Scrape wikipedia-science: 1209 new, 971 updated, 2234 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aha_ha-0.md

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+---
+title: "Aha ha"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aha_ha"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:41.060136+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Aha ha is a species of Australian wasp, named by the entomologist Arnold Menke in 1977 as a joke. Menke described several years after its discovery how, when he received a package from a colleague containing insect specimens, he exclaimed "Aha, a new genus", with fellow entomologist Eric Grissell responding "ha" doubtfully. The name of the insect is commonly found in lists of bizarre scientific names. The name was also used as the vehicle registration plate of Menke's car, "AHA HA".
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of short species names
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_humbugi-0.md

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+---
+title: "Ba humbugi"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_humbugi"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:42.229237+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Ba humbugi is the only species and therefore the type species in the genus Ba, a genus of land snail, belonging to the family Charopidae. Both the genus and the species were named by the American malacologist Alan Solem. The genus is endemic to the Fijian island of Viti Levu, and B. humbugi is an endangered species.
+
+
+== Taxonomic history ==
+Alan Solem, the curator of invertebrates at the Field Museum of Natural History, created the genus Ba for his newly-described species B. humbugi. Solem based his description of the type species B. humbugi on a holotype which the American malacologist Yoshio Kondo had collected in 1938 and three paratypes. One paratype was deposited in the Field Museum; the remaining specimens in the type series were deposited in the Bishop Museum.
+
+
+=== Etymology ===
+Solem chose the generic name Ba after Ba District, Fiji, which extends into B. humbugi's range. This led to him having an "irresistible impulse" to name the type species Ba humbugi, in reference to the character Ebenezer Scrooge's catchphrase "Bah! Humbug!" from Charles Dickens's novella A Christmas Carol. One review of Solem's monograph naming this species said his choice in taxa names "may either lighten the reader's day or engender hostility", giving this binomen as an example.
+
+
+== Distribution ==
+B. humbugi is endemic to Fiji. It is found in the interior of Viti Levu, an island in Fiji, at elevations of 950–3,200 ft (290–980 m). The holotype was collected in dense forest on Mount Nangaranambulata at an elevation of 2,700–3,200 ft (820–980 m). Two paratypes were collected on the top of Mount Korobamba at an elevation of 1,000–1,300 ft (300–400 m). The third paratype was collected in the Sanganaoreva area 5 miles (8.0 km) inland of Ngaloa, Nuku District at an elevation of 950–1,000 ft (290–300 m).
+
+
+== Description ==
+Ba is characterized by having a high spire and an umbilicus which is either completely closed or slightly laterally cracked. There are only 3+1⁄8–3+1⁄2 whorls, and its apical sculpture consists of about a dozen spiral cords. There are no barriers to its aperture. B. humbugi has a shell with a diameter of 2.30–3.32 millimetres (0.091–0.131 in). The height-to-diameter ratio ranges from 0.752 to 0.842. Its shell is a light reddish-yellow; its periostracal extensions are an almost black dark brown. The body is yellow-white and lacks any sort of dark markings.
+
+
+== Biology ==
+B. humbugi is sympatric with Sinployea irregularis; both species were found under the same log. It is probably strictly terrestrial due to a lack of black marks on its body.
+
+
+== Conservation status and threats ==
+According to the IUCN Red List, B. humbugi is endangered. They note that only four specimens have been found despite many surveys on Viti Levu over a century and a half. The IUCN estimates an area of occupancy of 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi), and its habitat continues to decline due to deforestation. The IUCN believes invasive species, such as the Pacific rat, black rat, house mouse, and various invasive ant species, also negatively affect B. humbugi. The IUCN predicts it would be detrimental if the invasive giant African snail, rosy wolf snail, or the New Guinea flatworm were introduced to Viti Levu.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+=== Works cited ===
+
+
+== External links ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drip-0.md

