineering) +Rhee Man-young (Electronic Communication Engineering) +Cho Sun-whi (Mechanical Engineering) +Kim Sang-yong (Fiber Physics: Textile Engineering) +Rho Oh-hyun (Aerospace Engineering) +Lee Choong-woong (Electronic Engineering) +Yoon Duk-yong (Metallurgy and Materials Science) +Hyun Byung-koo (Mineral and Petroleum Engineering – Geophysical Engineering)) +Ra Jung-woong (Electronic Engineering) + + +=== Medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine and pharmacy === +Woo Lin-keun (Natural Products Chemistry) +Lee Ho-wang (Microbiology) +Kwon E-hyock (Preventive Medicine) +Lee Sang-sup (Pharmaceutical Biochemistry) +Lee Jang-nag (Veterinary Pharmacology) +Moon Gook-jin (Legal Medicine) +Kim Ju-whan (Dentistry) +Kim Yong-il (Pathology) +Kim Nak-doo (Pharmacology) +Kim Byung-soo (Medicine: Oncology) +Lee Soon-hyung (Medical Parasitology) +Kim Young-joong (Pharmacology) +Kim Chung-yong (Internal Medical) +Ko Jea-seung (Dentistry: Oral Histology and Developmental Biology) + + +=== Agriculture, forestry, animal science, and fisheries === +Shim Chong-supp (Wood Science) +Lee Chun-yung (Agricultural Chemistry) +Cho Jae-yeung (Agronomy Science) +Lee Eun-woong (Crop Science) +Ohh Bong-kug (Animal Science) +Kim Moon-hyup (Sericultural Science) +Koh Chae-koon (Agricultural Civil Engineering) +Choi Byong-hee (Silk Engineering) +Hong Sung-gak (Forestry) +Chun Seh-kyu (Fish Pathology) +Lee Byung-yil (Horticultural Science) +Kim Hyun-uk (Animal Products and Technology) +Hwang Byung-kook (Plant Pathology) +Yoo Sun-ho (Soil Physics) + + +== National Academy of Sciences Award == + +The National Academy of Sciences Award is an award presented to South Korean nationals who have made significant contributions to academic development through intensive research on a specific topic. Prize money of KRW 100 million is given in addition to the award. The award is given by the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea in accordance with Article 14 of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Act and Article 4 of the Academic Academy Prize Award Regulations (학술원상시상규정). The first awards were given in 1955. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e49e54d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +title: "Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturforschende_Gesellschaft_in_Zürich" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:00.501233+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Society of Natural Sciences in Zurich (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich) is a society founded in 1746 for the promotion of natural sciences. It was founded by Johannes Gessner and other citizens in Zurich as the Physicalische Societät and is one of the oldest scientific societies in both Switzerland and the German-speaking world. As of 2025, there were around 475 members, and the president is Fritz Gassmann. Within the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, the NGZH is a member organisation of the Natural Sciences Platform. + + +== History == + +In the Age of Enlightenment, people devoted themselves to the then flourishing natural sciences, i.e., in addition to physics, also mathematics, technology, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, and especially natural history (which included descriptive natural sciences such as zoology, botany, meteorology, geology, geography, and astronomy). Zurich citizens tended to expand and complete their academic studies at foreign universities. The local university, the Carolinum at the Grossmünster, enjoyed great prestige for philology, philosophy, and theology—and increasingly also for the full professorship (then canon) of physics and mathematics established in 1558. But the academics who returned home lacked "collaborative scientific work, mutual stimulation, and the exchange of ideas." Thus, they came across " to doctor and master of the canon Johannes Gessner, whose experience and knowledge could be helpful in the implementation of such a project. […] This proposal was soon followed by a private conversation in which Gessner was encouraged […] to hold public lectures on physics accompanied by experiments here in Zurich, as in England […].” +Thus, on August 10, 1746, the Natural Science Society of Zurich (NGZH) was founded and took on tasks otherwise reserved for academies and universities. It maintained a botanical garden and an observatory. It also built extensive collections of scientific instruments and a comprehensive library. It kept records of the daily weather and was responsible for accurate timekeeping in Zurich. From 1757 to 1840, the NGZH was the main tenant of the premises in the Zunfthaus zur Meisen, which housed the meeting room, a large part of the collection, an astronomical observatory, and a chemical laboratory. Great figures such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1775) and Alessandro Volta (1777) attended meetings here. Due to the growing number of members, the rooms of the guild rooms (Meisen, Rüden, Zimmerleuten, Schmidstube) became increasingly unsuitable for meetings, so that in 1943 the society finally moved entirely into the large lecture halls of the ETH Zurich, which had since been founded. +At its meetings, experiments were also conducted, following the example of other scientific societies, such as the Royal Society. The society's activities and collections benefited the science faculties of the University of Zurich, founded in 1833, and the ETH Zurich (ETH) opened in 1855, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), founded in 1880, and the Zentralbibliothek Zürich (ZBZ), founded in 1916. + + +== Activities == + +The NGZH currently hosts a partially online lecture series with guest speakers each year, as well as organizing excursions and research trips. It publishes shorter scholarly articles in the Vierteljahrsschrift (established 1856, previously the Verhandlungen (1826–1837) and the Mitteilungen (1847–1856)) and a more comprehensive volume, the Neujahrsblatt (established 1799), which appears on December 31st and is sold at the Zentralbibliothek (Zurich Central Library) on the morning of January 2nd. Members receive the Neujahrsblatt by mail. +All publications since the founding year are recorded electronically and freely accessible on the association's website. +Due to the universities founded in Zurich and the changing academic publishing environment, the NGZH's scope of work and self-image have evolved. The society sees itself as committed to fostering dialogue between the individual disciplines and with the public – science communication and the promotion of STEM subjects. To fulfill this mission despite increasing club fatigue, especially among the younger generation, the society has expanded its communication channels to include social media and a monthly podcast (NGZH Journal Club). The latter is a scientific review of the past month by the NGZH. Barbara Schnüriger (biology), Fritz Gassmann (physics), and René Oetterli (chemistry) discuss current publications in science, technology, medicine, and mathematics. + + +== Membership == +The society is public and open to everyone. It currently has approximately 473 members (as of January 2023). + + +=== Famous members (in alphabetical order) === +Pompejus Bolley (chemist) +Rudolf Clausius (physicist, discoverer of the second law of thermodynamics) +Carl Eduard Cramer (botanist) +Carl Culmann (engineer) +Peter Debye (physicist) +Albert Einstein (physicist, discoverer of the theory of relativity) +Arnold Escher von der Linth (geologist) +Wilhelm Fiedler (mathematician) +Hermann Fritz (physicist) +Heinrich Frey (anatomist, zoologist) +Johannes Gessner (physician, polymath) +Johann Kaspar Horner (mathematician, astronomist) +Oswald Heer (botanist, paleontologist, entomologist) +Albert Heim (geologist) +Ludimar Hermann (physiologist) +Alfred Kleiner (physicist) +Georg Lunge (chemist) +Albert Mousson (physicist) +Johann Heinrich Rahn (physician, founder of the first modern school of medicine in Zurich) +Eduard Schär (pharmacist, toxicologist) +Paul Scherrer (nuclear physicist. father of nuclear science in Switzerland) +Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (zoologist) +Erwin Schrödinger (physicist, discoverer of the Schrödinger equation) +Heinrich Friedrich Weber (physicist) +Pierre Weiss (physicist) +Johannes Wislicenus (chemist) +Laurenz Zellweger (physician) +Gustav Zeuner (engineer) + + +== References == + + +== Bibliography == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34ebea903 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Nepal Academy of Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), previously RONAST, is an autonomous apex body established in 1982 to promote science and technology in Nepal. With the implementation of federal structure by the government of Nepal, it has opened its first provincial office at Mahendranagar. + +== Objectives == +It has the following objectives: + +Advancement of science and technology +Preservation and modernization of indigenous technologies. +Promotion of research in science and technology. +Identification and facilitation of technology. + +== Molecular Biotechnology Unit Laboratory == +The Molecular Biotechnology Unit (previously called the Biotechnology Unit) started research at DNA level in 2002 with molecular diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease; commonly known as Citrus Greening Disease. Prior to this, it was engaged in research activities such as the production of disease-free planting materials of citrus through shoot tip grafting in vitro tissue culture technique, Bacillus thuringiensis based biological pesticide, Citrus Tristeza Virus diagnosis using ELISA technique and plant propagation using plant growth regulators. +Activities of the unit are: + +PCR-based diagnosis of Citrus Huanglongbing disease in Nepal, +Molecular characterization and DNA barcoding of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal, using PCR-based and DNA sequencing based molecular markers, +Exploration, molecular and biotechnological characterization of medicinal plants and fungal biodiversity of Manasalu Conservation Area, Central Nepal and Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu region, +Exploration of hot spring Thermophile for the production of industrially important enzymes, +Exploration, molecular and biotechnological characterization of probiotic microorganisms of the dairy products of Nepal, +Himalayan seed bank for utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild plant biodiversity of Nepal, +Management of alien invasive species - Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) and Mikania weed (Mikania micrantha Kunth ex. H.B. K) in Nepal + +== Environment Research Laboratory == +The Environment and climate study research unit conducts research on environmental issues. Besides research, water quality analysis service is provided to consumers. The major programs of the unit are: + +Water and wastewater treatment, +Waste management, +Climatological study, +Satellite rainfall estimation, +Water quality analysis services. +The objective is to investigate methods of pollution control, conduct climatological and meteorological studies and provide an analytical service for the quality analysis of water. +Program and achievements; + +The Water and Wastewater Treatment program develops methods for the removal of chemical contaminants from water and waste waters. It targets removal of toxic metals (heavy metals), non-metals, and metalloids using locally available low-cost materials. The achievements of the program are research articles published in national and international journals and reports. Separation of solid material from wastewater by sedimentation and filtration technique and followed by Oxidation process is one of the technique. +The Waste Management program aims to mitigate the impact of wastes on environment and public health. The program is focused on environment and public health impact assessment of landfill sites in Nepal. A report on the “Impact Area Assessment of Okharpauwa Landfill Site” has been submitted to the Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre. +The Hydrospheric and Atmospheric Research program studies hydrospheric and atmospheric processes, changes and impacts over the Himalayan region. The program includes monitoring of air pollution and its impacts on climate and land cover changes, validation of satellite data for possible application on the relevant fields, and glacier monitoring. +The Water Quality Analysis Service provides a water quality analysis service. It receives water samples from ground water, surface water, tap water and stone spouts. The water samples are received from the public, institutions, entrepreneur, NGOs and INGOs. + +== Physical Science Laboratory == + The Physical Science Unit consists of the following fields of research: +Environmental Radioactivity: A network of radioactivity monitors has been established to measure terrestrial radioactivity in environmental samples and in the air. The assessment of radioactivity due to Uranium and Thorium series, Potassium-40 along with total radioactivity will provide baseline information on the radiation environment. +Personnel Dosimetry: Thermoluminescent Dosimeters monitor radiation doses absorbed by personnel (such as technicians, radiographers, radio-therapists, and medical physicists). They wear the dosimeter and the radiation exposure is estimated on the basis of TL dosimetric reading on the TLD Badge Reader. +Household Radon Survey: Radon and its radioactive daughters present in the environment results are a contribution to the natural radiation dose received by human beings. The study of radon and its progeny exposure in dwellings is important as it can result in an inhalation risk to the population. A Solid State Nuclear Track Detector technique has been employed to study radon exposure in the dwellings of Kathmandu Valley. +Radiation from Cell Phone Towers: People have been debating about health risk due to radiation from cell phone and cell tower. Assessment of power density due to RF (radio-frequency) exposure from the cell phone towers in the Kathmandu valley is in process. +Development of Thin films and Nano-particles: The research is an investigation of advanced oxide materials – both thin film and nanostructures – in pursuit of three major research areas: +Optical and electrical properties of materials, +Functional materials and devices, +Metal oxides for solar energy conversion. The foundation of the research is the growth of metal oxide thin films and nanostructures via a wet chemical route. +Optical and Electrical Properties of Materials: The research aims to understand solid state materials science – the physics and control of doping effects in materials. +Functional Materials and Devices: Driven by advances in the production of high quality thin films of metal oxide materials and nanoparticles, attention has been given to recognize their applications in photo-catalyst, gas sensors, self-cleaning material etc. +Metal Oxides for Solar Energy Applications: The academy studies the creation of oxide-based photovoltaic devices, including the understanding of semiconducting properties (i.e. band gap, carrier mobility and absorption) in these materials. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c9999b5b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "Nepal Academy of Science and Technology" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:35.258054+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Nepal flora project == +Nepal has 6500 species of flowering plants. The botanical exploration is not yet completed and therefore, some plant species are unexplored. Realizing the need for a publication of the flora of Nepal, the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology initiated the project in collaboration with national and international institutions. +Ten volumes of the Nepal Flora have been scheduled to publish by 2020 in digital and printed book version. Volume 3 including plants from Magnoliaceae to Rosaceae was published in 2011 as a first publication from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK which includes 21 families with 123 genera, 600 species, 19 sub-species, 31 varieties and 4 forma. + +== Solar Energy == +Some activities are: + +Solar Radiation Monitoring and Analysis of the solar radiation in Nepal. The data will be processed to calculate the potential to exploit solar radiation to meet the energy demand of the country. +Energy Auditing and Conservation in order to minimize the energy waste. Energy Auditing is the tool used for the purpose. +Diversification of Solar Technology. The activity covers activities such as proliferation of knowledge on solar energy technologies, feasibility study of grid connected rooftop PV system along with mini/micro grids and efficient use of Sun Simulator and module tester. + +== Material science and nanotechnology == +Major activities: + +Synthesis and Extraction of Materials. The activity is dedicated to synthesizing metal oxide semiconductor nanomaterials, forming nanostructures on metal oxides and extracting organic dyes from the plants of Nepal for applications including Optoelectronic devices like solar cells. The activities will be extended in the domain of metal nanoparticles as well as polymer materials. +Characterization of Synthesized and Extracted Materials. The materials synthesized or extracted in the laboratories of NAST are characterized under this activity. The activity covers a service provided to the researchers of other institutions of the country for the characterization of their crystalline solid samples by X-ray diffraction. To accomplish the task a Bruker D2 Phaser Diffractometer is available. +Application of the Synthesized and Extracted Materials in Devices. All the materials synthesized or extracted in the laboratory will be used for the fabrication of devices. Emphasis will be given to apply them in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. With the diversification in the type of materials synthesized and identification of their properties, new areas of application will be sought. + +== Bio Energy Unit == +NAST is focusing on processing technology for biodiesel production from jatropha oil and waste cooking oil using homely grown or to be grown or available feedstock or catalyst to develop the novel technology. The primary concerns are in jatropha oil, waste cooking oil, microalgae. +Biomass Laboratory: NAST works on utilization of biomass wastes; agro, forest or households, or municipal, to make energy commodities or manures as following: + +Bio briquette technology for energy +Biochar Technology for soil enrichment +Clean cooking solution + +== Wind Energy == +NAST is measuring wind speed and resource characterization for sites in Nepal. + +== Small hydro power == +The Small Hydro Power program was initiated from the fiscal year 2071/72 at NAST under the Faculty of Technology. +Phase I (within 1st year): + +Site survey and problem identification of concern plant. Study of existing problems of small hydro in Nepal, +Construction of small workshop for testing hydro mechanical based equipment, +Addition of basic test and measurement instruments to the hydro-lab facility at NAST, +Demand-based research in Small Hydro Power sector, +Continual capacity building of the hydropower equipment standardization at NAST. +Phase II (within 2nd year): + +Establishment of testing facilities for small hydro power plants, +Performance evaluation and analysis unit for technological difficulties and verification mechanism. +Phase III (within 3rd year): + +Lab for different hydro power components testing and technology transfer within Nepal, +Lab based research on components and machines related to small hydro power, +Expansion of research work on hydro power. +Continual research and innovation in modernization of hydro lab. + +=== Other hydro activities === +The Faculty of Technology has signed an MoU with the Ministry of Energy for the establishment of a laboratory for testing hydro equipment and machines in fiscal year 2071/072. +Vice Chancellor of NAST, Prof. Dr. Jib Raj Pokhrel inaugurated the laboratory for hydro power on 23rd Poush 2071. The laboratory will provide testing and research facilities for small hydro power plants. + +=== Other hydro research === +Identification of major problems in small hydro power plants, +Solutions for any identified problems. +Initiate test facilities for equipment and machines from this fiscal year. + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..834086acf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "Nigerian Academy of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Academy_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:37.821058+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Nigerian Academy of Science is the official science academy of Nigeria. The academy of science was established on 18 January 1977, as an association of Nigeria's foremost scientists, but incorporated in 1986. It is the apex scientific organization in Nigeria. The Academy acts as a scientific advisor to the Federal Government of Nigeria, funds research fellowships, and scientific start-up companies. +The Academy is governed by its council, which is chaired by the academy's president, according to a set of Statutes and Bye-laws. The members of council and the president are elected from, and by its Fellows. The basic members of the Academy are also elected by existing Fellows. There are currently 268 Fellows allowed to use the postnominal title FAS, with not more than 10 new Fellows appointed each year. The current president is Professor Ekanem Ikpi Braide, a professor of Parasitology. The Nigerian Academy of Science is Nigeria's national representative on such bodies as the International Science Council (ISC) – the umbrella body for all science associations and unions – and the Inter-Academy Partnership for Policy (IAP) – the umbrella body for all national science academies globally. The academy is also a member of the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC). + + +== Structure and governance == +The Academy is governed by its council, which is chaired by the academy's president, according to a set of Statutes and Bye-laws. The members of council, the president and the other officers are elected from and by its Fellowship. + + +== Fellows == +The Academy's core members are the Fellows: scientists and engineers from Nigeria nominated to be fellow of the academy based on having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including Engineering, Science, Mathematics and Medical Science". +The process of becoming a fellow of the academy is procedural. It begins by a nomination of qualified candidate by a fellow of the academy, often refers to as the principal nominator who must be in the same academic field as the candidate. He would submit a nomination form on behalf of the preferred candidate and the nomination period last for one month, from June to July. +Thereafter, the candidate will be invited for screening by appropriate Sectional Committees before a recommendation to the council chaired by the president for short-listing. Short-listed candidates are then presented to the general assembly for election. To be successful, candidates must score at least half of the total votes cast. +Fellows are elected for life, and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science (FAS) title. The rights and responsibilities of Fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the academy, the right to stand for council posts, and the right to elect new Fellows. Not more the ten (10) Fellows are elected annually. + + +== Council == +The Council is a body of 17 Fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, three Secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from biological sciences— the Foreign Secretary and the public affairs secretary). The council is tasked with coordinating the academy's overall policy, managing all business related to the academy, amending, making or repealing the academy's Standing Orders. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot. The president, vice president, 3 secretaries, and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the academy. +The officers in 2022 are: + +President: Professor Ekanem Ikpi Braide, FAS +Vice President: Professor Abubakar Sambo, FAS +Treasurer: Professor Oluwole Familoni, FAS +Biological Secretary: Professor Olatunde Farombi, FAS +Physical Secretary: Professor Chidi Akujor, FAS +Foreign Secretary: Professor Alexander Acholonu, FAS +Public Affairs Secretary: Professor Musbau Akanji, FAS + + +== President == +Prof. Ekanem Ikpi Braide became president in January 2021 . She is the Pro-Chancellor of Arthur Jarvis University and she is the first woman President. + + +== Past presidents == +Professor Victor Adenuga Oyenuga, FAS (1977- 1978) +Professor Professor Cyril Agodi Onwumechili, FAS (1979 - 1980) +Professor Umaru Shehu, FAS(1981- 1982) +Professor Emmanuel Emovon, FAS (1983 - 1984) +Professor Augustine Njoku Obi, FAS (1985- 1986) +Professor Ifedayo Oladapo, FAS (1987 - 1988) +Professor Caleb Olaniyan, FAS (1989 - 1990) +Professor Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette, FAS (1991 - 1992) +Professor Anthony Afolabi Adegbola, FAS (1993 - 1994) +Professor Awele Maduemezia, FAS (1995 - 1996) +Professor Lateef Akinola Salako, FAS (1997 - 1998) +Professor Anya Oko Anya, FAS (1999 - 2000) +Professor Alexander Animalu, FAS (2001- 2002) +Professor Gabriel Babatunde Ogunmola, FAS (2003 - 2006) +Professor David Okali, FAS (2006 - 2008) +Professor Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe, FAS (2008- 2013) +Professor Oyewale Tomori, FAS (2013- 2017) +Professor Kalu Mosto Onuoha, FAS (2017-2021) + + +== Media awards == +The Nigerian Academy of Science's Media Awards are presented annually to recognize outstanding science reporting. The award was founded in 2010 by the Nigerian Academy of Science to honor broadcast journalists and newspaper columnists who published science-related articles. +The award presentation is attended by media representatives, politicians, celebrities, and journalists. + + +== See also == +List of fellows of the Nigerian Academy of Science + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ce62a3aa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:39.060536+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway. + + +== History == +The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was established in 1811. The idea of a learned society in Christiania surfaced for the first time in 1841. The city of Trondhjem had no university, but had a learned society, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, established in 1760. The purpose of a learned society in Christiania was to support scientific studies and aid publication of academic papers. The idea of the Humboldt-inspired university, where independent research stood strong, had overtaken the instrumental view of a university as primarily a means to produce civil servants. The city already had societies for specific professions, for instance the Norwegian Medical Society, which was founded in 1833. However, these societies were open to both academics within medicine as well as physicians outside of academia. The learned society would be open to employed academics only, but from all academic branches. +The idea did not come to immediate fruition in 1841. Money was a problem; also there were "doubts with regards to the adequacy of the scientific powers". However, cross-disciplinary cooperation was flourishing. The first scientific congress in Norway was held in 1844. Two hundred people within the natural sciences and medicine convened for the fourth Scandinavian meeting of natural researchers. Finally, in 1857 a source of finances was found: professor of medicine Frants C. Faye. The academy was founded, and inaugurated on 3 May 1857 under the name Videnskabsselskabet i Christiania. "Christiania" was later changed to "Kristiania". The name Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Kristiania was adopted in the early twentieth century, and from 1924 "i Kristiania" was dropped, when Oslo voted to return the name to its original Norwegian name. +The economic support from the state was minimal during the society’s first fifty years. As such the academy led a humble existence. In the early twentieth century, Waldemar Christofer Brøgger (later the university's first rector) suggested a plan to strengthen the academy. He established the Nansen Foundation, specifically tied to the academy to strengthen its economy. Brøgger's goal was to employ researchers specifically within the academy to secure independence from the university; however, this proposal never happened. The purpose of the academy remained to advance science and scholarship in general through meetings, seminars and support of research and publications. Nonetheless, the Nansen Foundation and other economic sources were important. They helped in the establishment of other bodies, such as the Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture. These foundations lost some of their importance after World War II. However, an entirely new source of funding was later found, as Otto Lous Mohr suggested to use surplus from a state-owned, national lottery. The establishment of Norsk Tipping was laid down in 1946, and founded in 1947. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters wished to administer this income through a council of its own, but the Government of Norway refused and created the research council NAVF (Norges allmennvitenskapelige forskningsråd, the Norwegian Council of General Research). The academy could merely suggest representatives for this council. Ever since then, the state-driven research councils have been more important than the academy, economically. NAVF and other bodies were merged in 1993 to become the Research Council of Norway. + + +== Organisation == +The General Meeting is the supreme body of the Academy. The board of the Academy consists of its President, Secretary General and Vice-President together with the chairman, +vice-chairman and secretary of the two divisions, Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Humanities and Social Sciences. +As of 2025 the President of the Academy is professor of social anthropology, Annelin Eriksen (UiB). Vice presidents are Kjetil Taskén and Terje Lohndal. King Harald V of Norway is honorary president. +The Academy aims to fulfill its mission by initiating and supporting research, organizing meetings and international conferences, publishing scientific writings and appointing representatives to national and international bodies. Each year, the Academy organizes at least 12 open meetings with topics covering a wide range of academic disciplines. +As of 1 April 2021, the Academy had 946 members, of which 535 were Norwegian and 411 foreign. The members are divided into the mathematics and science class, and the humanities and social sciences class. + + +=== Prizes and other activities === +The academy is responsible for awarding the Abel Prize in mathematics and the Kavli Prize in astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience. It also represents Norway in the International Council for Science (ICSU), the Union Académique Internationale (UAI), the European Science Foundation (ESF) and the All European Academies (ALLEA). The academy is also part of the European Science Academies Advisory Council (EASAC) and one representative from the academy is stationed at the headquarters in Brussels. Its aim is to promote science based governing. +The academy has approximately 900 members, both foreign and Norwegian. Prize winners are also added to the member lists upon being awarded. + + +== See also == +List of members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website (in English) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0bec1465 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Pakistan Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:40.264903+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country." +Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences. Regulating affairs of by its Charter and laws approved by the fellows, the academy is governed by a council that is chaired by its President. +Due to its utmost importance, the fellowship of the academy is extremely restricted, only to the scholars of the high merit who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge. + + +== History == +The idea of establishing the academy was mooted in November 1947 when the first national education conference was organized by the Ministry of Education in Karachi, which was inaugurated Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan. No immediate actions were taken at that time, though the discussion to establish the academy continues between the senior scientists and the Pakistan government. After an extensive discussion took in 1948–53, the academy was established and materialized in a concession reached by the senior scientists and government, with the assistance from the foreign scientists and the foreign learned societies. +Many scholars and scientists emigrated from India to Pakistan in the 1950s that would give foundation to the academy, including Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Nazir Ahmed, and Raziuddin Siddiqui. Eventually, a draft was written by Raziuddin Siddiqui and approved by the council in 1950. After considerable planning and deliberations, the inauguration of the academy was fixed, and it was established on 16 February 1953 by Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin who was the chief guest at the inauguration. The ceremony took place at the University of the Punjab and was witnessed by a gathering of over 1,000 scientists, including from the Royal Society (United Kingdom), National Academy of Sciences (India), Academy of Science and Letters (Norway), National Academy of Sciences (United States), Academy of Sciences (Iran), and UNESCO. Dr. Nazir Ahmed delivered an honorary message to Prime Minister Nazimuddin for helping the cause of the academy. At first, the academy was sited in Lahore and considerations were made to establish the headquarters of the academy in Karachi—a temporary federal capital at that time. An additional office was established in Dhaka to support scientific activities in East Pakistan. +In 1965, the academy's headquarters were permanently moved to Islamabad, the federal capital, where they remained near Quaid-e-Azam University until 1976. In 1976, the headquarters was shifted to a rented building in Islamabad, with financial assistance from the Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF). The rented building housed the academy’s library, a committee room, offices for the Secretary, the editor, and staff, along with a few guest rooms for visiting fellows. Special initiatives taken by senior scientists in 1978, President Zia-ul-Haq granted a federal land for the purpose of academy's headquarters near the Constitution Avenue by allocating ₨. 700 million which commissioned CDA Engineering for designing and constructing the headquarters. In 1979, the headquarters of the academy was inaugurated. + + +== Fellowships == +The Fellowship of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences is dominated by the physical sciences, and has 132 fellows as of 2020. Due to its importance, the Fellowships of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences are tightly restricted to the scientists who met the criteria of their qualifications. Only scientists of the highest merit, who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge, are elected as Fellows of the academy. +Not more than five fellows can be elected during any one year; the maximum permissible number of fellows is one hundred. Majority of the fellows of the academy are Pakistani scientists eminent for their original contribution to science, who are elected by the General Body according to the procedure laid down in the bylaws. The foreign fellowship has been bestowed upon the foreign scientists of eminence who have made contributions towards scientific development in Pakistan in one way or the other. + + +== Research == +The academy has a rich tradition of organizing conferences promoting the work of researchers from multiple fields of science. The academy's Lahore chapter recently held a National Research Conference in Lahore on 29 and 30 June 2007. + + +== Publications == +The academy regularly publishes a quarterly journal The Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences since 1963 that is distributed to international scientific organizations and universities by subscription and on exchange basis. + + +== Past Presidents == + + +== See also == +Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Founding Fellow of the academy +Science and technology in Pakistan +Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research +Higher Education Commission of Pakistan +Pakistan Educational Research Network +Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry + + +== References == +Inline citations + +Bibliography + + +== External links == +The academy is a signatory of IAP Statement on the teaching of evolution Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4351c14b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Palestine Academy for Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Academy_for_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:41.467201+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Palestine Academy for Science and Technology (PALAST) is an academy of science headquartered in East Jerusalem, with branches in Ramallah and Gaza City, Palestine. It was founded in 1997. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f2fb4052 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 1/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences or Polish Academy of Learning (Polish: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, PAU), headquartered in Kraków and founded in 1872, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having the nature of an academy of sciences (the other being the Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw). +The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences is co-owner of the Polish Library in Paris. + +== History == +The Academy traces its origins to Academy of Learning founded in 1871, itself a result of the transformation of the Kraków Learned Society, in existence since 1815. Though formally limited to the Austrian Partition, the Academy served from the beginning as a learned and cultural society for the entire Polish nation. Its activities extended beyond the boundaries of the Austrian Partition, gathering scholars from all of Poland, and many other countries as well. Some indication of how the Academy's influence extended beyond the boundaries of the Partitions came in 1893, when the collection of the Polish Library in Paris, the largest collection of Polish materials amassed by the Great Emigration, was transferred to the ownership of the Academy, and a branch was founded in Paris, though this latter step had been preceded by the establishment of the Rome Expedition (annual trips to Roman archives). +After World War I, the Academy was renamed "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" (PAU), and became the official representative of Polish learning, which entailed its participation in works of international learned organizations. Among other things, the PAU was a founder member of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI). The period between the world wars was the time of greatest activity at the PAU, especially in the sphere of publications: over 100 publication series were then in print, among them the monumental Polish Biographical Dictionary (Polski Słownik Biograficzny). It was also in this period that the Scientific Station in Rome replaced the Rome Expedition. +The PAU was initially organized into four sections: + +Philological +Historical-Philosophical +Mathematical-Natural Sciences +Medical (from 1930) +In 1942 a successor body of the Polish Academy of Learning, the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences, was established in New York City by Bronisław Malinowski, Oskar Halecki and other scholars associated with the Academy, which had been forcibly closed down by the occupying Germans. Following the collapse of communism in Poland, the Polish Academy of Learning was revived and became affiliated with the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America (as the latter had meanwhile been renamed). +After the German Occupation, the PAU continued its activities in the same fields until 1952, when the authorities decided to take over its agencies and assets on behalf of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, which was then being established. The PAU was never formally dissolved, however, and after two unsuccessful attempts at its reactivation in the years 1956–57 and 1980–81, it was finally able to resume activities in the immediate aftermath of the transformations of 1989. + +=== Presidents of the PAU === +Józef Majer (1872–90) +Stanisław Tarnowski (1890–1917) +Kazimierz Morawski (1917–25) +Jan Michał Rozwadowski (1925–29) +Kazimierz Kostanecki (1929–34) +Stanisław Wróblewski (1934–38) +Stanisław Kutrzeba (1939–46) +Kazimierz Nitsch (1946–57) +Adam Krzyżanowski (1957–58) +Gerard Labuda (1989–94) +Kazimierz Kowalski (zoologist) (1994–2001) +Andrzej Białas (2001–2018) +Jan Ostrowski (since 2018) + +=== Secretaries general of the PAU === +Józef Szujski (1872–83) +Stanisław Tarnowski (1883–90) +Stanisław Smolka (1890–1903) +Bolesław Ulanowski (1903–19) +Kazimierz Kostanecki (1919–21) +Stanisław Wróblewski (1921–26) +Stanisław Kutrzeba (1926–39) +Tadeusz Jan Kowalski (1939–48) +Jan Dąbrowski (historian) (1948–57) +Adam Vetulani (1957–58) +Józef Skąpski (1989–94) +Jerzy Wyrozumski (1994–2015) +Szczepan Biliński (from 2015) + +=== Honorary members === +Among the honorary members of the PAU were: + +John Paul II +Jan Nowak-Jeziorański +Władysław Bartoszewski +Franciszek Macharski + +== Structure of the PAU == +At present, the Academy is organized into six distinct sections (Classes), consisting of multiple dedicated and interdisciplinary commissions and committees. + +=== Philology === +This section brings together scholars who represent philologies (Polish, Classical, English, Germanic, Romance, Slavic), including linguistics and literary studies (literary history and theory), as well as art historians. +The primary fruits of the section's labors are its publications, presently consisting of three series: Papers in Philology, Library of Translations from Ancient Literature (including eight volumes published before World War II), and Old Polish Source Materials. The first series, Papers in Philology, includes several publications, such as a study by Stanisław Urbańczyk dealing with the history of linguistics in Poland, collection of essays by the Italian Slavicist Riccardo Picchio (translated into Polish) as well as the following works: by Aleksander Szulc on national varieties of German language, by Romuald Turasiewicz on the life and artistic works of Lisias, by Magdalena Sitarz on Jewish and Polish proverbs and by Mosze Altbauer on the two-way Polish-Jewish influence in the field of language. There are now five more volumes in the classical translation series: two translated and edited by Mieczysław Brożek (Statius's Thebaid and Lucan's Bellum Civile), one translated and edited by Romuald Turasiewicz (Lysias's Speeches), one translated and edited by Michał Bednarski (Apollonius Dyscolus's Essay on Syntax) and one translated and edited by Ireneusz Ptaszek (Andocides's Speeches). In the series of source materials from the earliest history of Poland, Kazimierz Rymut and his co-authors have published a collection entitled Polish Letters from the 16th Century, in a critical edition by Marian Plezia. Some publications written by members of Class I have appeared in the publication series of Class II, such as the Latin text of Vincent Kadłubek's Chronicles, in a critical edition by Marian Plezia. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f4c8b0db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 2/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Commission on Classical Philology ==== +The nature of the Commission's work is to bring together representatives of various humanistic disciplines who share an interest in the study of Greco-Roman antiquity, broadly conceived, and its reception in the culture of Medieval and modern Europe. It gathers Hellenists and Latinists, specialists in history and literature, as well as linguistics (classical linguistics): Byzantinists, neo-Latinists, ancient historians, historians of ancient culture and philosophy, Patristicists, archaeologists, numismatists, specialists in ancient law (especially Roman), and scholars interested in the reception of antiquity in the culture and literature of Europe, especially Poland. +The thematic scope of the Commission's activities covers virtually all areas of knowledge about antiquity. +The focus of scholarly attention has been on the study of: + +the grammar, syntax, semantics, and stylistics of the classical languages; +the types and genres of Greek literature of the classical period, especially drama, historiography, and rhetoric; +Roman literature of the Augustan Age. +The Commission publishes its Works, in which five volumes of assembled works on various topics have already appeared, as well as four monographs. The Commission is also actively engaged in the PAU series entitled Library of Translations from Ancient Literature, in which there have appeared so far editions of Statius's Thebais, Lucan's Bellum Civile, Lysias's Speeches and Apollonius Dyskolos's Essay on Syntax and Andocides's Speeches. +The research issues presented at this Commission's meetings involve Polish and European art, from antiquity to the most recent times. Papers read before the Commission must display both a solid methodological base and a profound exploration of the subject matter, based on a thorough review of the secondary literature. Papers are often read by scholars who do not belong to the Commission, from various universities in Poland. (Papers by invited lecturers from abroad are anticipated.) The papers presented at the Commission's meetings have earned considerable respect among young art historians. Discussions have also been organized on the organizational framework of the Polish Committee on Art History. + +==== Commission on Art History ==== +The majority of the papers presented are published in the Commission's scholarly yearbook, Folia Historiae Artium, series nova. Seven volumes have been published since 1995, when the new series was commenced. Volume IV was devoted to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Karolina Lanckorońska, a person of inestimable importance for Polish learning, and especially for the PAU, of which she was a member. The publication series Cracovia Artificum continues to be produced by the Commission, with source materials in the history of craftsmanship, including artistic crafts; to date three volumes have appeared, edited by Bolesław Przybyszewski. + +==== Commission on Modern Philology ==== +This Commission was formed in the autumn of 1998, but due to the illness of its founder and first chairman, Przemysław Mroczkowski, it could not begin activities until early 2000, under the leadership of Olga Dobijanka-Witczakowa. +The Commission's meetings bring together scholars in modern philology, with the goal of achieving integration in terms of research methodology and facilitating the exchange of experiences. +The third volume of the Works of the Commission on Modern Philology has now appeared, featuring the best papers from the scholarly meetings held to date. + +==== Commission on Slavonic Culture PAU ==== +Attached to the PAU Class I (Philology), the Commission was formed in 2000. It is to some extent an interdisciplinary endeavor, including certain aspects of the field of interest of PAU Class II (History and Philosophy). Accordingly, the members of the Commission represent not only scholars in Slavonic philology, but also archaeologists, historians, and ethnographers. The Commission has published three volumes of its Works. + +=== History and Philosophy === +This section comprises historians, archaeologists, philosophers, lawyers, theologians, sociologists, and psychologists. The section holds monthly meetings, some of which are organized jointly with Class I. +The section is involved in studies and publications on the following topics: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41f17ef0f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 3/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sources for the history of the Polish Government-in-Exile: minutes of the meetings of the Council of Ministers. Eight volumes are planned; Volumes I-IV have already been published. +History of Poland in the two decades between the world wars. A book by Janusz Pajewski on this subject has already appeared, and two more volumes are anticipated. +The history and organization of Polish learning. This subject is treated in a broad program of publications and expositions. +Continuation of the re-edition of Jan Długosz's History of Poland (personal grant to Marian Plezia, now held by Jerzy Wyrozumski) – completed in 2007. +The publication of the acts of the Apostolic Nunciature in Poland, a project which is recommended by the Academy of Arts and Sciences (four large volumes were produced between 1915 and 1952), was being continued by the Polish Historical Institute in Rome, under the direction of Karolina Lanckorońska (20 volumes appeared). The PAU joined the project and now it is its only manager and executor, but the enterprise is still financed by the Lanckoroński Foundation (three volumes have appeared). +In keeping with tradition, the Class also publishes several series of source materials for Polish history: two volumes of Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana. A new series has been added: Monumenta Sacra Polonorum (two volumes have already appeared). +The Class has organized three scholarly symposia: one devoted to the Senate of the Republic of Poland, its historical role and its present status; the second, to the anniversary of the Soviet attack on Poland on 17 September 1939; and the third, to research on the settlement of the first agricultural peoples on both sides of the Western Carpathians in the fifth millennium BC. +The Class's most significant publications include a book by Gerard Labuda, Mieszko I król Polski 1025–1034 [Mieszko I, King of Poland, 1025–1034]; a book by Piotr Hübner, Siła przeciw rozumowi. Losy Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności 1939–1989 [Force against Reason: the Fate of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1939–1989]; Protokoły posiedzeń Władz RP na Uchodźstwie 1939–1945 [Minutes of the Meetings of the Authorities of the Republic of Poland in Exile, 1939–1945], Volumes I-IV; and Chrześcijaństwo Rusi Kijowskiej, Białorusi, Ukrainy i Rosji (X-XVII wiek) [Christianization of Kievan Ruthenia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (10th–17th century)], edited by Jerzy Kłoczowski; Józef Gierowski The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. The Class cooperates with the Jagiellonian University in publishing the periodical Kwartalnik Filozoficzny [Philosophical Quarterly]. +The section is also actively engaged in realizing the agreement with the Slovak Academy of Sciences, through such joint projects as coordinating archaeological research performed by the Kraków centre on both sides of the western Carpathians; studies on Polish-Slovak relations during World War II; and the preparation of a dictionary of the Oravian local dialect. Contracts are in preparation with the Slovenian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv, and the Czech Academy of Sciences. + +==== Commission on Central Europe ==== +This Commission was founded in 1991 on the initiative of Henryk Batowski, to assemble scholars interested in the archaeology, history, philology, and culture of the nations inhabiting Central and Eastern Europe. In 1993, the Commission on Eastern Europe was split off. Since that time, the Commission on Central Europe has covered the area between the Baltic and the Adriatic, and between the Elbe, Neman, and Bug rivers, as well as the lands on either side of the central Danube. +At present, the primary focus on the Commission's research work is on national renascence; the history of state formations (including, among other things, the former Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as Hungary); and the political history of regions inhabited by populations of mixed ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds, along with their mutual relations. +The Commission's publication record is imposing. The effects of its work are reflected in the series Prace Komisji Środkowoeuropejskiej [Works of the Commission on Central Europe]." To date twelve volumes have been published. + +==== Commission on Eastern Europe ==== +This Commission was created in 1993, when the PAU Commission on Central Europe, founded two years earlier, was divided. +The area of interest of this Commission extends to all the countries of Eastern Europe, though at the present moment, due to the research specializations of its associate members, this means primarily Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The Commission attempts to include in its research activity the broadest possible spectrum of issues involving the culture of this region, both its past and the present day: from archaeology, through history, literature, religion, art, and languages, to political and sociological problems. +Learned symposia and conferences have been organized, including a conference on The Lemkos and Lemko Studies in Poland (June 1995), and five panel discussions. The Commission's publications include the Works of the Commission on Eastern Europe, of which four volumes have already appeared. Individual monographs have also been published, e.g.: + +Metropolita Andrzej Szeptycki. Studia i materiały [Metropolitan Andrzej Szeptycki: Studies and Materials], edited by Andrzej A. Zięba Kraków, 1994); +Ryszard Łużny, Słowo o Bogu i człowieku. Myśl religijna Słowian Wschodnich doby staroruskiej [A Word about God and Man: The Religious Thought of the Eastern Slavs in the Old Ruthenian Period] (Kraków, 1995); +Łemkowie i łemkoznawstwo w Polsce [The Lemkos and Lemko Studies in Poland], edited by Andrzej A. Zięba (Kraków, 1997). + +==== Commission on the Prehistory of the Carpathians ==== +This Commission was founded in 1996. It brings together scientists interested in the history of the oldest settlements in the Carpathians: primarily archaeologists, and the paleobotanists and palaeogeographers who cooperate with them. +The current primary research projects are: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bde11ed2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 4/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +the first farmers and herders in the Carpathians: problems of the Neolithization of the Carpathians; +adaptation of settlement from the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age to the environmental conditions of the Carpathians: the development of pastoral societies; +settlement processes in late prehistory and protohistory, with particular emphasis on the early Middle Ages. +The Commission's works appear in the Works of the Commission on the Prehistory of the Carpathians, the first volume of which contains the results of joint Polish-Slovak research on the earliest Linear Pottery Culture in eastern Slovakia. The second volume deals with the archaeology and natural environment of the Low Beskids mountains in the Carpathians. + +==== Commission on the History and Culture of the Jews ==== +This Commission's activities are focused on Jewish history and culture in Poland and Europe. It brings together scholars from various specialties who share an interest in Jewish studies. In addition to regular meetings featuring lectures and discussion, the Commission also organizes scholarly symposia. The symposium entitled Jews and Judaism in Contemporary Polish Research was an occasion of particular significance, crowned by an impressive publication of symposium materials. The series entitled Works of the Commission on the History and Culture of the Jews publishes both collection of studies and monographs, as well as the materials from symposia. At present the Commission is concentrating its interests on Jewish associations, Jewish necropolises, and Jewish art. Plans call for the Commission's Bulletin to appear once every two years. + +==== Commission on Law PAU ==== +This Commission, reactivated in 1995, is the successor to a Commission that was an active part of the Academy prior to the year 1952. It is involved with current-day legal problems concerning the justice system (broadly understood), political reforms, the adaptation of Polish law to European norms, and the history of legal sciences in Poland. International cooperation is also being developed. +The Commission is responsible for publishing the Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego [Quarterly of Private Law], edited by Stefan Grzybowski, with assistance from Andrzej Mączyński. The quarterly has appeared regularly for six years, and has won recognition among specialists involved in private law. The Commission has also created a periodical publication entitled Journal of Criminal Law and Penal Sciences, which has appeared since 1997. +The Commission has regular scholarly meetings that include ample time for discussion. + +==== Commission on the History of Wars and Military Science ==== +Commission was formed in 2005 as the Commission for the Second World War History. In the beginning of 2006 changed its name to a current one: PAU Commission for War and Military History. Besides its monthly scientific sessions, the Commission support publication initiatives. So far the post-conference materials concerning the Polish Intelligence service activity during the Second World War has been published. Memoirs of general Antoni Szylling are to be issued soon; the colonel Mazaraki's relations about the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and a volume of the Commission's Works are being prepared. + +==== Commission on Economic Sciences ==== +The Commission was formed on 12 May 2004. The Commission's first aim is to create a forum for scientific discussion for the whole academic economic community, which is nowadays dispersed and divided into separate narrow specializations. One of the means for achieving this aim is the analysis of main research trends in economic sciences (both in theory and in practice), as well as the presentation of the scholarly achievements of their representatives. +Another goal of the Commission, connected with the previous project, is a discussion on the current issues of the economy of the world, of the EU and of our country, showed against the background of scientific achievements. + +==== Ethnographic Commission ==== + +=== Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry === +The section awards the Marian Mięsowicz Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of physics. This prize is funded by the Kraków scientific institutes involved with physics; the first prize winner was Władysław Wolter in 1997. + +==== Commission on Astrophysics ==== +his Commission is involved with observational astronomy in the areas of optical electromagnetic radiation of radio waves, infrared, X-rays and gamma rays, detection of loaded particles, and the astronomy of neutrinos. The Commission's interests also extend into the sphere of such fields of physics as the theory of relativity, atomic and molecular optics, nuclear physics, the physics of elementary particles, and the theory of phase transitions. One of the goals of the Commission's activities is to organize conferences. The first, in June 1996, was devoted to solar astrophysics, neutron stars, and gamma flashes. The conference materials, published in English with funding from the PAU, bear the title Solar Astrophysics, Structure of Neutron Stars, Gamma Flashes. +The Commission undertakes publication initiatives, aimed at providing the Polish market with up-to-date textbooks and monographs. Work has begun on translating into Polish a modern textbook devoted to the structure of the Sun and the stars. +The Commission actively supports educational initiatives associated with astrophysics. Among such initiatives was a master's level area studies program in astrophysics at the Jagiellonian University, established in 1997. + +==== Commission of Technical Sciences ==== +This Commission was founded in 2003 and comprises seven sections: of Civil Engineering; of Construction, Technology and Operation of Machines; of Engineering and Technology of Ceramic Materials; of Informatics, Automatics and Robotics; of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; of Mining and Power Engineering; of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8a8b023b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 5/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Natural Sciences === +The PAU's Natural Sciences section brings together representatives of the biological, agricultural, and geological sciences. The lectures at the section's meetings, typically held jointly with the PAU Mathematics Section, Physics, and Chemistry, and the Medical Section, have dealt with current interdisciplinary problems in biology and earth sciences. In addition to Polish members, the lecturers have included foreign members of the Academy, such as Andrzej Bartke (Carbondale, Illinois, USA), and Otton H. Walliser (Göttingen). The section has also taken part in organizing symposia, e.g. the National Conference on Cell Biology (1996) and the International School on the Biophysics of Membrane Transport (1997). +Particularly noteworthy is the study by Andrzej Falniowski, Ways and Byways in the Evolution of Mollusks (2001), which appeared in the section's series of Papers. + +==== Commission on Agricultural, Forests, and Veterinary Sciences ==== +The Commission's activities are focused on the organization of scientific symposia, whose materials are published either in the form of separate single-topic volumes or in the series of Works. Currently, the Commission has been working on the issues connected with Polish agriculture, forestry and animal breeding in Europe united in EU. + +==== Commission on Quaternary Palaeogeography ==== +This Commission was founded in 1979 within the Kraków branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences, but since 1993 it has been a part of the PAU. Its roots can be traced back to the Committee for Palaeological Research, founded by the PAU in 1928, and to its official publication, Palaeology, in print since 1933. The Commission integrates various disciplines involved in the study of the Quaternary Period: geologists, geomorphologists, paleontologists, archaeologists, and others. The Commission's works are published in the Folia Quaternaria. To date, volumes 64—74 have appeared under the aegis of PAU publications; these have comprised collections of papers dealing with neotectonics, Paleolithic settlement on the loess uplands of the Kraków region, paleomalacology, and dendrochronology. The Commission's meetings have heard papers on the stratigraphy of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in the light of malacological and palynological analyses, the age of shifts, the conditions for the deposition of lake chalks, and the formation of cave dripstones. +Within the scope of the Commission's activities, Kazimierz Kowalski was pursuing a research project on Rodents of Pleistocene Europe (an individual grant from the Scientific Research Committee). The results of this research project are incorporated in volume 72 of Folia Quaternaria and was awarded the City of Kraków Prize. + +==== Commission on Embryology and Morphology ==== +This Commission, founded in 1996, serves to integrate research on the embryonal growth and morphology of plants and animals. The task it has established for itself is to organize annual national scientific conferences and regular meetings. The Commission is currently composed of scientists representing all the nation's leading scientific centers. To date it has organized or co-organized several national scientific conferences and meetings with single papers. The results are published in three periodicals: Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, and Folia Morphologica. + +==== Commission on Geoinformation ==== +This Commission was founded in 1998. Its focus of interests, in keeping with the definition of geoinformation, is methodology of collecting, storing, analyzing, and presenting data pertaining to terrestrial time and space, using the appropriate information technology. This involves information regarding the Earth itself and the objects, phenomena, and processes encountered on and beneath the surface of the Earth. Research topics may include the physical environment and its properties, or natural and man-made resources, as well as the changes taking place in these resources. Due to the composite nature of the discipline, the Commission includes geologists, geophysicists, geodesists, photogrammetrists and experts in remote sensing, representatives of mining-related sciences, information specialists, and geographers. +The main task of the Commission is to facilitate the exchange of experiences among specialists from different disciplines involved with geoinformation, to stimulate the development of this branch of science, and to promulgate its results. The Commission's basic forms of activity include holding monthly scientific meetings, as well as organizing or co-organizing national and international scientific conferences. The results are published in the periodical Geoinformatica Polonica. + +==== Commission on Geography ==== + +=== Medicine === +The members of this section include physicians, pharmacists, and biologists whose scientific work is directly connected with medicine. The meetings of the section are regularly held jointly with the Mathematics and Natural Sciences sections, and have included papers on the general problems of medicine, presented both by members of the section and by foreign scientists visiting Kraków. +Two scientific symposia in the medical sciences took place in 1995 under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. One of them, organized in cooperation with the Medical Research Center of the Jagiellonian University and the Polish Physiological Association, dealt with the centennial of the discovery of adrenaline, which was made simultaneously by Polish and English researchers. The second symposium dealt with the problem of the role of infection by Helicobacter pylori in inflammations of the mucous membranes of the stomach. In this area a crucial role has been played by the research of Stanisław Konturek and Jerzy Stachura, members of our Academy who are also affiliated with the Polish Academy of Sciences. +Within the Medical section there is the PAU Commission on Medical Ethics. The members of the section also take part in the work of the PAU Commission on Threats to Civilization. +On the initiative and on behalf of the section, the Tadeusz Browicz Prize has been awarded since 1999 to recognize outstanding achievements in the field of medicine and pharmacology. Until recently the Prize was funded by the Pliva pharmaceutical company. The English Language School of Medicine at the Jagiellonian University's Collegium Medicum, previously the second sponsor, was the sole sponsor in 2001. The Tadeusz Browicz Prize is formally awarded to the winners at the June meeting of the PAU's General Assembly. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1921abfa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 6/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Artistic Creativity === +This section was founded in 1994, after the PAU's charter was amended to allow for its creation. The goal of the new Section was to include persons from the world of art among the members of the Academy, outstanding creators whose careers have made a significant contribution to the development of culture. The areas of artistic creativity represented in the section include literature, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, theater, and film. +The section's activities were inaugurated by two lectures, one delivered by Jerzy Nowosielski, "The Growth of Consciousness in Time: Truth or Illusion?" and the other by Jan Józef Szczepański, "The Concept of Morality in Literature". +The speakers at the section's meetings in recent years have also included Andrzej Wajda, Witold Cęckiewicz, Jerzy Jarocki, Stanisław Lem, Stanisław Rodziński, and Bronisław Chromy. + +=== Independent Interdisciplinary Commissions === + +==== Anthropological Commission of the PAU ==== + +==== Commission on Threats to Civilization ==== +This Commission is interdisciplinary in character, and is composed of members of different PAU classes, from the History and Philosophy sections to the Creative Arts section. Threats to the harmonious development of humanity should be a subject of interest and research, not only for representatives of the exact sciences and engineering, biology, and medicine, but also for historians, philosophers, lawyers, and even literary scholars and creative artists from other areas of culture. Threats are associated in the public mind with the improper use of the results of scientific research and the development of technology and industrial operations that are hostile to the natural environment. Yet there are also dangers for the future of the human race lurking in climatic changes, population growth, and the appearance of new diseases. Other threats emerge from ideologies that generate fundamentalism, mendacity, and hatred, the primary causes of terrorism and war. We should bear in mind in this context that during the century now drawing to its close humanity achieved the capability of annihilating itself. +Ethical evaluations are not applied to the results of scientific research. The criterion of scientific value as such is truth. Evil lurks in our very selves, and this is what causes the results of research to be exploited to the detriment of humanity. The multiplication of pseudo-sciences and the contradiction of rationalism are leading us into blind alleys, and for many people are replacing their lost faith in the value of scientific progress. The general public needs to be convinced that it is only through the further development of science and learning that the consequences of all these threats can be averted. Scientific truth and the love of one's neighbor are the basic principles that create the opportunity for humanity to survive and develop in harmony. +The Commission discusses the threats that have arisen, and provides society at large with accurate information about their causes and the ways to avert their consequences. The scientific meetings are used to present and discuss selected issues involved with the threats that have already emerged, are just becoming apparent, or are expected, and to indicate the directions for scientific research and actions to avert these threats. Extensive summaries of the papers are published in a PAU periodical, Zagrożenia cywilizacyjne [Threats to Civilization], which in the future will occur periodically in the form of a quarterly. In addition, the Commission intends to organize public lectures for a broad spectrum of society, and will also attempt to reach public opinion through the mass media: the press, radio, and television. + +==== Commission on the History of Sciences ==== +This Commission was founded in 1998 on the initiative of the Natural Sciences section. Its task is to stimulate research on the history of particular scientific disciplines, conducted by representatives of those disciplines, rather than by historians, who lack the specialized education needed to fully comprehend the substance of highly specialized disciplines. This idea fell on fertile soil, since there had already been great interest within the PAU in the history of the organization of science and in the biographies of eminent scholars and scientists from the past. +The Commission has been very active. It organizes monthly meetings with papers and discussions as well as scientific symposia. The results of the Commission's work are printed in the series Works of the Commission on the History of Science (reports presented at the Commission meetings) and in Monographs. The Commission initiated also a series devoted to the PAU and entitled Studies and Materials for the History of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. + +==== Commission on the Evaluation of Textbooks ==== +Out of a concern for the proper intellectual level of the textbooks used in public schools, the PAU Executive Board decided in late 2000 to found a Commission composed of specialists in the various subjects taught in the secondary school curriculum, to provide completely independent evaluations of the textbooks adopted for use in public schools. The work of such a Commission ought to be of considerable social benefit. The very existence of such an independent body should help make authors and publishers more sensitive to the intellectual level of the textbooks being introduced into the public school curriculum. Satisfactorily, the forecast have proved correct. The current activities of the Commission as well as the five published volumes of its Works have aroused intense interest. Following the Commission's motion, honorary diplomas were conferred on the authors and published of the best textbooks during June General Assembly of the PAU (five times so far). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77c3488a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 7/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +==== Commission on European Matters ==== +This Commission, formed in 2003, is engaged—as its name indicates—into the issues related to European matters and especially the Poland's, and Kraków's, place and role in Europe. Several ongoing works (and mainly open sessions) have been already organised and all of them focused on various aspects of Poland's participation in European Union. The exemplary subjects listed below (lectures or introductions to discussions during the Commission's meetings) are brief but accurate summary of the most important issues: Constitution Treaty of the European Union by Edmund Wittbrodt, Europe Seeking for its Symbols. History and Meaning of the European flag by Krzysztof Kowalski, Being a European – what does it mean? by Zdzisław Mach and Piotr Sztompka, Is it worth dying for Nice? by Wojciech Słomczyński and Karol Życzkowski. +The Commission have worked on—and still is planning to do so—education and science matters (i.e. Polish studies on European Matters faculties, role of universities in today's Europe, scientific and educational policies in Poland and Europe, financing of scientific research works, various organisational aspects of scientific activities in a European scale, European scientific associations' undertakings etc.) Altogether with the Commission on the History of Science, the Commission for European Matters organised (on behalf of Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences) a conference of European Society for the History of Science that took place in Kraków in September 2006. + +==== Commission for the Development of the City of Kraków ==== +The Commission is composed of 20 founder members (members of the PAU and the PAN), prominent representatives of the humanities, mathematics and natural sciences, artistic disciplines, as well as 21 incorporated members who support the interdisciplinary aims of the Commission and represent such fields as town and country planning, archaeology, history of art, sociology, law, landscape architecture, botany, geography, civil engineering, water management, transport and communication. +The Commission, depending on the undertaken tasks, intends to collaborate with appropriate specialists in related disciplines of science and to make them its members, if the need arises. + +==== Commission on the Philosophy of Natural Sciences ==== +PAU Commission for Natural Sciences Philosophy is a discussion panel for natural science scholars as 'philosophers' taking place with participation and under sui generis control of 'real' philosophers. The Commission is a group of representatives of Philosophy, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Geology and Medicine. Its character is an interdisciplinary though, and focused on issues of an ontology aspect as well as issues concerning mutual influence Philosophy and other, more specialized, sciences. + +==== "Fides et Ratio" Commission ==== + +==== Commission for the Studies on Polish Diaspora ==== + +==== Commission for Ethics in Science ==== + +==== Commission of Natural Sciences and Medicine ==== +Based in Wrocław. + +== Contemporary activity == +Currently, the PAU consists of six sections, each of which has its executive board, with a director, deputy director, and a secretary; in some cases, there is also a deputy secretary. Within each class there are commissions and committees, the latter standing or temporary, which, though, must be headed by a regular member of the PAU (with few exceptions), may include persons who are not PAU members. +The sections hold monthly scientific meetings, where papers are read and discussed. The PAU's activities are described and documented in the "PAU Annual". Each of the classes issues its own "Papers" or other publication series, where they publish works that fall within the scientific purview of the section or other texts of scientific or scholarly value, especially historical sources. The commissions have their own series of "Works" or periodicals, according to their respective specialties. +As of June 2009, the PAU had 476 members, including 146 regular members, 148 corresponding members and 182 foreign members, each of whom maintains active contacts with Polish science and learning. + +=== Seminars of the PAU === +Since 2002, monthly Seminars of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences have been organized and attracted attendance up to ca. 200 participants. Currently, the leading topic is "Patriotism yesterday and today". To the group of speakers invited to deliver their lectures belong eminent representatives of science, culture, and public life, such as Władysław Bartoszewski, Bronisław Geremek, Maciej Grabski, Jan Nowak Jeziorański, Archbishop Alfons Nossol Archbishop Józef Życiński, Archbishop Henryk Muszyński and others. + +=== Science Café === +Since 2004, the PAU has organized, together with the daily "Dziennik Polski", a series of events called the Science Café. These are scientific meetings open for public. Each of the meetings is dedicated to a lecture on a scientific subject for general public and is followed by a discussion and conversations over a cup of coffee. + +=== "PAUza Akademicka" Weekly === +An online weekly PAUza Akademicka (Academic PAUse) subsidized by the Municipality of Kraków, has been available since September 2008. On special occasions a paper version is printed. The weekly is devoted to the issues related to scientific life in Poland, with special attention paid to the scientific environment in Kraków. Andrzej Kobos PhD and Marian Nowy are the editors. + +=== Supporting Young Scholars and Junior Research Workers === +Since January 2009, the "PAUeczka Akademicka" [Academy of the Young], has been working in the PAU. Directed by vice-president of the PAU Andrzej Szczeklik, it organizes monthly meeting of PhD students, assistant lectures and students representing various scientific disciplines from the academic environment in Kraków. The meetings are devoted to discussions aiming at humanization and integration of academic circles. The PAU co-finances the Winter School of Theoretical Physics of Wrocław University (for students in senior years, PhD students, and junior research workers), international workshops, and the Kraków School of Theoretical Physics (for junior research workers from Poland and abroad). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e63683d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-7.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 8/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== The Academic Library of the PAU and PAN === +The Academic Library of the PAU and the PAN has been in the structure of the PAU since 1 January 2000. Its origins go back to the 19th century and to the Kraków Learned Society. Until 1952 it functioned as the Library of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1872) and of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1920), and starting from 1953 as an independent unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences. As a result of the agreement between the PAN and the PAU concluded on 20 October 1999, the Library became an institution managed by the PAU. The Library numbers ca. 660,000 volumes and inventory units, including nearly 144,250 volumes and inventory units of special collections, which comprise nearly 13,700 old prints, about 13,000 manuscripts and over 96,000 graphics and drawings. The Library exchanges publications with more than 1,000 institutions in 77 countries, publishes its "Annual" (of a volume of c.a. 50 publisher's sheets), prepares and successively issues catalogues of its collections, and is engaged in gathering and providing information, for instance on didactics in tertiary education institutions in Kraków. The Library has its own Council appointed (on a fifty-fifty basis) by the PAU and the PAN. + +=== The Archives of the Science of the PAN and PAU === +The activities of the PAU are closely connected with the Archives of the Science of the PAN and of the PAU. Besides the PAN's collection (starting from 1953) the Archives gather also files of the Kraków Learned Society and other Kraków societies, and, first of all, of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1872) and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (1920–1952 and from 1989). The collection contains also numerous legacies of many scholars, not only those who were the PAU members. As a consequence of the agreement between the PAN and the PAU, since 1 April 2002, the former Warsaw Branch of the Archives of the Polish Academy of Sciences has been functioning under the name of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Kraków. The Archives belong to the structure of the PAN Branch in Kraków but have their own Council appointed and financed by both the academies. Besides storing, working out the collected items and making them available for researches, the Archives systematically organize various exhibitions and scientific conferences. They also publish the PAU series entitled "In the Service of Science". The Archives work in close cooperation with the PAU's Commission on the History of Science. + +=== Polish Library in Paris === +The Polish Library in Paris has become an important PAU's department. The PAU exercised its former owner's rights (since 1893) and settled the issue by arbitration reaching an agreement with the Historical and Literary Society in Paris, the body currently managing the Library. Having agreed on the Society's co-ownership, the PAU has been co-financing (from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education) the Library and co-organizing its activities since 2004. + +=== Polish Biographical Dictionary === +The PAU collaborates with the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the preparation and publishing of "Polski Słownik Biograficzny [Polish Biographical Dictionary]". From 1935 until 1949, the Dictionary was published by the PAU. Then, because of ideological reasons, the publishing was discontinued. It was two years after the political breakthrough in October 1956 when the editing unit was reactivated in the structures of the PAN. Since then the Dictionary has been continuously published. Starting from 1999 the PAU has been also involved in making of the "Polish Biographical Dictionary" by rendering its rooms of a total area of 193 m2 available for the editorial staff. + +=== Scientific Scholarships === +The PAU controls the foreign research fellowships funded by the Lanckoroński Foundations. This involves a large number of scholarships for resident fellowships in Rome, Vienna, and London, and occasionally in other cities as well. The PAU Scholarship Commission, which also includes representatives from five Polish universities—Jagiellonian University, Warsaw University, Wrocław University, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń—awards these scholarships each year. In 2005, the Maria Zdziarska-Zaleska Scholarship Fund was set up at the Historical and Literary Society in Paris to provide money for research in the Polish library in Paris. A commission attached to the PAU awards the scholarships. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2fac6fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-8.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 9/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== International Cooperation === +Since its foundation, the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences has been actively involved in cooperation with foreign institutions and activities on the international forum. Already in the 19th century the Academy initiated archival expeditions to study sources from the history of Poland (among other the so-called Roman Expedition to Vatican Archives connected with its opening in 1881), and sent its representatives to international congresses. In 1898, the Academy of Arts and Sciences became the owner of the Polish Library in Paris and opened a scientific station there. The Academy's library in Kraków carried on a broad exchange of publications from the very beginning. In 1921, the PAU became a founding member of the Union Académique Internationale (UAI). After its activities were resumed, the PAU's membership in the UAI was renewed in 1993, and the PAU began to take part in the research and publication projects of this organization. The publication of the Polish series of the "Corpus vasorum antiquorum" (CVA) was completed with volume 10, devoted to Cypriot pottery from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw. The Kraków sheet in the "Tabula Imperii Romani" (TIR) was worked out and published, and the material for sheet 12 of the "Atlas du Monde Grec et Romain" was prepared. Three volumes of the Polish series in the "Corpus antiquitatum Americanensium" (CAA) have been published; the first two volumes are devoted to the ceramics and Peruvian textiles in the collection of Kraków Archaeological Museum (the Kluger Collection, formerly the property of the PAU), and the third one deals with the materials of the Polish archaeological mission in Peru. The edition of the Polish series "Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum" (SNG) has been commenced; its first four volumes are devoted to the collection of Greek coins from the Archaeological Museum in Łódź. PAU members are also participating in the realization of such UAI projects as "Corpus philosophorum medii aevi, Civitas litteraria Europaea, Moravia Magna". The PAU has declared its intention of joining new UAI projects, such as the realization of the series "Monumenta palaeographica medii aevi" (volume 1 already worked out), "Mundus Scytho-Sarmaticus et Graeco-Romanus" (together with Ukraine). +Thanks to the effective cooperation of the PAU and the UAI, the annual plenary meeting of the UAI (involving representative of 44 academies around the world assembled in the UAI) took place in Kraków in 1999, during which the PAU's representative, Janusz Kozłowski, was elected officer of the UAI; since 2007 he has been the vice-president of the organization. A cooperation agreement has been signed with the Slovak Academy of Sciences. This bore fruit especially in the field of archaeology, for instance in the realization of joint investigation of archaeological sites in eastern and south-western Slovakia as well as in the research into the archaeology and natural environment of the Low Beskids mountains (volume II). Cooperation was also initiated and contracts were signed with the Royal Flemish Academy for Science and the Arts in Belgium, with the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, with the Slovenian Academy of Sciences, with the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, with the Romanian Academy of Sciences, and with the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences. Somewhat looser forms of cooperation exist between the PAU and the Saxon Academy and Sciences, as well as the Austrian Academy of Sciences and with the Brandenburg Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Class II of the PAU has signed a cooperation agreement with the Institute of History in Vilnius. The PAU has also been engaged in scientific cooperation based on treaties negotiated by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs with several countries, including France, Italy, the Czech Republic, Macedonia, and Egypt. Together with the universities in Rome (La Sapienza and LUMSA), in Lecce, in Angers, in Szeged, in Lublin (KUL), and in Tallinn, the PAU constitutes in accordance with the European Union requirements a scientific society named Centro Interuniversitario Internazionale per il Mediterraneo, l'Europa Centro-Orientale e l'Eurasia. +In 1994 the PAU Scientific Station in New York was founded, based on the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, which continued the PAU's traditions during the WWII and of the period of the compulsory suspension of the PAU activities, from 1952 until 1989. Its short-term activities could not be continued due to the lack of financial support. Currently, efforts have been made in order to revive this institution. Contacts have been established with the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in Canada, founded in 1943 as a branch of the Polish Institute in New York, and since 1976 operating as an independent Canadian organization. It also acquired a status of the PAU Scientific Station. Three books have been jointly published, and the PAU supports the station with their lecturers. The PAU joined the project of the Polish Historical Institute in Rome, financed by the Lanckoronski Foundation. Recently, after the death of Karolina Lanckoronska, the institute was dissolved and its property, namely numerous publications and scientific projects, such as the publications of the acts of the Apostolic Nunciate in Poland, were taken over by the PAU. Harking back to an older tradition, the PAU is also co-organizing archaeological investigations in Ukraine, continuing the excavation of a large Scythian barrow in Ryzhanovka, among other projects. These investigations have brought one of the most outstanding archaeological discoveries of recent years: the discovery of richly accoutred burial of a Scythian ruler. +Now, the works are carried out under the direction of Jan Machnik and the efforts are focused on the research into settlements located on the Dniestr River. It is possible thanks to the grants by the Committee for Scientific Research (KBN). +Returning to its pre-war intentions, the PAU has also contributed to archaeological research being conducted in Greece. These investigations deal with the sequence of layers, unique in this part of Europe, in Cave No. 1 at Klisura (eastern Peloponnese), in which traces of habitation and palaeontological finds from the period of the last Ice Age occur. This research contributes to our understanding not only of the evolution of culture in Greece, but also of climatic and paleoecological changes over the last 100,000 years. The works are being conducted under the direction of Janusz Kozłowski, under research grants. They have borne fruit in the form of the publication of the results, jointly with the Greek Academy of Sciences and the PAU. +Pursuant to the cultural cooperation treaty between Poland and Egypt, the PAU, in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University, is participating in archaeological investigations in the Nile Delta. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41d31e34c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-9.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 10/10 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:42.805950+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Prizes === +The PAU awards prizes for outstanding research achievements. These include the following: + +The Nicholas Copernicus Prize, funded by the City of Kraków by a resolution of the City Council passed on 9 July 1993, in conjunction with the foundation act of the Municipal Commune of 18 February 1973. By tradition, the PAU awards this Prize every year in the fields of astronomy, earth sciences, economy, natural philosophy, medicine, military defense sciences, and law. In 1995, for the first time since the revival of the PAU, six Prizes were awarded. +The Marian Mięsowicz Prize awarded every two years for outstanding achievements in the field of physics. The Prize, funded by institutes of physics working in Kraków, was awarded for the first time in 1997. +The Tadeusz Browicz Prize, awarded annually since 1998 for outstanding achievements in the field of medicine. To date, the prizes have been funded by the Pliva pharmaceutical company in Kraków, Novartis Poland, and the School of Medicine in English at the Jagiellonian University's Collegium Medicum. +In June 2003, the Marian Kukieł Prize for outstanding achievements in the field of military history was awarded for the first time. Prof. Leszek Suski, Gen. Marian Kukie's copyright heir, and the PAU co-fund the prize. +In 2008, with an effort and will of the PAU, the Erazm and Anna Jerzmanowski Prize was revived under the auspices of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Called "the Polish Nobel Prize", it was funded by Erazm Jerzmanowski in 1912 and secured by his inheritance. The prize was awarded within the years 1915–1938 for scientific and charitable activity. Its revival was possible thanks to the funds for Lesser Poland Voivodeship distributed by the local authorities under the leadership of Marshal Marek Nawara. The prize is supposed to be awarded annually. The first prizewinner was Ms Janina Ochojska-Okońska. She received the prize on 9 February 2009, on the centenary of Erazm Jerzmanowski's death. +Every year, upon a motion of the Commission on the Evaluation of Textbooks, the PAU confers honorary diplomas on the authors and publishers of highest rated textbooks for intermediate schools and secondary schools. +Additionally, the PAU actively participates in awarding the following prizes: + +The City of Kraków Prize; the President of the PAU is the Chairperson of the Jury and several PAU members are the members of the Jury. +Jan Długosz Prize of the Kraków Book Fair; the Chairperson of the Jury is a PAU member (currently Prof. Władysław Stróżewski) and three other PAU members are the members of the Jury. +Allianz Insurance Company Prize; there are two PAU members in the Jury, including the PAU Secretary-General. +What should be additionally mentioned is the fact, that there are several societies and institutions working under the auspices of the PAU: "Wieniawa" Educational Society in Kłobuck, Society of Friends of Wodzisław, Association of the Lovers of the Village of Rogi, Society of Lovers of the Żywiec Region, Karolina Lanckorońska Group of Educational Institutions, Polish Library in Paris Intermediate School in Swiątniki Górne and Centre of Culture in Wadowice. + +== Noted members == +Marie Curie double Nobel laureate +Emilian Czyrniański (1824-1888), chemist, co-founder of PAU +Michalina Stefanowska (1855-1942) biologist +Edward Flatau (1868–1932), neurologist +Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882–1954), astronomer, mathematician and geodesist +Gerard Labuda (1916–2010), medieval historian +Kazimierz Piwarski (1903–1968), historian of Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia +Zygmunt Wojciechowski (1900–1955), historian of state and law, founder of the Western Institute +George Zarnecki (1915–2008), art historian specializing in English Romanesque sculpture +Czesław Olech (1931–2015), mathematician +René Maurice Fréchet (1878-1973), mathematician, foreign member + +== See also == +Polish Academy of Sciences (headquartered in Warsaw) +Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning +Poznań Society of Friends of Learning + +== References == + +== External links == +Official website (in Polish) +Members of Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (in Polish) +"PAUza Akademicka" weekly publication of the PAU (in Polish) +The Scientific Library of the PAU & PAN in Kraków +The Archive of Science of the PAN & PAU in Kraków +The Polish Library in Paris (in French) +The Polish Biographical Dictionary (PSB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d5866cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +--- +title: "Polish Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:44.069229+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes. +It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II. + + +== History == +The Polish Academy of Sciences was established by the merger of earlier science societies, including the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, abbreviated PAU), with its seat in Kraków, and the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (Science), which had been founded in the late 18th century. +The Polish Academy of Sciences functions as a learned society acting through an elected assembly of leading scholars and research institutions. The Academy has also, operating through its committees, become a major scientific advisory body. +Another aspect of the Academy is its coordination and overseeing of numerous (several dozen) research institutes. PAN institutes employ over 2,000 people and are funded by about a third of the Polish government's budget for science. + + +== Leadership == +The Polish Academy of Sciences is led by a President, elected by the assembly of Academy members for a four-year term, together with a number of Vice Presidents. +The President for the 2019–2022 term was Jerzy Duszyński (his second term in the post), together with five Vice Presidents: Stanisław Czuczwar, Stanisław Filipowicz, Paweł Rowiński, Roman Słowiński, and Romuald Zabielski. +On 20 October 2022, General Assembly of the Polish Academy of Sciences elected Marek Konarzewski to become the new President of the Academy for the 2023–2026 term. On 8 December 2022, another session of General Assembly of the Academy elected four Vice Presidents at the recommendation of the President Elect; as such Mirosława Ostrowska, Natalia Sobczak, and Dariusz Jemielniak, and Aleksander Welfe were elected as Vice Presidents of the Academy for the 2023–2026 term. +All the Presidents of the Polish Academy of Sciences to date, by term, are as follows: + +1952–1956: Jan Bohdan Dembowski +1957–1962: Tadeusz Kotarbiński +1962–1971: Janusz Groszkowski +1971–1977: Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski +1977–1980: Witold Nowacki +1980–1983: Aleksander Gieysztor +1984–1990: Jan Karol Kostrzewski +1990–1992: Aleksander Gieysztor +1993–1998: Leszek Kuźnicki +1999–2001: Mirosław Mossakowski +2002–2003: Jerzy Kołodziejczak +2003–2006: Andrzej Legocki +2007–2014: Michał Kleiber +2015–2018: Jerzy Duszyński +2019–2022: Jerzy Duszyński +2023–2026: (president-elect) Marek Konarzewski + + +== Institutes == + +The Polish Academy of Sciences has numerous institutes, including: + +Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy +Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology +Bohdan Dobrzański Institute of Agrophysics +Museum and Institute of Zoology +Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition +Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences - established, 1954, became an independent institute in 1974; publishes the journal Pharmacological Reports. +Institute of Psychology +Institute of Slavic Studies +Institute of High Pressure Physics +Institute of Hydro-Engineering +Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center +Institute of Fundamental Technological Research +Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science +Polish Institute of Physical Chemistry +Department of Turbine Dynamics and Diagnostics of the Institute of Fluid-flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Economics of the Polish Academy of Sciences +Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences + + +=== Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies === +This centre was created in 1972 at 112 Sienkiewicz Street in Łódź. The principals were: Jan Michalski (1972-1991), Marian Mikołajczyk (1991-2007), Stanisław Słomkowski (2008-2015), Marek Potrzebowski (2016-2023) and Arkadiusz Chworoś (since 2024). +There are leading studies from organic chemistry, chemistry and physics of polimers, spectrometry and molecular biochemistry and biology. +In this centre are working c. 180 people. + + +== Notable members == + +Bogdan Baranowski, chemist +Franciszek Bujak, historian +Carsten Carlberg, biochemist +Tomasz Dietl, physicist +Aleksandra Dunin-Wąsowicz, archaeologist +Zofia Hilczer-Kurnatowska, archaeologist +Maria Janion, scholar, critic and theoretician of literature +Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, paleontologist +Franciszek Kokot, nephrologist +Stanisław Konturek, physician +Leszek Kołakowski, philosopher +Bożena Kostek, computer scientist and audio engineer +Roman Kozłowski, paleontologist +Jacek Leociak, literary scholar +Wanda Leopold, author, translator, and literature critic +Mieczysław Mąkosza, chemist +Zenon Mariak, neurosurgeon, professor +Zenon Mróz, engineer +Karol Myśliwiec, archeologist +Witold Nowacki, mathematician (president of the Academy 1978 to 1980) +Czesław Olech, mathematician +Janina Oszast, palaeobotanist +Bohdan Paczyński, astrophysicist +Krystian Pilarczyk, hydraulic engineer +Włodzimierz Ptak, immunologist +Danuta Ptaszycka-Jackowska, geographer and landscape architect +Marianna Sankiewicz-Budzyńska electronics engineer and academic +Andrzej Schinzel, mathematician +Jan Strelau, psychologist +Zofia Sulgostowska, archaeologist +Piotr Sztompka, sociologist +Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, anthropologist and religious studies scholar +Andrzej Trautman, physicist +Andrzej Udalski, astrophysicist and astronomer +Jerzy Vetulani, pharmacologist and neuroscientist +Jan Woleński, philosopher +Aleksander Wolszczan, astronomer +Bernard Zabłocki, microbiologist and immunologist +Stanisław Zagaja, pomologist, professor and director of Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture + + +== Foreign members == + +Aage Bohr, physicist +Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, cell biologist +Joseph H. Eberly, physicist +Erol Gelenbe, computer scientist and engineer +Martin Hairer, mathematician +Jack K. Hale, mathematician +Stephen T. Holgate, immunopharmacologist (2001) +Ernst Håkon Jahr, linguist +Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, Polish chemist working at Carnegie Mellon University +Robert K. Merton, sociologist +Karl Alexander Müller, physicist +Roger Penrose, mathematician +Carlo Rubbia, physicist +Peter M. Simons, philosopher +Boleslaw Szymanski, computer scientist +Chen Ning Yang, physicist +George Zarnecki, art historian + + +== Periodicals == + +Acta Arithmetica +Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia +Acta Ornithologica +Acta Palaeontologica Polonica +Acta Physica Polonica +Annales Polonici Mathematici +Annales Zoologici +Archaeologia Polona +Fundamenta Mathematicae + + +== See also == +Academy of Sciences +French Academy of Sciences +Polish Academy of Learning (headquartered in Kraków) +Poznań Society of Friends of Learning +Royal Society +Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +PAN website (click on British flag icon for English-language content) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07ee801b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Prussian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution. + +== Origins == +Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral-Brandenburger Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was appointed president. Unlike other Academies, the Prussian Academy was not directly funded out of the state treasury. Frederick granted it the monopoly on producing and selling calendars in Brandenburg, a suggestion from Leibniz. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). While other Academies focused on a few topics, the Prussian Academy was the first to teach both sciences and humanities. In 1710, the Academy statute was set, dividing the Academy into two sciences and two humanities classes. This was not changed until 1830, when the physics-mathematics and the philosophy-history classes replaced the four old classes. + +== Frederick the Great == +The reign of King Frederick II of Prussia ("Frederick the Great") saw major changes to the Academy. In 1744, the Nouvelle Société Littéraire and the Society of Sciences were merged into the Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften ("Royal Academy of Sciences") and in 1746 renamed again as Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres. An obligation from the new statute were public calls for ideas on unsolved scientific questions with a monetary reward for solutions. The Academy acquired its own research facilities in the 18th century, including an observatory in 1709; an anatomical theater in 1717; a Collegium medico-chirurgicum in 1723; a botanical garden in 1718; and a laboratory in 1753. However, those were later taken over by the University of Berlin. +As a French-language institution its publications were in French such as the Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin which was published between 1745 and 1796. +A linguistics historian from Princeton University, Hans Aarsleff, notes that before Frederick ascended the throne in 1740, the academy was overshadowed by similar bodies in London and Paris. Frederick made French the official language and speculative philosophy the most important topic of study. The membership was strong in mathematics and philosophy, and included notable philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis, and Etienne de Condillac. However, the academy was in a crisis for two decades at mid-century, due to scandals and internal rivalries such as the debates between Newtonianism and Leibnizian views, and the personality conflicts between the philosopher Voltaire and the mathematician Maupertuis. At a higher level, Maupertuis, the director from 1746 to 1759 and a monarchist, argued that the action of individuals was shaped by the character of the institution that contained them, and they worked for the glory of the state. By contrast, d'Alembert took a republican rather than monarchical approach and emphasized the international Republic of Letters as the vehicle for scientific advance. By 1789, however, the academy had gained an international repute while making major contributions to German culture and thought. Frederick invited Joseph-Louis Lagrange to succeed Leonhard Euler as director; both were world-class mathematicians. Other intellectuals attracted to the philosopher's kingdom were Francesco Algarotti, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, and Julien Offray de La Mettrie. Immanuel Kant published religious writings in Berlin which would have been censored elsewhere in Europe. + +== 19th century == +Since about 1812 the academy was named Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. +Beginning in 1815, research businesses led by Academy committees (such as the Greek-Roman Archeology Committee or the Oriental Committee) were founded at the Academy. They employed mostly scientists to work alongside the corresponding committee's members. University departments emanated from some of these businesses after 1945. + +== 20th century == +On 25 November 1915 Albert Einstein presented his field equations of general relativity to the Academy. +Under the rule of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, the Academy was subject to the Gleichschaltung, a "Nazification" process that was established to take totalitarian control over various aspects of society. However, compared with other institutions, such as the universities where Jewish employees and members were expelled starting in 1933, Jewish Academy members were not expelled until 1938, following a direct request by the Ministry of Education. +The new Academy statute went into effect on 8 June 1939, reorganizing the Academy according to the Nazi leadership principle (the Führerprinzip). +Following World War II, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany, or SMAD, reorganized the Academy under the name of Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (English: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin) on 1 July 1946. In 1972, it was renamed Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR or AdW (English: Academy of Sciences of the GDR). At its height, the AdW had 400 researchers and 24,000 employees in locations across East Germany. Following German Reunification, the Academy was disbanded and the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften ("Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities") was founded in its place, in compliance with a 1992 treaty between the State Parliaments of Berlin and Brandenburg. Sixty of the AdW members broke off and created the private Leibniz Society in 1993. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05e3dcd26 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Prussian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:46.610686+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Notable members == +Christoph Ludwig von Stille 1696–1752, curator +Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, founding president 1700 +Jacob Paul von Gundling +Dimitrie Cantemir, foreign member 1714 +Gassen von Stein, Vice President, Doctor and member; 1732 +Leonhard Euler 1741–1766 +Montesquieu, foreign member 1746 +Voltaire, c. 1750 +Denis Diderot, foreign member 1751 +Asmus Ehrenreich von Bredow, Lieutenant General, 30 November 1753 +Johann Heinrich Lambert, c. 1763 +Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1766–1786 +Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, foreign member 1769 +Immanuel Kant, foreign member 1786 +Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, honorary member 1814 +Friedrich Schleiermacher, proper member 1810 +Hermann von Helmholtz, corresponding member 1857; foreign member 1870; proper member 1871 +Heinrich von Wild, corresponding member, 1881. +Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, proper member 1893 +Max Planck, proper member 1894 +William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Friedrich Max Müller, foreign member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Josiah Willard Gibbs, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Henry Augustus Rowland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +William James, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Alexander Stuart Murray, corresponding member 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Francis Llewellyn Griffith, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Frederic William Maitland, corresponding member, 1900 (bi-centenary of the academy) +Philipp Lenard, proper member 1905 +Fritz Haber +Albert Einstein, proper member 1914 +Kurt Sethe, corresponding member 1920; proper member 1930 +Hermann Grapow, proper member 1938 + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (publishers): A History of more than 300 Years. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, formerly the Prussian Academy of Sciences. second, revised edition. Berlin 2020. ISBN 978-3-939818-82-3. (19,6 MB, English and German in parallel, retrieved 2026-02-06). +Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): Vertrieben aus rassistischen Gründen. Ausstellung im Rahmen des Berliner Themenjahres 2013 „Zerstörte Vielfalt. Berlin 1933–1938–1945“, BBAW, Berlin 2013 ISBN 978-3-939818-48-9 + +== External links == +MacTutor, The Berlin Academy of Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. +History of the Academy of the Sciences (in German) +Conference Reports of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (in German) at wikisource +Scholars and Literati at the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1700–1800), Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25beb8e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: "Romanian Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:47.822091+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Romanian Academy of Sciences was an institution established in Romania by a group of 26 scientists, dissatisfied with the imperfect organization of the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, which was left in the background, with only 12 seats to represent all sciences. + + +== Short history == +On March 29, 1935, the institution, which was established de facto on March 11, 1935, received legal personality. +According to the statute, the purpose of the Romanian Academy of Sciences was to encourage and guide the scientific creation by: + +a) facilitating the networking of the researchers in various pure and applied scientific specialties and circulation of their research results through communications, reports, publications, exhibitions, etc. +b) stimulating research through awards for valuable works, by subsidizing etc. +c) scientific initiation of the staff of the special institutions that depend to the Academy of Sciences. +To this end, finally, the Romanian Academy of Sciences set the number of full members to be 120, with up to 12 members of each of the 10 sections: + +1.Section of Mathematics and Astronomy; +2.Section of Physics; +3.Section of Chemistry; +4.Section Biology (Zoology, Botany, Physiology); +5.Section of Applied Biology; +6.Section of Geology, Mineralogy and Geography; +7.Section of Military Science with application to the national defense; +8.Section of History and Philosophy of Science, Organizing, Education and Awareness; +9.Technical Section; +10.Section of Social and Economic Sciences. +Following the intervention in court of the Romanian Academy, by Decree Law no. 2418 / July 7, 1938, published in The Official Monitor no. 154/ July 8, 1938, the Romanian Academy of Sciences was banned from wearing the title of the Academy, considered as the monopoly of another older institution. As a result, on September 24, 1938, the General Assembly of the Romanian Academy of Sciences has decided to change its name to ″The Romanian Institute of Sciences″. +By the Decree Law 3714 / November 6, 1940, published on November 7, 1940 in the Official Monitor No. 261, Part I, it was decided that the ″Romanian Institute of Sciences″, legal person established in Bucharest, to be named again the ″Romanian Academy of Sciences″. +The Romanian Academy of Sciences was dissolved in 1948. By the Great National Assembly Presidium Decree no. 76, published in the Official Monitor No.132 bis / June 9, 1948, The Romanian Academy was turned into the Romanian People's Republic Academy and the Romanian Academy of Sciences was incorporated in the Romanian People's Republic Academy, all its movable and immovable goods and heritage being integrated in the new Academy. +Currently, the Academy of Romanian Scientists, founded in 2007, is considered the successor and sole legatee of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (1935-1948) and the Association of Romanian Scientists, founded in 1956. + + +== Bibliography == +*** Academia de Științe din România. Buletin, 1(1936) - 14(1945-1946). +Botez, Elvira, Scurt istoric al Asociațiunii Române pentru înaintarea și răspândirea științelor, în NOEMA, IV, 2005, l, pp. 159–167. +*** Comptes Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Roumanie, I (1936-1937) - VIII (1946-1947). +Negulescu P. P., Reforma învățământului. Ed. 2-a. București 1927, Ed. Casei Școalelor, pp. CLXXIX-CLXXX. +Rusu, Dorina N., Istoria Academiei Române. Repere cronologice, București, Ed. Academiei Române, 1992, p. 227. +Rusu, Dorina N., Membrii Academiei Române 1866-2003 Dicționar, București, Ed. Academiei Române, 2003. + + +== External links == +List of the members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (ASR) (1936-1948) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4425fb250 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Exact,_Physical_and_Natural_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:57.939504+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (Spanish: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales) is an academic institution and learned society that was founded in Madrid in 1847. It is dedicated to the study and research of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and related sciences. + + +== History == +The forerunner of the modern Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Mathematics, was created in Madrid in 1582, during the reign of Philip II. It evolved from the environment of cooperation among the cosmographers, architects and civil engineers that served the monarch, and also involved prominent artillery experts and military engineers. +The initiative was motivated by an interest that existed in the Spain of the late sixteenth century in promoting the teaching of mathematics with an eye to its practical applications in areas as diverse as mercantile calculation, cosmography, astrology on one hand, and the art of navigation and specific problems relating to military skills and construction techniques on the other. +The idea of founding the Academy of Mathematics originated with Juan de Herrera, who was also its first director (1583–1597). It was founded in Lisbon in accordance with documents issued on December 25, 1582, and began functioning in October of the following year in offices of the Royal Alcazar of Madrid, and shortly afterwards in its own building nearby "at the entrance to Baldanú, in la calle del Tesoro". The same space is occupied today by the opera