diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 5eeccb1bd..bc1baf088 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_2021_Stratospheric_Balloon-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_2021_Stratospheric_Balloon-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dad09299 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_2021_Stratospheric_Balloon-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Malta 2021 Stratospheric Balloon" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_2021_Stratospheric_Balloon" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:19.506767+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Malta 2021 Stratospheric Balloon was a stratospheric upper-atmosphere weather balloon launched on 13 August 2021 from the Esplora Complex in the small, island-nation of Malta. A false-advertising campaign before the launch stated that the balloon would be a "space balloon" despite the fact the stratospheric balloon only climbed to 37 kilometres (23 mi), 63 kilometres (39 mi) short of the Kármán line. The launch succeeded an earlier, failed launch in which the balloon detached from its sensory payload due to an imbalance of forces acting on the balloon. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-pulling-down-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-pulling-down-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ecc2f320 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-pulling-down-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Micro-pulling-down" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-pulling-down" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:20.674976+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method is a crystal growth technique based on continuous transport of the melted substance through micro-channel(s) made in a crucible bottom. Continuous solidification of the melt is progressed on a liquid/solid interface positioned under the crucible. In a steady state, both the melt and the crystal are pulled-down with a constant (but generally different) velocity. +Many different types of crystal are grown by this technique, including Y3Al5O12, Si, Si-Ge, LiNbO3, +α-Al2O3, Y2O3, Sc2O3, +LiF, CaF2, BaF2, etc. + + +== Crystal growth routine == +Standard routine procedure used in the growth of most of μ-PD crystals is well developed. The general stages of the growths include: + +Charging of the crucible with starting materials (mixture of powders) +Heating of the crucible until starting materials in the crucible are completely melted +Upward displacement of the seed until its contact with the meniscus or crucible +Formation of the meniscus and partial melting of the seed top +Correction of the shape of the meniscus through appropriate adjustment of crucible temperature and position of the seed crystal +Crystal growth through pulling of the seed in downward direction +Separation of the as grown crystal from the meniscus +Cooling of the system (including the crystal and the crucible) to room temperature + + +== See also == +Crystal growth +Czochralski process +Float-zone silicon +Flux method +Laser-heated pedestal growth +Shaping processes in crystal growth +Verneuil process +Lithium niobate +Sapphire +Scandium(III) oxide +Yttrium aluminium garnet + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbalance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbalance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6b5ac4c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbalance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Microbalance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbalance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:21.930978+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A microbalance is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of weight of objects of relatively small mass: of the order of a million parts of a gram. In comparison, a standard analytical balance is 100 times less sensitive; i.e. it is limited in precision to 0.1 milligrams. Microbalances are generally used in a laboratory as standalone instruments but are also incorporated into other instruments, such as thermogravimetry, sorption/desorption systems, and surface property instruments. It is the precision of the microbalance that distinguishes it from other weighing devices. + + +== Types == +A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a very sensitive mass deposition sensor based on the piezoelectric properties of the quartz crystal. This technique uses the changes in resonance frequency of the crystal to measure the mass on the surface because the resonance frequency is highly dependent on any changes of the crystal mass. +A quartz crystal microbalance is capable of measuring mass deposition down to 0.1 nanograms. The sensitivity of the microbalance is lessened the closer the fulcrum is to the middle. +A tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) is an instrument used for real-time detection of aerosol particles by measuring their mass concentration. It makes use of a small vibrating glass tube whose oscillation frequency changes when aerosol particles are deposited on it. TEOM-based devices have been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for environmental air quality monitoring, and by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration for monitoring coal dust exposure for miners to prevent several respiratory diseases. +Alternative types of torsional balances include: + +Quartz fibre torsion ultramicrobalance +Torsion ultramicrobalance +Torsion nanobalance +Ultramicrobalance +Nanobalance + + +== See also == +List of measuring devices + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle_performance_rating-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle_performance_rating-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5fe2d5f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle_performance_rating-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Microparticle performance rating" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microparticle_performance_rating" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:23.129411+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Microparticle Performance Rating (MPR) is an air filter rating system created by the company 3M. It rates the ability of an air filter to filter out micro particles. +Because MPR was created by 3M, it only applies to filters produced by the 3M brand. +The higher the MPR, the better the filter's ability to capture particles from the air as it passes through the filter. +MPR is different from MERV, the Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value. The MERV system measures a filter's ability to capture large particles. The MPR only takes into account the microscopic particles between 0.3 and 1 μm. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +MPR vs. MERV, a piece of 3M promotional material giving some minimum capture rates for rating levels. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphotography_(literature)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphotography_(literature)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d975486c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphotography_(literature)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Microphotography (literature)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphotography_(literature)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:24.272815+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Microphotography is a writing style that emerged in the early 1990s in science journalism. The style is named after micrographs and is distinctive for its highly detailed, worm's eye or microscopic view of the macroscopic world. +One of the flagship works in this style was David Bodanis's commercially prominent The Secret House: 24 hours in the strange & wonderful world in which we spend our nights and days. This book followed daily life in a typical enclosed human habitat in minute detail, featuring detailed physical and biological explanations. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-classification_ripple-down_rules-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-classification_ripple-down_rules-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..babe27472 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-classification_ripple-down_rules-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Multiple-classification ripple-down rules" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-classification_ripple-down_rules" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:25.482401+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Multiple-classification ripple-down rules (MCRDR) is an incremental knowledge acquisition technique which preserves the benefits and essential strategy of ripple-down rules (RDR) in handling the multiple classifications. MCRDR, the extension of RDR, is based on the assumption that the knowledge an expert provides is essentially a justification for a conclusion in a particular context. + + +== Implementations == +Below is a list of implementations of MCRDR + +The alpha version of RDR(MCRDR) Framework was developed by UNSW and UTAS Research Team and funded by ARC (System available at BESTRDR) +RDR(MCRDR) document classifier was developed by Dr.Yang Sok Kim and AProf.Byeong Ho Kang (System available at BESTRDR) +RDR(MCRDR) smart expert system was developed by UTAS Research Team and funded by Hyundai Steel. +Pacific Knowledge Systems (PKS) uses a commercial product called RippleDown Expert that is based on Multiple Classification Ripple Down Rules +Medscope Medication Review Mentor uses Multiple Classification Ripple Down Rules to identify adverse drug interactions with a patient's medicines regimen + + +== BEST RDR Warehouse == +BEST-RDR (Best Expert System Technique – Ripple Down Rule) website is freely accessible RDR publication and system warehouse that helps you to find programs and publications about RDR. A great amount of publications and programs based on RDR (MCRDR) are available to public. +What functions are available in the BEST RDR? + +BEST-RDR website provides detailed explanation of what the RDR and MCRDR are +BEST-RDR provides every RDR(MCRDR) publication details from 1987 to 2013. +BEST-RDR provides sources of various RDR(MCRDR) based system for download + + +== See also == +Ripple-down rules +Case-based reasoning +Decision trees + + +== References == + +"BEST RDR (Best Expert System Technique Ripple Down Rules)". RDR systems and publications available. Retrieved February 15, 2013. +B.Kang, P. Compton and P.Preston (1995). "Multiple classification ripple down rules: evaluation and possibilities". In The 9th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems Workshop. +H.Yoon, SC.Han, BH.Kang and SB.Park (2012). "V&V to Use Agile Approach in ES Development: Why RDR Works for Expert System Developments!. Computer Applications for Software Engineering". Disaster Recovery, and Business Continuity.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistability-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistability-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724162ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistability-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Multistability" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistability" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:26.577003+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In a dynamical system, multistability is the property of having multiple stable equilibrium points in the vector space spanned by the states in the system. By mathematical necessity, there must also be unstable equilibrium points between the stable points. Points that are stable in some dimensions and unstable in others are termed unstable, as is the case with the first three Lagrangian points. + + +== Bistability == + +Bistability is the special case with two stable equilibrium points. It is the simplest form of multistability, and can occur in systems with only one state variable, as it only takes a one-dimensional space to separate two points. + + +== Initial instability == + +Near an unstable equilibrium, any system will be sensitive to noise, initial conditions and system parameters, +which can cause it to develop in one of multiple divergent directions. +In economics and social sciences, path dependence gives rise to divergent directions of development. +Some path dependent processes are adequately described by multistability, +by being initially sensitive to input, before reaching a stagnant state – +for example market share instability, which can develop into a stable monopoly for one of multiple possible vendors. + + +== External links == +Definition of multistability from icbm.de \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatCarb-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatCarb-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d20c3fd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatCarb-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "NatCarb" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatCarb" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:27.736271+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The NatCarb geoportal provides access to geospatial information and tools concerning carbon sequestration in the United States. + + +== External links == +National Energy Technology Laboratory +Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships + + +== References == +Carr, T.R., P.M. Rich, and J.D. Bartley. 2007. The NATCARB geoportal: linking distributed data from the Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships. Journal of Map and Geography Libraries (Geoscapes), "Special Issue on Department of Energy (DOE) Geospatial Science Innovations". In Press. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_scientist-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_scientist-0.md index e973978da..2fed7b638 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_scientist-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_scientist-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_scientist" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:48:00.876648+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:28.918820+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_bath-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_bath-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfb05e406 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_bath-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Oil bath" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_bath" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:53:30.100315+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +An oil bath is a type of heated bath used in a laboratory, most commonly used to heat up chemical reactions. It is a container of oil that is heated by a hot plate or (in rare cases) a Bunsen burner. + + +== Use == +These baths are commonly used to heat reaction mixtures more evenly than would be possible with a hot plate alone, as the entire outside of the reaction flask is heated. Generally, silicone oil is used in modern oil baths, although mineral oil, cottonseed oil and even phosphoric acid have been used in the past. + + +== Hazards == +Overheating the oil bath can result in a fire hazard, especially if mineral oil is being used. Generally, the maximum safe operating temperature of a mineral oil bath is approximately 160 °C (320 °F), the oil's flash point. Mineral oil cannot be used above 310 °C (590 °F) due to the compound's boiling point. If higher temperatures are needed, a silicone oil or a sand bath may be used instead. Silicone oil baths are effective in the 25 °C (77 °F) - 230 °C (446 °F) range. Sand baths are effective from 25 °C (77 °F) to above 500 °C (932 °F). + + +== In mechanics == + +Another use of an oil bath is to filter particulates out of air, by leading the air stream through an unheated oil bath. This type of air filter was used in car and tractor engines, but has been replaced by modern paper air filters; some small engines continue to use this system. In some cases oil baths are used to heat bearings so they expand before installing them on shafts of aircraft engines and tractors. + + +== See also == +Laboratory water bath +Bain-marie + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file