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+---
+title: "Continental drip"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drip"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:43.376763+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Continental drip is the observation that southward-pointing landforms are more numerous and prominent than northward-pointing landforms. For example, Africa, South America, the Indian subcontinent, and Greenland all taper off to a point towards the south. The name is a play on continental drift. 
+
+The observation was made by Ormonde de Kay in a 1973 tongue-in-cheek paper, which he introduced as "another earth-shaking new theory derived from simply looking at maps." It satirizes the acceptance of plate tectonics theory as it was being formulated and refined at the time to describe the movement of the Earth's continents that is now thoroughly accepted. Given examples of smaller-than-continental drips include Baja California Peninsula, Florida, all of Europe's peninsulas except Jutland (Italy, Greece, Iberia, Scandinavia, Crimea) as well as in southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula and Indochina.
+John C. Holden expanded and illustrated his own version of the idea in 1976, almost entirely as a parody, in the Journal of Irreproducible Results. In Holden's expansion of the concept, he satirically invents the fictional German words Südpolarfluchtkraft ("south polar fleeing force") having created Südpolarfluchttropfen ("south polar fleeing drips"). He does, however, cite an actual theory of northward drift of Gondwanaland descendant continents of Australia, Africa, South America, and India breaking away from Antarctica, which he authored with Robert S. Dietz in 1970. As part of the 1976 parody paper, he proposes that the "drips" or "sub-drips" are North America, Greenland, South America, Africa, Arabia, India, Asia, and Australia. Contrarily, "anti-drips" are formed by Ceylon and Antarctica itself because Antarctica is "on top of the world" as all the continents draw away from it.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Land and water hemispheres
+South up map orientation
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Holst, Timothy B. (September 1991). "Continental Drip Revisited" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter (68): 21–23.
+Morrison, David (September 1991). "Continental Drip Reviewed" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter (68): 23–25.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody-0.md

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+---
+title: "Dihydrogen monoxide parody"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:44.581138+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The dihydrogen monoxide parody involves referring to water (H2O) by its unfamiliar chemical systematic name "dihydrogen monoxide" (DHMO) and describing some properties of water in a particularly concerning manner – such as its ability to accelerate corrosion (rust) and cause suffocation (drowning) – often calling for it to be banned, regulated strictly, or labeled as a hazardous chemical. 
+The motivation behind the parody is to play into chemophobia, and to demonstrate how exaggerated analysis, information overload, and a lack of scientific literacy can lead to misplaced fears.
+Occasionally, reports also reference its widespread contamination of rivers or municipal water supplies. The parody has also involved other uncommon chemical nomenclatures for water such as "hydrogen hydroxide", "dihydrogen oxide" and "hydric acid".
+
+== History ==
+In 1983, on April Fools' Day, an edition of the Durand Express, a weekly newspaper in Durand, Michigan, reported that "dihydrogen oxide" had been found in the city's water pipes, and warned that it was fatal if inhaled, and could produce blistering vapors.
+The first appearance of the parody as "dihydrogen monoxide" on the Internet was attributed to the "Coalition to Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide", a parody organization at the University of California, Santa Cruz following on-campus postings and newsgroup discussions in 1990. This new version of the parody was created by housemates while attending UC Santa Cruz, in 1990, revised by Craig Jackson in 1994, and was published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact in March 1996. It received widespread public attention in 1997 when Nathan Zohner, a 14-year-old student, gathered petitions to ban "DHMO" as the basis of his science project, titled "How Gullible Are We?"
+Jackson's original site included the following warning:
+
+A mock material safety data sheet has also been created for DHMO.
+
+== Molecular terminology and naming conventions ==
+The water molecule has the chemical formula H2O, meaning the molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Literally, the term "dihydrogen monoxide" means "two hydrogen, one oxygen": the prefix di- in dihydrogen means "two", the prefix mono- in monoxide means "one", and "oxide" designates oxygen in a compound (the consecutive o's that would occur in "monooxide" are combined into one).
+Using chemical nomenclature, other names for water include hydrogen oxide, hydrogen hydroxide, which characterises it as a base, and several designating it as an acid, such as hydric acid or hydroxyl acid. The term used in the original text, hydroxyl acid, is a non-standard name.
+Under the 2005 revisions of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, there is no single correct name for every compound. The primary function of chemical nomenclature is to ensure that each name refers, unambiguously, to a single substance. It is considered less important to ensure that each substance should have a single unambiguous name, although the number of acceptable names is limited. Water is one acceptable name for this compound, even though it is neither a systematic nor an international name and is specific to just one phase of the compound (its liquid form). The other IUPAC recommendation is oxidane.
+
+== Public use ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody-1.md