house, the Teatro Real. Due to extensive changes in the royal offices, in 1612 the institution moved to the home of the Marquis of Leganes, with its facade on the "wide calle of San Bernardo" where it carried out its activities until about 1630, when all the property, income and instruments of the Academy were transferred to the Imperial College. +Later, with the flowering in Europe during the seventeenth century of academies in the scientific sphere, the Royal Academy of Medicine and Natural Science was founded in 1734. Soon afterwards the Marquis of Ensenada ordered Jorge Juan to divide it into independent branches, and in 1752 the Ordinance Plan for the Royal Society of Sciences of Madrid was drawn up. +This project and the Academy collapsed with the fall of Ensenada in 1754 and there was no attempt to revive it until February 7, 1834: a decree for the creation of the Royal Academy of Science in Madrid, subsequently replaced by the Royal Decree for the creation of the Academy of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, on 25 February 1847. It carried out its first activities in various locations (in the National Museum of Painting in the Tower of Lujanes) until 1897 when it arrived at its current headquarters in the calle Valverde at numbers 22 and 24 (premises that were formerly occupied by the Royal Spanish Academy). + + +== List of presidents == +1848–1866: Antonio Remón Zarco del Valle y Huet +1866–1882: José Solano de la Matalinares +1882–1901: Cipriano Segundo Montesino y Estrada +1901–1916: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre +1916–1922: Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez +1922–1928: José Rodríguez Carracido +1928–1934: Leonardo Torres Quevedo +1934–1938: Blas Cabrera y Felipe +1940–1958: José Casares Gil +1958–1966: Alfonso Peña Boeuf +1966–1970: Julio Palacios Martínez +1970–1985: Manuel Lora Tamayo +1985–2002: Ángel Martín Municio +2002–2005: Carlos Sánchez del Río y Sierra +2005–2009: Alberto Galindo Tixaire +2009–2012: Miguel Ángel Alario y Franco +2012–2015: Alberto Galindo Tixaire +2015–present: José Elguero Bertolini + + +== Structure == +The Academy is composed of 54 full members, 90 national correspondents, honorary members, and foreign correspondents. + + +== See also == +Echegaray Medal +French Academy of Sciences +Royal Society + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a851b4af --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Academy of Italy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:16.617048+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Academy of Italy (Italian: Reale Accademia d'Italia) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy. +The declared purpose of the academy was "to promote and coordinate Italian intellectual activity in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts, to preserve the integrity of the national spirit, according to the genius and tradition of the race, and to encourage their diffusion [abroad]". + + +== Structure and history == + +The Academy was modelled upon the prestigious French Academy. The Academy selected sixty Italians chosen for their scientific, literary, and artistic achievements. Those sixty members were divided into four groups of fifteen, representing the physical sciences, moral sciences (including history), arts, and letters (literature). +Politically the Academy served to unify and strengthen the Fascist regime's hold on intellectual activity in Italy, as the Academy demanded that all its members swear loyalty to Fascism and Italy. The Academy was effective at drawing in the intellectual and cultural elites, and was mostly effective at rewarding real talent rather than just loyalty to the regime. It absorbed other independent institutions, notably the prestigious and venerable scientific Accademia dei Lincei in 1939. +The members were well paid, earning 3,000 lire per month at a time when average per capita income in Italy was 3,079 per year. The members were automatically granted first class travel on Italy's national railways and were entitled to wear uniforms designed for the members and to be addressed as "Your Excellency". Each were allowed to compete for the four annual Mussolini prizes which were awarded to Academy members who demonstrated outstanding work in their respective fields. The Academy sponsored lectures, meetings, research, and publications. In 1934, the Academy appointed a commission to create a dictionary of the Italian language in which all Italianized foreign words were to be removed. +After the collapse of the Fascist regime in 1943 and the installation of the puppet Fascist regime in the Italian Social Republic, a new version of the Academy was briefly reopened until the remnant Fascist state was defeated in 1945. + + +== Membership == +The six presidents of the Academy were: + +Tommaso Tittoni, politician, 1929–1930 +Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of radio telegraphy, 1930–1937 +Gabriele D'Annunzio, poet and politician, 1937–1938 +Luigi Federzoni, politician, 1938–1943 +Giovanni Gentile, philosopher, 1943–1944 +Giotto Dainelli Dolfi, geologist and geographer, from 1944. +There were sixty members in all. An initial list of thirty names was compiled by Tittoni and Francesco Giunta, and was approved by the council of ministers on 13 March 1929. They were: Antonio Beltramelli, Pietro Bonfante, Filippo Bottazzi, Armando Brasini, Pietro Canonica, Francesco Coppola, Giotto Dainelli Dolfi, Salvatore Di Giacomo, Enrico Fermi, Carlo Formichi, Umberto Giordano, Alessandro Luzio, Antonio Mancini, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Pietro Mascagni, Francesco Orestano, Alfredo Panzini, Nicola Parravano, Marcello Piacentini, Luigi Pirandello, Pietro Romualdo Pirotta, Ettore Romagnoli, Romano Romanelli, Giulio Aristide Sartorio, Francesco Severi, Bonaldo Stringher, Alfredo Trombetti, Giancarlo Vallauri, Gioacchino Volpe and Adolfo Wildt. + + +== Notes == + + +== References == +Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982), Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy, Westport, Connecticut- London: Greenwood Press, pp. 657, ISBN 0-313-21317-8. +Cagiano De Azevedo, Paola; Gerardi, Elvira, eds. (2005), Reale Accademia d'Italia. Inventario dell'archivio (Inventory of the Archive) (PDF), Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato - Strumenti, vol. CLXVII, Roma: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali - Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari - Direzione Generale per gli Archivi, pp. lxxxiv+492, ISBN 88-7125-264-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-07 (in Italian), freely available from the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali - Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari - Direzione Generale per gli Archivi (a branch of the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali). The complete inventory of the Reale Accademia d'Italia, which incorporated the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei between 1939 and 1944. +This article contains material translated from its equivalent in Italian Wikipedia, accessed 5/20/2011 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9f51515c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Royal National Academy of Medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Academy_of_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:49.007975+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal National Academy of Medicine (Spanish: Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, RANM) is a Spanish institution dedicated to the study, research and promotion of the medical sciences. It's motto is Ars cum natura ad salutem conspirans, "Art collaborating with nature for health". +Since 2020, the president of the RANM is Eduardo Díaz-Rubio García and former president Manuel Díaz-Rubio García acts as honorary president since 2012. + + +== History == +The origins of the Royal National Academy of Medicine date back to the summer of 1733, when doctors, surgeons and pharmacists from Madrid met to discuss medical topics. +A year later, on September 13, 1734, King Felipe V approved a royal decree formally creating the Academy of Medicine of Madrid and, after receiving royal protection, acquired the title of "royal". +In the 19th century, during the Ominous Decade, the government ordered its closure, although it only lasted four years. After the death of King Ferdinand VII, during the reign of his daughter, Isabella II, greater freedom of thought and science was allowed, and in 1861 new statutes renamed it as the "Royal National Academy of Medicine", a name that survives to this day. +With the creation of the Institute of Spain in 1938, this academy was one of the six founding members. + + +== Some relevant academics == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3deb1c147 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:36.511996+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. +In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes. + + +== Main functions == +The academy advises the Dutch government on scientific matters. While its advice often pertains to genuine scientific concerns, it also counsels the government on such topics as policy on careers for researchers or the Netherlands' contribution to major international projects. The academy offers solicited and unsolicited advice to parliament, ministries, universities and research institutes, funding agencies and international organizations. + +Advising the government on matters related to scientific research +Providing a forum for the scientific world and promoting international scientific cooperation +Acting as an umbrella organization for the institutes primarily engaged in basic and strategic scientific research and disseminating information + + +== Members and organization == + +The members are appointed for life by co-optation. Nominations for candidate membership by persons or organizations outside the academy are accepted. The acceptance criterion is delivered scientific achievements. Academy membership is therefore regarded as a great honor, and prestigious. Besides regular members, there are foreign members and corresponding members. Since a new membership system was introduced in 2011 there will be no new corresponding members. Each year a maximum of sixteen members are appointed to the academy. +The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences has long embraced the entire field of learning. The Royal Academy comprises two departments, consisting of around 500 members: + +Science (mathematics, physics, astronomy, life sciences, and engineering sciences) +Humanities and Social Sciences (humanities, law, behavioural sciences and social sciences) +Both departments have their own board. The departments, in turn, are divided into sections. The highest organ in the academy is the general meeting of members, the united meeting of both departments. The president was Frits van Oostrom until 1 May 2008, after which he was succeeded by Robbert Dijkgraaf. Both van Oostrom in his leaving address and Dijkgraaf in his inaugural address have voiced their worries about the low level of funding in science in the Netherlands compared to almost all other western countries. A list of presidents of the academy is as follows: + + +== History == +During the Kingdom of Holland, it was founded as the Koninklijk Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde en Schoone Kunsten (Royal Institute of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts) by Lodewijk Napoleon on May 4, 1808. In 1816, after the occupation had ended, it was renamed to Koninklijk-Nederlandsch Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schoone Kunsten. In 1851, it was disbanded and re-established as the Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen and in 1938 obtained its present name. Since 1812, the academy has resided in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. +The institute was awarded the Gouden Ganzenveer in 1955. + + +== Research institutes == +The following research institutes are associated with the KNAW: + +Data Archiving and Networked Services (since 2005) +Fryske Akademy (since 1990, founded in 1938) +Hubrecht Institute (research institute for developmental biology and stem cells in the Netherlands) (since 1917) +Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands (since 1992) +International Institute of Social History (since 1979, founded in 1935) +Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (since 2001, founded in 1851) +Meertens Instituut (since 1952) +Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN) (established in 2005 as a merger of the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research (NIH, established in 1909) and the Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute (IOI, established in 1988)) +Netherlands Institute of Ecology (Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie) (NIOO-KNAW) (since 1992) +NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (since 1999, founded in 1945) +Nederlands Instituut voor Wetenschappelijke Informatiediensten (1997–2005) +Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut (since 2003) +Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (since 1988) +Rathenau Instituut (since 1994, previously NOTA (1987-1994)) +Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (since 1904) + + +== Young Academy == +De Jonge Akademie (The Young Academy) is a society of younger science researchers, founded in 2005 as part of the KNAW. Ten members are elected each year for a term of five years; members are scientists between 25 and 45 years old and are selected for a record of excellence in their research. It was modelled after the similar German Junge Akademie and both of these academies in turn were used as models for the Global Young Academy. + + +== Society of Arts == +The Society of Arts (Akademie van Kunsten) is a society of prominent artists from various disciplines, including architecture, visual arts, dance, film, photography, literature, music and performing arts. Its aim is to be the place "for debate about the value of art in society and about the relationship between art and science". The Society of Arts was established by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. Both are seated in the 17th century Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. +At the start the Society of Arts had 19 members. Each year the number of members increases with 6 new members who are offered a membership for life. In 2022 the Society of Arts has 76 members. Members of the Society of Arts are elected by nomination. Anyone can nominate leading artists from all disciplines who have distinguished themselves on the basis of demonstrable artistic achievements. + + +== See also == +Dutch Research Council (NWO) +Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen (Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities) +Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences at Wikimedia Commons +Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, official website +Young Academy (De Jonge Akademie), official website +Society of Arts (Akademie van Kunsten), official website +Netherlands Institute of Ecology (Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie) (NIOO-KNAW), official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9bf84595 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 1/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Royal Society, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. +The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2020, there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800) and they are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society president is Paul Nurse, who took over from Sir Adrian Smith in December 2025. +Since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany, London. + +== History == + +=== Founding and early years === + +The Invisible College has been described as a precursor group to the Royal Society of London, consisting of a number of natural philosophers around Robert Boyle. The concept of "invisible college" is mentioned in German Rosicrucian pamphlets in the early 17th century. Ben Jonson in England referenced the idea, related in meaning to Francis Bacon's House of Solomon, in a masque The Fortunate Isles and Their Union from 1624/5. The term accrued currency in the exchanges of correspondence within the Republic of Letters. +In letters dated 1646 and 1647, Boyle refers to "our invisible college" or "our philosophical college". The society's common theme was to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation. Three dated letters are the basic documentary evidence: Boyle sent them to Isaac Marcombes (Boyle's former tutor and a Huguenot, who was then in Geneva), Francis Tallents who at that point was a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and London-based Samuel Hartlib. + +The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at a variety of locations, including Gresham College in London and Wadham College in Oxford University. They were influenced by the "new science", as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as "Philosophical Society of Oxford" was run by John Wilkins, Warden of Wadham College under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library. After the English Restoration, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society. +An alternative view of the founding, held at the time, was that it was due to the influence of French scientists and the Montmor Academy in 1657, reports of which were sent back to England by English scientists attending. This view was held by Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Melchisédech Thévenot at the time and has some grounding in that Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary, had attended the Montmor Academy meeting. Robert Hooke, however, disputed this, writing that: + +[Cassini] makes, then, Mr Oldenburg to have been the instrument, who inspired the English with a desire to imitate the French, in having Philosophical Clubs, or Meetings; and that this was the occasion of founding the Royal Society, and making the French the first. I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But 'tis well known who were the principal men that began and promoted that design, both in this city and in Oxford; and that a long while before Mr Oldenburg came into England. And not only these Philosophic Meetings were before Mr Oldenburg came from Paris; but the Society itself was begun before he came hither; and those who then knew Mr Oldenburg, understood well enough how little he himself knew of philosophic matter. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d903e751 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 2/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray. +At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society. +The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of Natural Experiments Made in the Accademia del Cimento, under the Protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany in 1684, an Italian book documenting experiments at the Accademia del Cimento. Although meeting at Gresham College, the society temporarily moved to Arundel House in 1666 after the Great Fire of London, which did not harm Gresham but did lead to its appropriation by the Lord Mayor. The society returned to Gresham in 1673. +There had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent "college" for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by "Solomon's House" in Bacon's New Atlantis and, to a lesser extent, by J. V. Andreae's Christianopolis, dedicated research institutes, rather than the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, since the founders only intended for the society to act as a location for research and discussion. The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659; he suggested a grander scheme, with apartments for members and a central research institute. Similar schemes were expounded by Bengt Skytte and later Abraham Cowley, who wrote in his Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy in 1661 of a "'Philosophical College", with houses, a library and a chapel. The society's ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff, but Hunter maintains an influence from Cowley and Skytte's ideas. Henry Oldenburg and Thomas Sprat put forward plans in 1667 and Oldenburg's co-secretary, John Wilkins, moved in a council meeting on 30 September 1667 to appoint a committee "for raising contributions among the members of the society, in order to build a college". These plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the "unrealised—perhaps unrealistic"—aspirations of the society. + +=== 18th century === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ec39b9e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 3/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. +The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727, and editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were appearing regularly. During his time as president, Newton arguably abused his authority; in a dispute between himself and Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of infinitesimal calculus, he used his position to appoint an "impartial" committee to decide it, eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee's name. In 1705, the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises. After unsuccessfully applying to Queen Anne for new premises, and asking the trustees of Cotton House if they could meet there, the council bought two houses in Crane Court, Fleet Street, on 26 October 1710. This included offices, accommodation and a collection of curiosities. Although the overall fellowship contained few noted scientists, most of the council were highly regarded, and included at various times John Hadley, William Jones and Hans Sloane. Because of the laxness of fellows in paying their subscriptions, the society ran into financial difficulty during this time; by 1740, the society had a deficit of £240. This continued into 1741, at which point the treasurer began dealing harshly with fellows who had not paid. The business of the society at this time continued to include the demonstration of experiments and the reading of formal and important scientific papers, along with the demonstration of new scientific devices and queries about scientific matters from both Britain and Europe. +Some modern research has asserted that the claims of the society's degradation during the 18th century are false. Richard Sorrenson writes that "far from having 'fared ingloriously', the society experienced a period of significant productivity and growth throughout the eighteenth century", pointing out that many of the sources critical accounts are based on are in fact written by those with an agenda. While Charles Babbage wrote that the practice of pure mathematics in Britain was weak, laying the blame at the doorstep of the society, the practice of mixed mathematics was strong and although there were not many eminent members of the society, some did contribute vast amounts – James Bradley, for example, established the nutation of the Earth's axis with 20 years of detailed, meticulous astronomy. +Politically within the society, the mid-18th century featured a "Whig supremacy" as the so-called "Hardwicke Circle" of Whig-leaning scientists held the society's main Offices. Named after Lord Hardwicke, the group's members included Daniel Wray and Thomas Birch and was most prominent in the 1750s and '60s. The circle had Birch elected secretary and, following the resignation of Martin Folkes, the circle helped oversee a smooth transition to the presidency of Earl Macclesfield, whom Hardwicke helped elect. Under Macclesfield, the circle reached its "zenith", with members such as Lord Willoughby and Birch serving as vice-president and secretary respectively. The circle also influenced goings-on in other learned societies, such as the Society of Antiquaries of London. After Macclesfield's retirement, the circle had Lord Morton elected in 1764 and Sir John Pringle elected in 1772. By this point, the previous Whig "majority" had been reduced to a "faction", with Birch and Willoughby no longer involved, and the circle declined in the same time frame as the political party did in British politics under George III, falling apart in the 1780s. +In 1780, the society moved again, this time to Somerset House. The property was offered to the society by His Majesty's Government and, as soon as Sir Joseph Banks became president in November 1778, he began planning the move. Somerset House, while larger than Crane Court, was not satisfying to the fellows; the room to store the library was too small, the accommodation was insufficient and there was not enough room to store the museum at all. As a result, the museum was handed to the British Museum in 1781 and the library was extended to two rooms, one of which was used for council meetings. + +=== 19th century === \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f20322b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-3.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 4/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of Fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937. As of 2024, 85 Fellows and 24 Foreign Members are elected each year. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between the years 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750. From then until 1941, the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500. +The period did lead to some reform of internal Society statutes, such as in 1823 and 1831. The most important change there was the requirement that the Treasurer publish an annual report, along with a copy of the total income and expenditure of the society. These were to be sent to Fellows at least 14 days before the general meeting, with the intent being to ensure the election of competent Officers by making it readily apparent what existing Officers were doing. This was accompanied by a full list of Fellows standing for Council positions, where previously the names had only been announced a couple of days before. As with the other reforms, this helped ensure that Fellows had a chance to vet and properly consider candidates. +In 1850 the society accepted the responsibility of administering a government grant-in-aid of scientific research of £1,000 per year; this was supplemented in the financial year 1876/1877 by a Government Fund of £4,000 per year, with the society acting as the administering body of these funds, distributing grants to scientists. The Government Fund came to an end after a period of five years, after which the Government Grant was increased to £4,000 a year in total. This grant has now grown to over £47 million, some £37 million of which is to support around 370 fellowships and professorships. +By 1852, the congestion at Somerset House had increased due to the growing number of Fellows. Therefore, the Library Committee asked the Council to petition Her Majesty's Government to find new facilities, with the advice being to bring all the scientific societies, such as the Linnean and Geological societies, under one roof. In August 1866, the government announced their intention to refurbish Burlington House and move the Royal Academy and other societies there. The Academy moved in 1867, while other societies joined when their facilities were built. The Royal Society moved there in 1873, taking up residence in the East Wing. The top floor was used as accommodation for the Assistant Secretary, while the library was scattered over every room and the old caretaker's apartment was converted into offices. One flaw was the lack of space for the office staff, which was then approximately eighty. + +=== 20th century === +On 22 March 1945, the first female Fellows were elected to the Royal Society. This followed a statutory amendment in 1944 that read "Nothing herein contained shall render women ineligible as candidates", and was contained in Chapter 1 of Statute 1. Because of the difficulty of co-ordinating all the Fellows during the Second World War, a ballot on making the change was conducted via the post, with 336 Fellows supporting the change and 37 opposing. Following approval by the Council, Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale were elected as the first female Fellows. +In 1947, Mary Cartwright became the first female mathematician elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was also the first woman to serve on the Council of the Royal Society. +Due to overcrowding at Burlington House, the society moved to Carlton House Terrace in 1967. + +=== 21st century === +In October 2020, the Royal Society’s “Science in Emergencies Tasking – COVID” group (SET-C) published a report titled COVID-19 vaccine deployment: Behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies, led by sociologist Melinda Mills. +The report examined behavioural and policy issues surrounding vaccine uptake, including how governments might respond to misinformation online. +Commentators such as former Supreme Court Justice Jonathan Sumption subsequently discussed the limits of regulating online content, arguing in a 2021 opinion column that “science advances by confronting contrary arguments, not by suppressing them.” +In October 2025, the Financial Times reported that the Royal Society had discussed the fellowship status of Elon Musk. According to the Society's statement to the newspaper, its incoming president Sir Paul Nurse had written to Musk, asking him to consider resigning his fellowship if he felt unable to promote or support science. The Society told the FT that Musk did not respond on that point and that staff concluded it was not in the Society's interests to pursue disciplinary action. + +== Coat of arms == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963540aae --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-4.