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+---
+title: "Dihydrogen monoxide parody"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:44.581138+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In 1989–1990, several students circulated a dihydrogen monoxide contamination warning on the University of California, Santa Cruz, campus via photocopied fliers.
+In 1994, Craig Jackson created a web page for the Coalition to Ban DHMO.
+The Friends of Hydrogen Hydroxide website was created by Dan Curtis Johnson, partly as a foil on the Coalition page, claiming to oppose its "subversive agenda". The site points out that hydrogen hydroxide is "environmentally safe" and "enhances the functionality, growth, and health of many forms of life".
+In 1997, Nathan Zohner, a 14-year-old student at Eagle Rock Junior High School in Idaho Falls, Idaho, gathered 43 votes to ban the chemical, out of 50 ninth-graders surveyed. Zohner received the first prize at Greater Idaho Falls Science Fair for analysis of the results of his survey. In recognition of his experiment, journalist James K. Glassman coined the term "Zohnerism" to refer to "the use of a true fact to lead a scientifically and mathematically ignorant public to a false conclusion".
+In late 1997, drawing inspiration from Jackson's web page and Zohner's research, Tom Way created a website at DHMO.org, including links to some legitimate sites such as the Environmental Protection Agency and National Institutes of Health.
+On April 1, 1998 (April Fools' Day), a member of the Australian Parliament announced a campaign to ban dihydrogen monoxide internationally.
+In 2001, a staffer in New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Kedgley's office responded to a request for support for a campaign to ban dihydrogen monoxide by saying she was "absolutely supportive of the campaign to ban this toxic substance". This was criticized in a press release by the National Party, one of whose MPs fell for the very same joke six years later.
+In 2002, radio talk show host Neal Boortz mentioned on the air that the Atlanta water system had been checked and found to be contaminated with dihydrogen monoxide, and set about relating the hazards associated with that "dangerous" chemical. A local TV station even covered the 'scandal'. A spokesperson for the city's water system told the reporter that there was no more dihydrogen monoxide in the system than what was allowed under the law.
+The idea was used for a segment of an episode of the Penn & Teller documentary show Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, in which actress Kris McGaha and a camera crew gathered signatures from people considering themselves "concerned environmentalists" to sign a petition to ban DHMO.
+In March 2004, Aliso Viejo, California, almost considered banning the use of foam containers at city-sponsored events because dihydrogen monoxide is part of their production. A paralegal had asked the city council to put it on the agenda; he later attributed it to poor research. The bill was pulled from the agenda before it could come to a vote, but not before the city received a raft of bad publicity.
+In 2006, in Louisville, Kentucky, David Karem, executive director of the Waterfront Development Corporation, a public body that operates Waterfront Park, wished to deter bathers from using a large public fountain. "Counting on a lack of understanding about water's chemical makeup", he arranged for signs reading: "DANGER! – WATER CONTAINS HIGH LEVELS OF HYDROGEN – KEEP OUT" to be posted on the fountain at public expense.
+In 2007, Jacqui Dean, New Zealand National Party MP, fell for the joke, writing a letter to Associate Minister of Health Jim Anderton asking "Does the Expert Advisory Committee on Drugs have a view on the banning of this drug?"
+On April 1, 2009, then-Canadian Member of Parliament, Andrew Scheer (who was later elected leader of the Conservative Party), used the DHMO parody as the basis for an April Fool's Day "media release" on his website, in which he claimed to have presented a bill to ban the substance from all federal government buildings.
+In February 2011, during the campaign of the Finnish parliamentary election, a voting advice application asked the candidates whether the availability of "hydric acid, also known as dihydrogen monoxide" should be restricted. 49% of the candidates answered in favor of the restriction.
+In April 2013, as part of an April Fools' Day prank, two radio personalities at Gator Country 101.9, a station in Lee County, Florida, were suspended for a few days after telling listeners that dihydrogen monoxide was coming out of their water taps. The prank resulted in several calls by consumers to the local utility company, necessitating that the company send out a press release stating that the water was safe.
+In May 2018, a noticeboard in Wuling Farm warned visitors that they were "using dihydrogen monoxide" (to make it look like using a pesticide) at the apple tree farms to prevent theft.
+
+== Notable older uses ==
+Robert A. Heinlein's 1961 novel "Stranger in a Strange Land" references "hydrogen monoxide."
+
+== See also ==
+Sense and reference
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+Current DHMO.org website
+Web archive of the DHMO.org website.
+Simanek, Donald (November 1995). "Student responses to the DHMO spoof". Archived from the original on June 22, 1997. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
+Snopes article with much information on how a 9th grade class reacted to an anti-DHMO petition