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 5/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The blazon for the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the society along with their successors. +The helmet of the arms was not specified in the charter, but the engraver sketched out a peer's helmet (barred helmet) on the final design, which is used. This is contrary to the heraldic rules, as a society or corporation normally has an esquire's helmet (closed helmet); it is thought that either the engraver was ignorant of this rule, which was not strictly adhered to until around 1615, or that he used the peer's helmet as a compliment to Lord Brouncker, a peer and the first President of the Royal Society. + +== Charter book == +Fellows and foreign members are required to sign a book when they join the Royal Society. This book is known as the Charter Book, which has been signed continuously since 1663. All British monarchs have signed the book since then, apart from William and Mary, and Queen Anne. In 2019, the book was digitised. + +== Motto == +The society's motto, Nullius in verba, is Latin for "Take nobody's word for it". It was adopted to signify the fellows' determination to establish facts via experiments and comes from Horace's Epistles, where he compares himself to a gladiator who, having retired, is free from control. + +== Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS) == + +The society's core members are the fellows: scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Fellows are elected for life and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society, the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows. Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1,450 living members in total. Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees (each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas) which consist of existing fellows. +The society also elects royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Royal fellows are those members of the British royal family, representing the British monarchy's role in promoting and supporting the society, who are recommended by the society's council and elected via postal vote. There are currently four royal fellows: The King of the United Kingdom, The Duke of Kent, The Princess Royal, and The Prince of Wales. Honorary fellows are people who are ineligible to be elected as fellows but nevertheless have "rendered signal service to the cause of science, or whose election would significantly benefit the Society by their great experience in other walks of life". Six honorary fellows have been elected to date, including Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve. Foreign members are scientists from non-Commonwealth nations "who are eminent for their scientific discoveries and attainments". Eight are elected each year by the society and also hold their membership for life. Foreign members are permitted to use the post-nominal ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society) and as of August 2020 number about 185. + +The appointment of fellows was first authorised in the second charter, issued on 22 April 1663, which allowed the president and council, in the two months following the signing, to appoint as fellows any individual they saw fit. This saw the appointment of 94 fellows on 20 May and 4 on 22 June; these 98 are known as the "Original Fellows". After the expiration of this two-month period, any appointments were to be made by the president, council and existing fellows. Many early fellows were not scientists or particularly eminent intellectuals; it was clear that the early society could not rely on financial assistance from the king, and scientifically trained fellows were few and far between. It was, therefore, necessary to secure the favour of wealthy or important individuals for the society's survival. While the entrance fee of £4 and the subscription rate of one shilling a week should have produced £600 a year for the society, many fellows paid neither regularly nor on time. Two-thirds of the fellows in 1663 were non-scientists; this rose to 71.6% in 1800 before dropping to 47.4% in 1860 as the financial security of the society became more certain. In May 1846, a committee recommended limiting the annual intake of members to 15 and insisting on scientific eminence; this was implemented, with the result being that the society now consists exclusively of scientific fellows. + +== Structure and governance == +The society is governed by its council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of council, the president, and the other officers are elected from and by its fellowship. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d016a538c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-5.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 6/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +=== Council === +The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are: + +President: Sir Paul Nurse +Treasurer: Jonathan Keating +Biological Secretary: Sir David Baulcombe +Physical Secretary: Sheila Rowan +Foreign Secretary: Sir Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly) + +=== President === + +The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the second charter and initially had no limit on how long a president could serve; under current society statute, the term is five years. +The current president is Sir Paul Nurse, who took over from Adrian Smith on 1 December 2025. Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. The Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876 left the president as one of the few individuals capable of certifying that a particular experiment on an animal was justified. In addition, the president is to act as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor on scientific matters. Yet another task is that of entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists. + +=== Permanent staff === +The society is assisted by a number of full-time paid staff. The original charter provided for "two or more Operators of Experiments, and two or more clerks"; as the number of books in the society's collection grew, it also became necessary to employ a curator. The staff grew as the financial position of the society improved, mainly consisting of outsiders, along with a small number of scientists who were required to resign their fellowship on employment. The current executive director is Dame Julie Maxton DBE. + +== Functions and activities == + +The society has a variety of functions and activities. It supports modern science by disbursing over £100 million to fund almost 1,000 research fellowships for both early and late-career scientists, along with innovation, mobility and research capacity grants. Its awards, prize lectures and medals all come with prize money intended to finance research, and it provides subsidised communications and media skills courses for research scientists. Much of this activity is supported by a grant from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, most of which is channelled to the University Research Fellowships (URF). In 2008, the society opened the Royal Society Enterprise Fund, intended to invest in new scientific companies and be self-sustaining, funded (after an initial set of donations on the 350th anniversary of the society) by the returns from its investments. +Through its Science Policy Centre, the society acts as an advisor to the UK Government, the European Commission and the United Nations on matters of science. It publishes several reports a year, and serves as the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom. Since the middle of the 18th century, government problems involving science were irregularly referred to the society, and by 1800 it was done regularly. + +== Carlton House Terrace == + +The premises at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building and the current headquarters of the Royal Society, which had moved there from Burlington House in 1967. The ground floor and basement are used for ceremonies, social and publicity events, the first floor hosts facilities for Fellows and Officers of the society, and the second and third floors are divided between offices and accommodation for the President, Executive Director and Fellows. +Carlton House Terrace was designed by John Nash as two blocks of houses, with a space in between them. The building is still owned by the Crown Estates and leased by the society; it underwent a major renovation from 2001 to 2004 at the cost of £9.8 million, and was reopened by the Prince of Wales on 7 July 2004. +Carlton House Terrace underwent a series of renovations between 1999 and November 2003 to improve and standardise the property. New waiting, exhibition and reception rooms were created in the house at No.7, using the Magna Boschi marble found in No.8, and greenish grey Statuario Venato marble was used in other areas to standardise the design. An effort was also made to make the layout of the buildings easier, consolidating all the offices on one floor, Fellows' Rooms on another and all the accommodation on a third. + +== Kavli Royal Society International Centre == +In 2009 Chicheley Hall, a Grade I listed building located near Milton Keynes, was bought by the Royal Society for £6.5 million, funded in part by the Kavli Foundation. The Royal Society spent several million on renovations adapting it to become the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, a venue for residential science seminars. The centre held its first scientific meeting on 1 June 2010 and was formally opened on 21 June 2010. The centre was permanently closed on 18 June 2020 and the building was sold in 2021. + +== Publishing == + +Through Royal Society Publishing, the society publishes the following journals: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2cc8271e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society-6.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society" +chunk: 7/7 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:14.242742+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences) +Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences) +Proceedings of the Royal Society A +Proceedings of the Royal Society B +Biology Letters +Open Biology +Royal Society Open Science +Journal of the Royal Society Interface +Interface Focus +Notes and Records +Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society +The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary. +It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences. +Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while Interface Focus, publishes themed issue in the same areas. Notes and Records is the society's journal of the history of science. Biographical Memoirs is published twice annually and contains extended obituaries of deceased Fellows. Open Biology is an open access journal covering biology at the molecular and cellular level. Royal Society Open Science is an open access journal publishing high-quality original research across the entire range of science on the basis of objective peer-review. All the society's journals are peer-reviewed. +In May 2021, the society announced plans to transition its four hybrid research journals to open access. + +== Honours == + +The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures, and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal. The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". + +== See also == +Royal Fellows of the Royal Society +List of Fellows of the Royal Society +List of female Fellows of the Royal Society +List of presidents of the Royal Society +Academy of Medical Sciences +British Academy +British Association for the Advancement of Science +Laputa, a fictional island full of absurd inventions put by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels to mock the Royal Society. +List of British professional bodies +List of Royal Societies +Royal Institution +Royal Academy of Engineering +Society Islands +The Baroque Cycle, a series of historical novels by Neal Stephenson, in which many of the founders of the Royal Society appear. +The Royal Society Range, a mountain range in Antarctica named after the society +UK Young Academy + +== References == + +== Bibliography == + +== External links == + +Official website +List of Fellows of the Royal Society +Complete list of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007 in PDF +The Royal Society's 350th anniversary +Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London public domain @Archive.org +The Royal Society Publishing website +The Royal Society of London (a brief history) +Scholarly Societies Project: Royal Society of London +A visualisation of the Royal Society's publications from 1665 to 2005 +The Royal Society, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stephen Pumphrey, Lisa Jardine & Michael Hunter (In Our Time, 23 March 2006) +Digitised copy of the Charter Book Archived 5 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d60af88f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Society of Edinburgh" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:50.200940+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. As of 2021, there are around 1,800 Fellows. +The Society covers a broader range of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history. The Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines: science and technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service. + + +== History == + +At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731. +Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society, and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge, was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society. +The cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. With the help of University of Edinburgh professors like Joseph Black, William Cullen and John Walker, this society transformed itself into the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783, and in 1788 it issued the first volume of its new journal Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. +Towards the end of the century, the younger members such as James Hall embraced Lavoisier's new nomenclature and the members split over the practical and theoretical objectives of the society. This resulted in the founding of the Wernerian Society (1808–58), a parallel organisation that focused more upon natural history and scientific research that could be used to improve Scotland's weak agricultural and industrial base. Under the leadership of Prof. Robert Jameson, the Wernerians first founded Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1808–21) and then the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (1822, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal from late 1826), thereby diverting the output of the Royal Society's Transactions. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, the RSE's members published articles in two different journals. By the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal. +During the 19th century, the society contained many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences. From the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotland's eminent scientists but also for the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote original research in Scotland. +In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the society's first female president, taking up her position in October. + + +=== The Young Academy of Scotland === +The Young Academy of Scotland was founded by the RSE in 2011. It aims to bring together young professionals (aged mid-20s to 40s) from the widest range of disciplines and regions in Scotland to provide ideas and direction for challenges facing Scotland. The members are roughly equal numbers of women and men, serve for five years and are selected from applicants every two years. In 2021 there were 134 members. + + +=== Location === + +The Royal Society has been housed in a succession of locations: + +1783–1807: College Library, University of Edinburgh +1807–1810: Physicians' Hall, George Street; the home of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh +1810–1826: 40–42 George Street; shared with the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland from 1813 +1826–1908: the Royal Institution (now called the Royal Scottish Academy Building) on the Mound; shared, at first, with the Board of Manufactures (the owners), the Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland +1908–1909: University premises at High School Yards +1909–present: 22–24 George Street, purchased from the Edinburgh Life Assurance Company with the assistance of a grant of £25,000 from the Scottish Office + + +== Awards and medals == + + +=== Fellowship === + +Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is an award in its own right that entitles fellows to use of the initialism or post-nominal letters FRSE in official titles. + + +=== Royal Medals === +The Royal Medals are awarded annually, preferably to people with a Scottish connection, who have achieved distinction and international repute in either life sciences, physical and engineering sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences or business and commerce. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission was required to make a presentation. +Past winners include: + + +=== Lord Kelvin Medal === +The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for physical, engineering, and informatics sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, and who has contributed to wider society by the accessible dissemination of research and scholarship. Winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who was a famous mathematical physicist and engineer, and professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world. + + +=== Keith Medal === + +The Keith Medal was historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the society's scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It was awarded alternately for papers on mathematics and those on earth and environmental sciences. The medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunnottar, the first treasurer of the Society. + + +=== Lady Margaret Moir Medal (formerly the Makdougall Brisbane Prize) === + +The Lady Margaret Moir Medal recognises exceptional achievements in physical, engineering and informatic sciences (including mathematics) by an early career researcher. Awardees are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world. The prize was founded in 1855 by Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the long-serving fourth president of the Society. The medal was renamed in 2022 to reflect Margaret Moir's contribution to science in Scotland. + + +=== Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize === + +The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship is a quadrennial award to recognise original work done by scientists resident in or connected with Scotland. The award was founded in 1887 by Robert Halliday Gunning, a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist who spent much of his life in Brazil. + + +== Bruce-Preller Lectures == + +This biennial lecture given at the Society was begun in 1931 at the bequest of Charles Preller and named after himself and his late wife, Rachel Steuart Bruce. It is usually (but not invariably) given by a Fellow either of the Royal Society of Edinburgh or the Royal Society of London. + + +== Presidents == +Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh have included: + + +== See also == +James Scott Prize Lectureship +Royal Society +UK Young Academy + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Scholars and Literati at the Philosophical Society & Royal Society of Edinburgh (1731-1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..717746aef --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +--- +title: "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:59.240878+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special responsibility for promoting natural sciences and mathematics and strengthening their influence in society, whilst endeavouring to promote the exchange of ideas between various disciplines. +The goals of the academy are: + +To be a forum where researchers meet across subject boundaries, +To offer a unique environment for research, +To provide support to younger researchers, +To reward outstanding research efforts, +To communicate internationally among scientists, +To advance the case for science within society and to influence research policy priorities +To stimulate interest in mathematics and science in school, and +To disseminate and popularize scientific information in various forms. +Every year, the academy awards the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize, the Sjöberg Prize and several other awards. The academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation. The Academy of Sciences is located within the Stockholm region's Royal National City Park. + + +== Prizes == + + +=== Notable international prizes === +Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry +Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel +Crafoord Prizes in astronomy and mathematics, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology), and polyarthritis (for example rheumatoid arthritis) +Sjöberg Prize for research in cancer +Rolf Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy, mathematics, visual arts and musical arts +Gregori Aminoff Prize in crystallography +Gold Medal for Radiation Protection + + +=== Notable national prizes === +Göran Gustafsson Prize for research in chemistry, mathematics, molecular biology, medicine and physics +Ingvar Lindqvist Prizes for teachers in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics and natural sciences +Tage Erlander Prize "for research in natural sciences and technology" in four fields (physics, chemistry, technology and biology) + + +== Members == +The academy has elected about 1,700 Swedish and 1,200 foreign members since it was founded in 1739. Today, the academy has about 470 Swedish and 175 foreign members which are divided into ten "classes", representing ten various scientific disciplines: + +Mathematics +Astronomy and space science +Physics +Chemistry +Geosciences +Biosciences +Medical sciences +Engineering sciences +Social sciences +Humanities and "for outstanding services to science" + + +== List of secretaries general == + + +The following persons have served as permanent secretaries of the academy: + +Anders Johan von Höpken, 1739–1740, 1740–1741 +Augustin Ehrensvärd, April – June 1740 +Jacob Faggot, 1741–1744 +Pehr Elvius, 1744–1749 +Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, 1749–1783 +Johan Carl Wilcke and Henrik Nicander, 1784–1796 +Daniel Melanderhjelm and Henrik Nicander, 1796–1803 +Jöns Svanberg and Carl Gustaf Sjöstén 1803–1808; Sjöstén was removed 1808 for negligence of his duties +Jöns Svanberg, 1809–1811 +Olof Swartz, 1811–1818 +Jöns Jacob Berzelius, 1818–1848 +Peter Fredrik Wahlberg, 1848–1866 +Georg Lindhagen, 1866–1901 +Christopher Aurivillius, 1901–1923 +Henrik Gustaf Söderbaum, 1923–1933 +Henning Pleijel, 1933–1943 +Arne Westgren, 1943–1959 +Erik Rudberg, 1959–1972 +Carl Gustaf Bernhard, 1973–1980 +Tord Ganelius, 1981–1989 +Carl-Olof Jacobson, 1989–1997 +Erling Norrby, 1997–30 June 2003 +Gunnar Öquist, 1 July 2003 – 30 June 2010 +Staffan Normark, 1 July 2010 – 30 June 2015 +Göran K. Hansson, 1 July 2015 – 31 December 2021 +Hans Ellegren, 1 January 2022 – 31 December 2025 +Ellen Moons, 1 January 2026 – present + + +== Publications == + +The transactions of the academy (Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar) were published as its main series between 1739 and 1974. In parallel, other major series have appeared and gone: + +Öfversigt af Kungl. Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar (1844–1903) +Bihang till Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (1872–1902) +Vetenskapsakademiens årsbok (1903–1969) +The academy started publishing annual reports in physics and chemistry (1826), technology (1827), botany (1831), and zoology (1832). These lasted into the 1860s, when they were replaced by the single Bihang series (meaning: supplement to the transactions). Starting in 1887, this series was once again split into four sections (afdelning), which in 1903, became independent scientific journals of their own, titled "Arkiv för..." (archive for...). These included: + +Arkiv för botanik (1903–1974) +Arkiv för kemi, mineralogi och geologi (1903–1949) +Arkiv för matematik, astronomi och fysik (1903–1949) +Arkiv för Zoologi (1903–1974) +Further restructuring of their topics occurred in 1949 and 1974. Other defunct journals of the academy include: + +Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence (1997–2001) + +Current publications +Ambio (1972–) +Acta Mathematica (1882–) +Arkiv för Matematik (1949– with this title; 1903–1949 also including physics and astronomy) +Acta Zoologica (1920–) +Levnadsteckningar över Vetenskapsakademiens ledamöter (1869–), biographies of deceased members +Porträttmatrikel (1971–), portraits of current members +Zoologica Scripta (1972–), jointly with the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters + + +== History == +The academy was founded on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, mercantilist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and statesman/author Anders Johan von Höpken. +The purpose of the academy was to focus on practically useful knowledge, and to publish in Swedish in order to widely disseminate the academy's findings. The academy was intended to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been founded in 1719 and published in Latin. The location close to the commercial activities in Sweden's capital (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time) was also intentional. The academy was modeled after the Royal Society of London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France, which some of the founding members were familiar with. + + +== See also == +Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences video site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..170c9860e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Science park" +chunk: 1/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A science park, also referred to as a research park, technology park, technopark, technopolis, technopole, or a science and technology park (STP), is a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms. These parks are affiliated with a university, government, or private research body based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance. The primary objective of this affiliation is to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, promote innovation, transfer technology, and progress research outcomes to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment, and promoting exports. + +== Background == +The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto. Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. +Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global "knowledge economy". They provide concentration that foster innovation and the development and commercialization of technology and where governments, universities and private companies may collaborate. The developers work in fields such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, science and engineering. Science parks may also offer a number of shared resources, such as incubators, programs and collaboration activities, uninterruptible power supply, telecommunications hubs, reception and security, management offices, bank offices, convention center, parking, and internal transportation. +Science parks also aim to bring together people who assist the developers of technology to bring their work to commercial fruition, for example, experts in intellectual property law. They can be attractive to university students who may interact with prospective employers and encourage students to remain in the local area. +Science parks may be designed to enhance the quality of life of the workers. For example, they might be built with sports facilities, restaurants, crèches or pleasant outdoor areas. Apart from tenants, science parks create jobs for the local community. +Science parks are specific locations and differ from the wider area high-technology business districts in that they are more organized, planned, and managed. They differ from science centres in that they lead to commercialized products from research. They differ from industrial parks which focus on manufacturing and from business parks which focus on business office locations. +Science parks are found worldwide. They are most common in developed countries. In North America there are over 170 science parks. For example, in the 1980s, North Carolina State University, Raleigh lacked space. New possible sites included the state mental-health property and the Diocese of Raleigh property on 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) surrounding the Lake Raleigh Reservoir. The university's Centennial Campus was developed. Sandia Science and Technology Park, NASA Research Park at Ames and the East Tennessee Technology Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are examples of research parks that have been developed by or adjacent to US Federal government laboratories. +Science and technology park (STP) activity across the European Union has approximately doubled over the last 11–12 years, driven by the growth of the longer standing parks and the emergence of new parks. There are now an estimated 366 STPs in the EU member states that manage about 28 million m2 of completed building floor space, hosting circa 40,000 organisations that employ approximately 750,000 people, mostly in high value added jobs. In the period from 2000 – 2012, total capital investment into EU STPs was circa €11.7 billion (central estimate). During the same period, STPs spent circa €3 billion on the professional business support and innovation services they either deliver or finance to assist both their tenants and other similar knowledge based businesses in their locality. +Increasingly, the reasons why STPs are sound investments for public sector support are becoming better understood and articulated. The evidence base shows that better STPs are not simply the landlords of attractive and well specified office style buildings. Rather, they are complex organisations, often with multiple owners having objectives aligned with important elements of economic development public policy as well as an imperative to be financially self-sustaining in the longer term. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..719797918 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Science park" +chunk: 2/2 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:22.690101+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +== Definitions == +The Association of University Research Parks (AURP), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America. It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region." +The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. +To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.". +The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm, was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990. According to this management paradigm, a science park must: "have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity; be able to market its high valued products and services; have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, lacking such a resource; be inserted in a society that allows for the protection of product or process secrets, via patents, security or any other means; be able to select or reject which firms enter the park". A science park should: "have a clear identity, quite often expressed symbolically, as the park's name choice, its logo or the management discourse; have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters, and which has presented long-term economic development plans; have the backing of powerful, dynamic and stable economic actors, such as a funding agency, political institution or local university; include in its management an active person of vision, with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile, who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between academia and industry, long-term plans and good management; and include a prominent percentage of consultancy firms, as well as technical service firms, including laboratories and quality control firms". +The World Intellectual Property Organization defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution, which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through technology transfer and open innovation. + +== List of science parks == + +Some science parks include: + +== See also == +Business cluster +Business incubator +Cluster development +Megasite + +== References == + +== Further reading == +Battelle Technology Partnership Practice and Association of University Research Parks (2007) Characteristics and Trends in North American Research Parks. 21st Century Directions [1]. +Cabral R. and Dahab S. S. (1993) "Science parks in developing countries: the case of BIORIO in Brazil" in Biotechnology Review, vol 1, p 165 - 178. +Cabral R. (1998) "Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm" in Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 813 - 818. +Cabral R. (ed.) (2003) The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm in Asia-Pacific, Europe and the Americas Uminova Centre, Umeå, Sweden. +Echols A. E. and Meredith J. W. (1998) "A case study of the Virginia Tech Corporation Research Centre in the context of the Cabral-Dahab Paradigm, with comparison to other US research parks" in Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 761 - 777. +Flaghouse (2018) https://estateintel.com/development-flaghouse-abuja-technology-village-abuja/ retrieved 20/6/19. +Gregory, C. and Zoneveld, J. (2015) ULI Netherlands: Greg Clark discusses technology, real estate and the innovation economy [2]. +Heilbron J. (ed.) and Cabral R. (2003) "Development, Science" in The Oxford Companion to The History of Modern Science Oxford University Press, New York, p 205 - 207. +National Research Council. (2009) Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [3]. +Morisson A. (August 2005) Economic zones in the ASEAN. Industrial Parks, Special Economic Zones, Eco-Industrial Parks, Innovation Districts as Strategies for Industrial Competitiveness [4], UNIDO Country Office in Vietnam. +University Economic Development Association. (2019) Higher Education Engagement in Economic Development: Foundations for Strategy and Practice [5] + +== External links == +Ankidyne Science Park +International Association of Science Parks +Association of University Research Parks +UK Science Park Association +Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74d068a20 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +title: "Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 1/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Serbica; Serbian: Српска академија наука и уметности, САНУ, romanized: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU) is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841 as Society of Serbian Letters (Serbian: Друштво србске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srbske slovesnosti, DSS). +The Academy's membership has included Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić, Leopold Ružička, Vladimir Prelog, Glenn T. Seaborg, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Peter Handke as well as, Josif Pančić, Jovan Cvijić, Branislav Petronijević, Vlaho Bukovac, Mihajlo Pupin, Nikola Tesla, Milutin Milanković, Mihailo Petrović-Alas, Mehmed Meša Selimović, Danilo Kiš, Paja Jovanović, Dmitri Mendeleev, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Jacob Grimm, Antonín Dvořák, Henry Moore and many other scientists, scholars and artists of Serbian and foreign origin. + +== History == + +=== Predecessors === + +The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences (Serbian: Српска краљевска академија, СКА, romanized: Srpska kraljevska akademija, SKA) was the successor to the Serbian Learned Society (Serbian: Српско учено друштво, СУД, romanized: Srpsko učeno društvo, SUD) with which it merged in 1892 and accepted its members as its own either regular or honorary members, its tasks and its place in scientific and cultural life. The same had occurred several decades earlier when the Serbian Learned Society on 29 July 1864 took over the place and functions of the Society of Serbian Scholarship (Serbian: Друштво српске словесности, ДСС, romanized: Društvo srpske slovesnosti, DSS), the first learned society in the Principality of Serbia, founded on 7 November 1841. The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences was led by members, such as Jovan Cvijić. +In 1864, the Society elected to its membership international revolutionary figures as Giuseppe Garibaldi, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and Alexander Herzen, and was immediately abolished for this action by the conservative government of Prince Mihailo Obrenović. + +=== Founding of Serbian Royal Academy === + +Since the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was founded by law (as the Serbian Royal Academy) of 1 November 1886, it has been the highest academic institution in Serbia. According to the Royal Academy Founding Act, King Milan was to appoint the first academic, who would then choose other members of the academy. The names of the first academics were announced by King Milan on 5 April 1887. At that time, there existed four sections in the academy, which were then called "specialised academies". Four academics were appointed to each section: +Academy of Natural Sciences + +Josif Pančić +Dimitrije Nešić +Jovan Žujović +Ljubomir Klerić +Academy of Philosophy + +Stojan Novaković +Milan Kujundžić Aberdar +Svetislav Vulović +Svetomir Nikolajević +Academy of Social Sciences + +Čedomilj Mijatović +Milan Đ. Milićević +Ljubomir Kovačević +Panta Srećković +Academy of Arts + +Ljubomir Nenadović +Matija Ban +Mihailo Valtrović +Davorin Jenko + +== Departments == +Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo Sciences +Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences +Department of Technical Sciences +Department of Medical Sciences +Department of Languages and Literature +Department of Social Sciences +Department of Historical Sciences +Department of Arts + +== Institutes == +Institute for Serb Studies +Institute for Byzantine Studies +Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić" +Ethnographical Institute +Institute for the Serbian Language +Institute of Technical Sciences +Mathematical Institute +Institute of Musicology + +== Building == + +From 1909 till 1952 Serbian Academy of Science and Arts Building was located at 15 Brankova Street. This building was demolished in 1963. After that the Academy was moved to 35 Knez Mihailova Street, in a magnificent building in the city centre, where it has remained up to now. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts (SASA), the highest scientific institution in Serbia, has been decorating Knez Mihailova Street for almost one century, bringing the spirit of French decorations and Art Nouveau in the architecture of Belgrade. +The sketches, proposals and designs for the construction of this magnificent building were created from the first day of its founding in 1886; however, the Academy did not move in the building until 1886. Right after the founding of the Academy, the erection of the building was considered at the representative location in Knez Мihailova Street, which Prince Mihailo Obrenović III donated for educational cause. +Considering the fact that apart from the plot Serbian Royal Academy (SRA) had no other financial resources, the erection of the temporary ground-floor building was considered until the conditions are fulfilled for the construction of the representative object in which two important national institutions were supposed to be located: The Serbian Country Museum and The National Library. In the following years SRA considered various ways of forming funds and acquiring financial resources for the construction of its building. The mutual fund of SRA, National Library and The Serbian Country Museum was formed in 1896 by the King's Decree, so that with the initial capital and its own plot, the Academy was able to begin solving the construction problem. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bd3cbd44 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 2/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900. It was the first project in a row which remained unrealized: starting from the plea to eminent architectures Аndra Stevanović, Nikola Nestorović, Milan Kapetanović and Dragutin Đorđević, to make the preliminary designs, through the unsuccessful announcement of the public competition, until the attempt to form the project resembling the building of Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts from Zagreb and new designs of an architect Konstantin Jovanović. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, the interest of the three institutions for the construction of the common building was not constant. Dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović endowment at 15 Brankova Street. After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović. The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics and the Ministers of Construction and Education. The construction works were assigned to the Matija Bleh's company, whereas the facade plastics and sculptural program were done by Jungmann and Sunko. However, the construction was interrupted by the beginning of the First World War. +The object was finished in 1924, but due to high construction expenses, SRA failed to move into its new building; instead of that, the entire object was rented. Believing that the design of the SRA building was supposed to transfer the advanced ideas, architects Stevanović and Đorđević created the design which did not rely on the previous designs in terms of its spatial and functional composition. Large sized building, which takes over the entire plot, was designed with the apartments and stores for rent and with richly оrnamented Art Nouveau decorated passages. In dealing with the facades, the authors did not completely abandoned the academic models of designing; they modernized one symmetrical, three-part division of facade canvas by introducing rounded corners, additionally emphasized with semi-circular bay windows. By introducing Art Nouveau elements in the form of three-part windows, of the аrabesque secondary plastic, modern designed details on the shop windows on the ground floor and the mezzanine, with the elements of French decorations, the authors achieved the luxurious facade program. The architectural plastic in the shape of floral arabesques, garlands and Art Nouveau masks, got a new dimension in the attic in the form of full sculpture of the symbolic meaning. The central motif of the main facade is the sculpture composition The Goddess Nika joining the trade and industry, whereas almost identical sculptural compositions The woman with the children were placed on the corners of the central protruding bay. One of those female sculptures is holding a torch in her hand, and the other one a pigeon. The identical compositions of children sculptures were placed in the attics above the corners of the building and along the side facades, creating one of the richest sculptural programs of Belgrade architecture before the First World War. SRA was in the rented building in Brankova Street when the Second World War ended. + +Right after the end of the Second World War, in 1947 The Law on Serbian Academy of Science brought certain changes in its structure, when instead of the expert academies, six departments were formed as well as the certain number of the institutes. With the enlarged spectre of activities, the need for the necessary spatial capacities increased significantly, so the primary goal was the conversion of the entire building in Knez Mihailova Street into the office space, which included an extensive adaptation. The design was assigned to an architect Grigorij Samojlov, who, along with an architect Đorđe Smiljanić completed the transformation of the inner part of the building, at the same time completing one of the most important interior designs. Samojlov showed extraordinary skill by reshaping the existing object into the almost compact academic combination with central atrium, he formed a two-tract office system, completely eliminated the passages, except for the central one, which was partially redesigned into the main entrance hall, whereas the ground floor kept its commercial character. The creation of the entrance from Knez Mihailova Street and designing of the access to the conference hall contributed to the realization of the representative space. According to the new concept, Samojlov designed the exterior in the modernized academic style with purified geometrized decorative repertoire. At the same time, the Congress hall was adapted, gaining the gallery and in the arched niches two paintings "The Science", painted by Petar Lubarda and "The Art", painted by Мilo Milunović. Along with the adaptation certain changes were made on the very facade: the glass marquise was removed from the mezzanine, the mezzanine windows were changed, as well as the shop windows on the ground floor, a decorative dome was reconstructed and a cornice and all decorative elements were removed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..788e92334 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +--- +title: "Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 3/3 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:51.531934+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova and Vuka Karadžića streets. Perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. The glass gaps of the final collimation line in the entrance hall were replaced by the stained glass done in 2000, after the drawings by Branko Miljuš, whereas the stained glass windows in the Congress Hall and in the foyer in front of the hall were made after the design of the academic Mladen Srbinović in 2005. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, as the most significant scientific institution in Serbia, gave the biggest contribution to the improvement of the scientific thought, gathering many prominent names of Serbian, Yugoslav and world science and artistic creation. Its building, built at one of the most representative locations of Belgrade urban space, with its architecture makes the inevitable part of the evaluation of, not only local, but also national construction heritage for almost one century. Taking into consideration the undeniable values and the importance, it was designated as a cultural monument in 1992. +A complete reconstruction of the exterior and interior was announced in 2020, with the goal being to complete the works in 2024 and make space for a new concert hall. + +== Electoral assemblies == +New members of the Academy are elected on the electoral assemblies, which have been held every third year since 1985. +In order to make room for academics from a wider field of arts, "Department of Fine Arts and Music" was renamed to "Department of Arts" in 2021, which was the first major organisational change in the Academy after a number of years. + +== List of presidents == + +== List of Nobel laureates == +There have been 20 members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts who were honoured with the Nobel Prize. + +=== Full members === + +=== Foreign members === + +== List of Pulitzer laureates == + +=== Full members === + +== See also == +List of SANU members +Vojvodina Academy of Sciences and Arts +Institute for Balkan Studies +Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts +Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska +Archives of Sremski Karlovci + +== References == + +=== Sources === + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da9bf7b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: "Shahmardan Yesenov" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahmardan_Yesenov" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:52.830706+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Shakhmardan Yessenov (August 5, 1927, Bala-Bi village, Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region – August 24, 1994, Almaty) was a Kazakhstani scientist and statesman, Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR (1961–1967, 1974–1978), Academician of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967), President of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967–1974), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy (1970). + + +== Biography == +Shakhmardan Yessenov was born in the village of Bala Bi (Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region) on August 5, 1927. He graduated from Qyzylorda Teacher Training College in 1944. In 1949 completed his training as a mining geological engineer at the Kazakh Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (now Satbayev National Technical University). During his 11 years of work in Jezkazgan, rose from a regular geologist to the Chief Geologist and Chief Engineer of Jezkazgan Comprehensive Geological Survey Expedition. +Yessenov's talents propelled his career and in 1960 he became Deputy Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR, and Minister the next year at the age of 33, thus becoming the youngest ever Minister in the USSR. +When large deposits of oil and gas were discovered in the Mangyshlak Peninsula in 1962, Khrushchev had the idea of handing the region over to Azerbaijan or Turkmenistan, citing republics substantial experience in oilfield development. Dinmukhamed Kunaev tasked Yessenov with ensuring Mangyshlak would remain a part of Kazakhstan. The issue was discussed at the joint session of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the USSR Council of Ministers behind closed doors. Shakhmardan Yessenov, as the Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR, took the floor after Khrushchev's introductory speech and made a compelling case for the need to keep Mangyshlak Region within KazSSR, arguing that the republic had sufficient scientific and manufacturing capabilities to develop it. Kosygin, First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, together with the majority of attendees supported Yessenov and voted in favor of preserving the status quo of Mangyshlak. This historic decision secured a very important part of Kazakhstan. +In 1965 Yessenov was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Kazakh SSR Council of Ministers to oversee heavy industries and development of resources portfolio for the key sectors of the USSR. In 1967, 39-year old Yessenov was elected an Academician and president of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, and was also appointed Director of the Institute of Geological Sciences named after Satbayev. +He defended his thesis in Moscow in 1970 and became a Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy and received his professorship the same year. +In 1972-1974 Shakhmardan Yessenov served as the Chair of KazSSR Committee on State Awards for Science and Technology and a Fellow of USSR Geographic Society. +In early 1974 Yessenov was again appointed the Minister of Geology of Kazakhstan until 1978 when he joined Kazakh Polytechnic Institute (now National Technical University) where he led the Dept. of Mineral Exploration Methods until his death. +Shakhmardan Yessenov died in August 1994, aged 67, after a protracted illness. + + +== Family == +Spouse — Kamila Karabalaeva. +Children: 3 sons and a daughter. Shakhmardan's grandson is Galimzhan Yessenov, a Kazakhstani businessman. + + +== Key publications == +Geologiya, metodika poiskov i razvedki mestorozhdenij rodusit-asbesta; (Geology and Methods of Rhodusite Asbestos Deposit Exploration). Alma-Ata, 1965 (co-author); +Geologicheskaya karta KazSSR (Geological Map of the Kazakh SSR). Leningrad, 1965; +Geologostrukturnie osobennosti i metodika razvedki Jezkazganskogo rudnogo polya (Geological and Structural Features and Exploration Methods of the Jezkazgan Ore Field). Alma-Ata, 1968; +Nedra Kazakhstana (Subsoil Resources of Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata, 1968, (co-author); +Problemy geologii Kazakhstana (Problems of Geology of Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata, 1968; +Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy progress v narodnom khozyaystve Kazakhskoy SSR (Scientific and Technological Progress in the Economy of the Kazakh SSR). Alma-Ata, 1972; +Nauka i prirodnye resursy Kazakhstana (Science and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan). Alma-Ata, 1972; +Neftyanie nauki (Petroleum science). Guriev, 1989. + + +== Awards == +2 Orders of Lenin; +Lenin Prize (1966) for the discovery of oil deposits in Mangyshlak; +Shoqan Walikhanov Award of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1971); +KazSSR State Award (1972); +Triple Hero of Socialist Labour. + + +== Legacy == +Alma-Atinskaya Street in Thumbnail for Jezkazgan Region was renamed Shakhmardan Yessenov Street in February 1995. +Aktau Polytechnic Institute was granted the name of Shakhmardan Yessenov in 1995. +Shakhmardan Yessenov Foundation was established in 2013. +A bust commemorating Shakhmardan Yessenov was unveiled in the Tartogay settlement (Qyzylorda Region) on August 5, 2017. +The foundation stone for a monument to Shakhmardan Yessenov was laid in Aktau in front of the main building of Yessenov University on October 20, 2022. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +B.G.Ayagan, Kazakhstan National encyclopedia (ru), ed. (2005). Есенов Шахмардан (in Russian). Vol. 2. Главная редакция "Қазақ енциклопедиясы". ISBN 9965-9746-3-2. +Исторические личности (in Russian). Алматыкітап. 2007. ISBN 978-9965-24-808-5. +Национальная академия наук Республики Казахстан: энциклопедический справочник (in Russian). NAN RK. 2006. ISBN 978-5-628-01846-0.* Национальная академия наук Республики Казахстан: энциклопедический справочник (in Russian). NAN RK. 2006. ISBN 978-5-628-01846-0. +"Shakhmardan Yessenov Foundation". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2aa9e1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +--- +title: "Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:28:54.114627+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovene: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (SAZU)) is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy. + + +== Cultural significance == +Established in 1938, the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) is the supreme national institution for science and the arts. It associates scientists and artists who have been elected as its members for their outstanding achievements in the field of sciences and arts. It cultivates, encourages and promotes sciences and arts and, through its activities, contributes to the development of scientific thought and creativity in the arts, particularly by: addressing basic issues of sciences and arts; participating in establishing the policies of research activities and creativity in arts; giving appraisals, proposals and opinions on the position, development and promotion of sciences and arts and on the organisation of research activities and creativity in the arts; organising research work, also in co-operation with universities and other research institutions, particularly in the fields which are important for the awareness of and gaining insight into the natural and cultural heritage of the Slovene nation and for the development of its language and culture; and developing international co-operation in the field of sciences and arts. + + +== Leadership == +The president (currently Peter Štih), the two vice-presidents, the secretary general and the secretaries of its various sections are elected for a period of three years with the possibility of one further re-election. SAZU can have a maximum of 60 full and 30 associate members; at present it has 84 full and 10 associate members. It can also have a maximum of 90 corresponding members from scientific institutions abroad; at present it has 85 such members. +SAZU is active in different fields of research, as reflected in the corresponding six sections of the Academy: The Section of Historical and Social Sciences has 11 full members, three associate members and 19 corresponding members, and comprises two subsections, Historical Sciences and Social Sciences. The Section of Philological and Literary Sciences has 15 full members, two associate members and 16 corresponding members. The Section of Mathematical, Physical, Chemical and Technical Sciences has 15 full members, four associate members and 17 corresponding members and comprises two subsections, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences and Technical Sciences. The Section of Natural Sciences has 12 full members, two associate members and eight corresponding members. The Section of Medical Sciences has nine full members, two associate members and 11 corresponding members. And the Section of Arts has 12 full members, six associate members and 14 corresponding members. +SAZU has founded 17 important research institutes from the fields of the humanities and natural sciences, each of which functions an autonomous research organisation, yet falls under the overall management of the Academy's Research Centre (ZRC SAZU). +SAZU also has several special units, including the Department for International Relations and Scientific Co-ordination is headed by a full member of SAZU and the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU) Library, the third largest library in Slovenia, which regularly exchanges publications with scientific institutions all over the world. + + +== History == +Slovenian scientists entertained the idea of an Academy since the establishment of the University of Ljubljana in 1919. The Scientific Society for Humanistic Sciences was established in 1921. In 1925 the Slovene Society, the National Gallery of Slovenia and Pravnik association drafted the first proposal for the law which would establish the academy. The second draft was completed in 1929 yet the Academy was not established until 11 August 1938. +SAZU was established in 1938 and was initially named Academy of Sciences and Arts (AZU). On 23 January 1943, AZU breached the cultural silence. Due to the efforts of Milan Vidmar, the epithet Slovenian was added to its name in 1943 with a decree by Leon Rupnik, the mayor of Ljubljana under the Italian annexation. The renaming was disregarded after the war. +In autumn 1945, the National Government of Slovenia led by Boris Kidrič took autonomy from the Academy and again named it Academy of Sciences and Arts. His father, the literary historian France Kidrič was elected its president, and confirmed for the second term in 1948. In 1948, it lost even more autonomy and was renamed to the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts again. The academy lost its members with the new act and 30 days later ceased to exist. In 1949, an amendment to the act was passed that allowed for membership not only of scientists and artists, but also of those the deeds of which had a "special significance". In this manner, Josip Broz - Tito and Edvard Kardelj became its honorary members. Boris Kidrič, Josip Vidmar and Boris Ziherl were elected members, which significantly influenced the development of the Academy. +According to the Soviet scheme of development, the Institute of Physics and the Institute of Chemistry were established in 1946, followed by the Institute of Electrical Economics four years later. Despite this, humanistics, social sciences and classical natural history remained the dominating fields. In 1950, there were ten institutes, one board and one committee, among them the Institute of the Slovene language and the Institute of Literatures. In this time, the Academy divided into five classes: a class for historical and social sciences, a class for philological and literary sciences, a class for mathematical-physical and technical sciences, a class for natural history and medicine, and a class for arts. This make its composition similar to the current one. +SAZU joined the European Scientific Foundation in 1995. + + +== See also == +List of members of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts +Anton Melik Geographical Institute +Jožef Stefan Institute +ARNES +University of Ljubljana + + +== Notes == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website + Media related to Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts at Wikimedia Commons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc1579397 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:01.789873+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is a Swiss organization that supports and networks the sciences at a regional, national and international level. They are designated by the Federal Act to Promote Research and Innovation to promote research together with the Swiss National Science Foundation. Its current president is Yves Flückiger. +The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences is an association of four distinct Swiss academies of different kinds: + +Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT); +Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMW); +Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW); +Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW). + + +== Overview == +The two Centres for Excellence TA-SWISS and Fondation Science et Cité are also member of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. +Forums and platforms allow the academy to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to various topics, and to strengthen the disciplinary national and international network. The academy also coordinates the sciences among the universities in Switzerland, while cooperating with institutions for the promotion of research, such as the Swiss National Science Foundation. At a regional level, too, scientific topics are brought to the attention of a large public. This task has been assumed by the cantonal and regional associations, which organise lecture series supported by the academy and produce publications. + + +== Main activities == +Foresight of socially relevant topics +Raising awareness of the ethical responsibility of the sciences +Promoting a balanced dialogue between science and society. + + +== Foresight == +The earlier, the better. This especially applies if topics are to be identified that are of major significance for the future of society and the environment. The academy's activities in this respect include operating scientific monitoring systems (glaciers, Permos, etc.) and providing platforms for socially relevant topics (forums). But also new technologies that are being developed, such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, synthetic biology, etc., represent challenges for the sciences. Here, it is crucial to scientifically determine the consequences so as to be able to take advantage of the opportunities and minimise the risks. Promoted by the academy, exchange within and among the sciences ensures a broad basis for the early detection of socially relevant problems. + + +== Ethical responsibility == +Knowing that representatives of science adhere to ethical rules bolsters society's trust in science. And this is what makes future-oriented research possible in the first place. Therefore, it is important that scientists take ethical matters of concern seriously, because research always has an ethical dimension as well. Awareness of this can be raised among both researchers and society by providing ethical guidelines to be applied in research work. Such guidelines are drawn up by the academy, in conjunction with researchers. +The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences produced brochures of guidelines and recommendations such as "Ethical principles and guidelines on animal testing", "Authorship in scientific publications – analysis and recommendations", "Scientific policy advice – recommendations" and "Scientific integrity - principles and procedural rules". + + +== Dialogue between sciences and society == +We encounter a great many applications of sciences in everyday life. We may want to know more about them but technical terminology often prevents a true dialogue. Therefore, it is important that scientific topics are carried into society and communicated in easy-to-understand language. It is equally important, however, for science to inquire about the needs of society and to take them up, either by responding to questions and concerns raised by politics or by providing the media with information. The dialogue between science and society is to allow for open, critical communication from both sides. Among other things, the academy encourages this dialogue by means of information and events highlighting new fields of research, by supporting regional projects and by awarding prizes for outstanding scientific communication or for exhibitions on nature and the sciences. + + +== See also == +Research magazine Horizons +Science and technology in Switzerland +Swiss National Science Foundation +Swiss Meteorological Society +Life Sciences Switzerland + + +== Notes and references == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8095e4bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Swiss Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:02.977106+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT) is a Swiss national association founded in 1815. In German, French and Italian (the official languages of Switzerland) the name is Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz, Académie suisse des sciences naturelles, and Accademia svizzera di scienze naturali respectively. +The Swiss Academy of Sciences is part of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, and awards the annual Prix Schläfli. In 2015 the SCNAT network included over 35,000 experts in over 130 societies in all cantons. +The 2021 president is Philipp Moreillon. + + +== See also == +Academy of sciences +Life Sciences Switzerland +Science and technology in Switzerland + + +== Notes and references == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9c305cd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Tajik Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:05.442630+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings: the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country (with 2 institutes), the Khujand Scientific Center in the north, and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west. The Academy is organized in three thematic divisions: physico-mathematical, chemical, and geological sciences; biological and medical sciences; humanities and social sciences. The incumbent president is Academician M.I. Ilolov, elected in 2005. +Originally a part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the Tajik Academy of Sciences was established in 1951 as the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, designated the highest scientific body in Tajik SSR and since 1991 in the Republic of Tajikistan. + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == + +Official website (in English, Russian, and Tajik) +Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR in Big Soviet Encyclopedia, online edition (in Russian) +H. Borjian, Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..091e261d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "Technical Sciences Academy of Romania" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_Sciences_Academy_of_Romania" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:06.646430+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Technical Sciences Academy of Romania was created on 17 October 1997, when its 27 founding members decided to revive the former Romanian Academy of Sciences, which had been disestablished in 1948, being merged into the Academy of the Romanian Popular Republic. + + +== Short history == +On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. +On 11 December 1997, by its court decision Nr. 1218 the Bucharest Tribunal registered the creation of the Academy and its bylaws. The first bylaws of the Academy were drafted by Radu Voinea, Florin Teodor Tănăsescu, Mihai Mihăiță and Mircea Stelin Petrescu, +The Decision of the Romanian Government No. 807/21.06.2006, recognized ASTR as an organization of public utility. +In 2008, the Romanian Parliament discussed the functions of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, elevating it to national forum of scientific consecration of personalities in the field of engineering, of debates and initiatives for the promotion and development of research, technical creation and engineering education, by an appropriate change in the academy's purpose. The law was discussed and approved by the Chamber of Deputies of the Romanian Parliament on 8 October 2008, and was promulgated by the President of Romania on 30 October 2008. +Based on Law No. 230/2008, as well as on its previous bylaws and on the experience gained during 12 years of activity, new bylaws of the academy were drafted. The new bylaws were approved by the General Assembly of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania on 23 June 2009. At the same time the new leadership of the academy was elected and the creation of the academy's branches and sections was approved. +In October 2006, ASTR became member of EURO – CASE European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering. + + +== Founding members == +The following scientists were the founding members of the Academy: + +Radu Voinea +Aurelian Stan +Marius Sabin Peculea +Mihai Gafițanu +Gheorghe Buzdugan +Virgiliu Nicolae Constantinescu +Panaite Mazilu +Alexandru Balaban +Horia Colan +Aureliu Leca +Mircea Stelin Petrescu +Mircea Ivănescu +Dan Ghiocel +Toma Dordea +Vasile Cătuneanu +Gheorghe Silas +Adelaida Mateescu +Ioan Toma Alexandru Stănculescu +Șerban Gheorghe Raicu +Mihai Mihăiță +Florin Teodor Tănăsescu +Mircea Marinescu +Tiberiu Dimitrie Babeu +Dorel Zugrăvescu +Oliviu Rusu +Other members include Nicolae Pandrea (ehgiheer), Nicolae Vasile and Michael Ghil. + + +== Sections == +The activity of the academy takes places within the following section: + +Technical Mechanics +Engineering Mechanics +Electrotechnic and Energetic Engineering +Electronics and Automatics +Information and Communication Technology, Computers and Telecommunications +Constructions and Urbanism +Transportation Technology +Chemical Engineering +Materials Science and Engineering +Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Geonomy + + +== References == + +"Technical Sciences Academy of Romania Full-Bio". Winter Supplement. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2021. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..153ae9a5c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: "Turkish Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:07.877791+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Turkish Academy of Sciences (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi – TÜBA) is an autonomous scholarly association aimed at promoting scientific activities in Turkey. Although it is attached to the office of the Presidency and is largely funded by the government, it maintains financial and administrative autonomy. The academy is headquartered in Ankara. +In addition to conferring awards and fellowships to distinguished scientists, the academy is also responsible with determining scientific priority areas and proposing policies and needed changes in legislation to the government. The implementation and management of actual research programmes is carried out by TÜBİTAK. +Traditionally, the academy elected its own members, but beginning in November 2011 one third of the members are assigned by the Council of Ministers and one third are assigned by TÜBİTAK. Rest of the members are elected by the owners of the academy. As a response, 70 of the existing members of the academy resigned and founded another association, the Science Academy Society of Turkey. TÜBA is a member of the International Council for Science. + + +== History == +The Turkish Academy of Sciences, was officially established in 1993 as an independent national academy encompassing all fields of science. This culmination was the result of a long-standing tradition of academic institutions in Turkey, dating back to the late Ottoman period. Early examples of scientific academic institutions include the Sahn-ı Seman Medrese during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II and the Encümen-i Daniş, which was established in 1851 as the first Turkish Science Academy in the modern sense. Encümen-i Daniş, modeled after the French Academy of Sciences, was a pioneering committee tasked with preparing textbooks for the Darülfünûn, a university planned to be founded in the following years. Another significant institution was the Cemiyet-i İlmiye-i Osmaniye, founded in 1861 during the Tanzimat, which published the first scientific journal, Mecmua-i Fünûn, but was closed in 1866. +This tradition of educational reform dates back to January 10, 1845, when Sultan Abdülmecid issued a decree leading to the establishment of the Temporary Education Council (Turkish: Meclis-i Maarif-i Muvakkat) on April 11, 1845. The council was responsible for devising the necessary educational reforms and in July 1846, reported their findings to the Meclis-i Vâlâ, which was tasked with preparing the legislative texts. Among the council's decisions was the proposal to establish Darülfünun in Istanbul and the formation of the Encümen-i Daniş to prepare the university's curriculum. This committee, which included notable members such as Austrian orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, English lexicographer James Redhouse, and French orientalist Thomas Bianchi, was inaugurated on July 18, 1851, with a ceremony attended by Sultan Abdülmecid and Grand Vizier Mustafa Reşit Paşa. The ceremony also marked the presentation of the committee's first work, the Kavaid-i Osmaniyye, an Ottoman Turkish grammar book. +The foundation of the Tarih-i Osmanî Encümeni in 1909 and the establishment of the Turkish Language Association and the Turkish Historical Society in 1932 further exemplified the evolution of academy-like organizations in Turkey through the Ottoman and Republican periods. TÜBA itself was formalized under Statutory Decree No. 497, coming into effect on September 2, 1993. After the appointment of its founding members by the Prime Minister, the academy's initial general assembly was convened, the chairman and academy council members were elected, and operations officially began on January 7, 1994. + + +== Mission == +The Turkish Academy of Sciences is responsible for conducting research and providing consultations on scientific topics and priorities. It aims to promote scientific approaches and thinking within society and proposes legislative changes to enhance the social status, living standards, incomes, and special privileges of Turkish scientists and researchers. Additionally, TÜBA works to increase public appreciation of science and encourages the scientific community through awards. +TÜBA's initiatives and projects encompass a wide range of areas including Science Education, the Outstanding Young Scientists Award Program (GEBİP), Scientific Monograph Awards (TESEP), TÜBA International Academy Awards, and Turkish-Islamic Scientific Cultural Heritage. The academy also focuses on compiling Turkish Scientific Terminology Dictionaries, developing Open Course Materials, and conducting Cultural Inventory studies. Through its academy and University Conferences, TÜBA facilitates discussions and research on various topics like Science and Education Policies, Cancer, Stem Cells, Food and Nutrition, and Energy. It regularly produces both periodic and non-periodic publications. +In terms of international relations and science diplomacy, TÜBA maintains bilateral cooperation agreements with over 30 national academies and holds memberships in more than ten global, continental, and regional umbrella organizations such as IAP, ISC, S-20, ALLEA, AASSA, and the Union of Academies of the Turkic World. These partnerships frame TÜBA's activities in international relations and science diplomacy. + + +== Membership == +The academy features three types of membership: full members, associate members, and honorary members. The number of full members, who are professors actively working in Turkey, cannot exceed two percent of the total number of qualified professionals in the country. The number of associate members is capped at half the upper limit set for full members. Members are selected by the General Assembly of the academy. There is no limit on the number of honorary memberships. +Both full and associate members are required to submit annual reports to the Academy Council at the end of each year. These reports detail their research activities conducted during the year and outline their planned research for the following year. + + +== Membership selection == +The criteria for membership selection in the academy are as follows: + +Full Members are selected from among distinguished scientists with Turkish citizenship who meet the following conditions: +Have received awards or medals from nationally or internationally respected organizations. +Are credited with discoveries, inventions, theories, or models named after them and/or are mentioned in classic books or review articles. +Have received a high number of citations in international scientific citation indexes, recognized globally. +Associate Members are selected from among talented young scientists with Turkish citizenship who are candidates for full membership. +Honorary Members are chosen from Turkish scientists who meet the criteria for full membership but are ineligible due to age limits, as well as foreign scientists who meet the criteria required of full members. + + +== Presidents == +1996-2000 Ayhan O. Çavdar +2000-2008 Engin Bermek +2008-2012 Yücel Kanpolat +2012-2019 Ahmet Cevat Acar +2019- Muzaffer Şeker + + +== See also == +Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) +The Science Academy Society of Turkey + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Turkish Academy of Sciences (Official Website) (Turkish and English) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c583bb861 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: "UK Young Academy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Young_Academy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:10.403914+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The UK Young Academy (UKYA) is a national interdisciplinary membership organisation that brings together UK-based early career researchers, professionals and innovators from a wide range of sectors, enabling them to collaborate to make a positive difference in the UK and globally. Its work programmes include member-led activities and initiatives that work to address the challenges the world is facing at a national and international level. + + +== Launch == +The Royal Society launched the academy in June 2022, in collaboration with six other academies across the UK and Ireland: + +British Academy +Academy of Medical Sciences +Learned Society of Wales +Royal Academy of Engineering +Royal Irish Academy +Royal Society of Edinburgh +The Royal Society solicited applications for membership. + + +== Operation == +The UK Young Academy is initially operating under the auspices of the Royal Society, and it became the 50th organisation to join the global initiative of Young Academies. Its founding cohort of 67 members started in January 2023. The second cohort of 32 were announced in March 2024. Membership is free, through a competitive selection process, and lasts for five-year terms. +An Executive Group, comprising elected representatives of the membership, forms the leadership team and works with members to implement the Young Academy’s strategy and work programmes. Its seven members, announced in 2023, are: + +Jahangir Alom, Barts Health NHS Trust +Sandeep Sandhu, Innovate UK Business Connect +Denis Newman-Griffis, University of Sheffield +Linda Oyama, Queen's University Belfast +Edward Pyzer-Knapp, IBM +Sophoe Meekings, University of York +Amy Vincent, Newcastle University + + +== See also == +Global Young Academy +World Association of Young Scientists +Young Academy of Europe +Young Academy of Scotland + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad48af181 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "USSR Academy of Medical Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:19.828394+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Russian: Акаде́мия медици́нских нау́к СССР) was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944. Its successor is the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences founded in 1992, and is a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013. + + +== Presidents of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences == +from 1944 to 1946 – Nikolay Burdenko +from 1946 to 1953 – Nikolay Anichkov +from 1953 to 1960 – Aleksandr Bakulev +from 1960 to 1968 and from 1977 to 1987 – Nikolay Blokhin +from 1968 to 1977 – Vladimir Timakov +from 1987 to 2006 – Valentin Pokrovsky +from 2006 to 2011 – Mikhail Davydov +from 2011 to 2013 – ru:Дедов, Иван Иванович + + +== Past and current members == +Alexander Gavrilenko (2004) +Anatoly Pokrovsky +Galina Savelyeva +Andrei Snezhnevsky +Mikhail Chumakov + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68c6f32c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "Uganda National Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_National_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:09.173223+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Uganda National Academy of Sciences is a nonprofit, scientific organization in Uganda, that brings together scientists from the behavioral, biological, physical and social sciences. These scientists work together to promote excellence in sciences by "offering independent, evidence-based advice for the prosperity of Uganda", according to the academy's brochure. + + +== Location == +The headquarters of Uganda National Academy of Science are at A4 Lincoln House, Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The coordinates of the academy headquarters are 0°19'56.0"N, 32°34'11.5"E (Latitude:0.332222; Longitude:32.569861). + + +== Overview == +The Uganda National Academy of Science is an autonomous organization of diverse leaders in various fields of science, who aspire to use merit-based science to inform Uganda's development. + + +== History == +The academy was founded on 20 October 2000. As of 2018, the organisation had over 120 registered members, of whom 65 were Fellows of the academy. + + +== Fellows == +The following are some of the Fellows of the Uganda National Academy of Science: + +James Ntambi: professor of biochemistry and of nutritional sciences, at the University of Wisconsin, Madison +Harriet Mayanja-Kizza: professor of medicine and dean of Makerere University School of Medicine. +Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile: professor of economics, Makerere University. Chancellor of the International University of East Africa. Governor of the Bank of Uganda. +Christine Dranzoa: professor of zoology and vice chancellor of Muni University. +David Serwadda: professor of medicine and public health, at Makerere University College of Health Sciences. Former dean of the School of Public Health at Makerere University. +Noble Ephraim Banadda: professor and chair of the Department of Agricultural and BioSystems Engineering at Makerere University. Youngest person to achieve rank of full professor in the history of the university, at age of 37 years. +Peter Ndimbirwe Mugyenyi: professor and chancellor of Mbarara University of Science and Technology. Executive Director of the Joint Clinical Research Centre. +Zerubabel Nyiira: entomologist and bio-ecologist. Former State Minister of Agriculture of Uganda. Also Former State Minister of Fisheries of Uganda. Member of Parliament for Buruuli County, Masindi District. +Jack Pen-Mogi Nyeko: professor of veterinary medicine and immediate past vice chancellor of Gulu University. +Maud Kamatenesi Mugisha: professor and vice chancellor of Bishop Stuart University. +Nelson Sewankambo: professor of medicine and immediate past Principal of Makerere University College of Health Sciences. President of the Uganda National Academy of Sciences. +Mary Okwakol: professor of zoology and vice chancellor of Busitema University. +John Ssebuwufu: professor of chemistry and chancellor, University of Kisubi. +Gilbert Bukenya: professor of public health and former vice president of the Republic of Uganda. +Apollo Nsibambi: professor of economics and social science at Makerere University. Former prime minister of Uganda. +Lillian Tibatemwa-Ekirikubinza: justice of the Supreme Court of Uganda. Former professor of Law and former deputy vice-chancellor responsible for academic affairs at Makerere University. +Paul Waako: physician, clinical pharmacologist, academic and academic administrator. Vice chancellor of Busitema University, since 1 May 2019. +Joshua Sikhu Okonya: Agricultural Technology and Innovation Officer at the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa. +Grace Ndeezi: pediatrician and a professor of Pediatrics and Child Health at Makerere University; UNAS treasurer and UNAS Council 2022-2025. + + +== Other considerations == +The Uganda National Academy of Science has collaborations with the Network of African Science Academies, Network of Science Academies in Islamic Countries, the US National Academies, InterAcademy Partnership, and The World Academy of Sciences. + + +== See also == +National Academy of Sciences + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Website of Uganda National Academy of Sciences \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cff1faab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Academy_of_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:29:21.041590+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences (ZAS) is a national academy of sciences in Zimbabwe, formed in 2004 by the Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ). It addresses subjects such as tropical resources, ecology, and environmental and climate studies. The academy is affiliated with the InterAcademy Partnership and the Network of African Science Academies. + + +== History == +ZAS was established in October 2004 after the RCZ conducted a study of global science academies. The RCZ held discussions with existing professional bodies to discuss the need for a national science academy in Zimbabwe. The formation of ZAS was supported by policymakers consulted by the foundation committee. +By 2005, ZAS had 10 fellows and 25 members, making a total of 35 scientists. The academy was seeking funding from various sources, including the government, the private sector, and international donors. + + +== Objectives == +ZAS's objectives include promoting scientific research in Zimbabwe and the region, providing advice on science-related issues, fostering cooperation among scientists and scientific institutions, recognising contributions to science and society, and disseminating scientific knowledge. + + +== Activities == +ZAS conducts activities to achieve its objectives, such as organising scientific events, publishing scientific literature, participating in scientific networks, providing scientific advice, recognising scientists and researchers with awards, and promoting science education and outreach programs. + + +== Publications == +ZAS publishes the Zimbabwe Journal of Science and Technology, a peer-reviewed journal that covers science and technology, including natural, applied, and social sciences, as well as engineering and mathematics. ZAS also produces the Zimbabwe Science News, a quarterly newsletter that includes news, events, and activities of ZAS and its members, and articles on current scientific issues. + + +== Membership == +Current members of the ZAS include Christopher Magadza, David Simbi, Christopher Chetsanga, Francisca Mutapi, Paramu Mafongoya, and Idah Sithole-Niang. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file