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(trilobite)-0.md

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+---
+title: "Han (trilobite)"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(trilobite)"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:45.799686+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Han is a monotypic genus of agnostid trilobite, whose sole member is Han solo. The type specimen of H. solo was found in marine strata of the Arenig to Llanvirn-aged Zitai Formation of Middle Ordovician southern China and is named after the character in Star Wars.
+
+
+== Taxonomy ==
+This taxon was erected in 2005, based upon fossil material found in beds of lower Zitai Formation exposed in Maocaopu, Reshi, Taoyuan County in north Hunan, China. Fossil material include a cephalon and two pygidia. It was found to belong to family Diplagnostidae, subfamily Pseudagnostinae; it was originally thought to be most closely related to the genus Pseudorhaptagnostus, but it differed substantially from that genus in both some important diagnostic characters, and in the age of the beds in it was deposited, so a new genus was erected.
+
+
+== Etymology ==
+According to the original publication, the generic name Han is a reference to the Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in China; and the specific epithet solo refers to the fact that the species is the youngest Diplagnostidae fossil found to that date, suggesting that it was the last surviving member of that family. However, Samuel Turvey has stated elsewhere that he named it after Han Solo because some friends dared him to name a species after a Star Wars character.
+This is not the only unusual scientific name erected by Turvey; in the same paper he named a new species Geragnostus waldorfstatleri, because of "the resemblance of the pygidial axis to the heads of Waldorf and Statler, two characters from The Muppet Show."
+
+
+== See also ==
+List of organisms named after the Star Wars series
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypic_Occlupanid_Research_Group-0.md

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+---
+title: "Holotypic Occlupanid Research Group"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotypic_Occlupanid_Research_Group"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:47.043165+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Holotypic Occlupanid Research Group (or HORG, IPA: [hɔːrɡ]) is a parody research organisation which studies bread clips (called "occlupanids" by HORG) as if they were living organisms with a focus on synthetic taxonomy. Plastic bread clips may perforate or obstruct the gastrointestinal tract, and are potentially fatal. This prompted the site creator to treat the cataloguing and study of bread clips as important, as if the precise identification of bread clips could save lives.
+
+
+== Reception ==
+The parody site has been noted by independent media, drawing similarities to real taxonomies, and noting how the synthetic taxonomy can assist in learning the design history of the object itself (bread clips). 
+HORG's efforts were included in a 2018 exhibition comprising Mmuseumm's sixth season. "Milk & Bread", a 2025 art and design work by Susan Goldberg, mentions HORG. It was inspired by her experience collecting and displaying bread clips before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and how their display can reflect the increased workload and repetitive domesticity put on women and especially mothers during lockdown.
+Terms coined by HORG have found their way into academic research.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize-0.md

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+---
+title: "Ig Nobel Prize"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:49.479456+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Ig Nobel Prize (), also known as the Ig Nobels or simply the Igs, is a satirical prize awarded annually since 1991 to promote public engagement with scientific research. Its aim is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think". The award parodies the Nobel Prize and is named after Ignatius Nobel, a fictional cousin of the Nobel Prize's founder, Alfred Nobel. The name is also a pun on the word ignoble. Most awards are for genuine scientific achievements with an unorthodox, obvious or humorous slant, while other awards are given ironically to various politicians, media figures, or promoters of pseudoscience.
+Organized by the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded in 10 categories each year, presented by Nobel laureates in a ceremony that was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology or Harvard University until 2026, when the ceremony was moved to Zurich, Switzerland, due to safety concerns about international visitors entering the United States. The winners deliver 60-second acceptance speeches, and receive a low-quality home-made prize and a monetary award of 10 trillion Zimbabwean dollars (US$0.04).
+The ceremony contains a number of whimsical events and running jokes, including throwing paper planes onto the stage, competing to win a date with a Nobel laureate, and the "24/7" lectures where winners summarize their research in 24 seconds, then in seven words. An eight-year-old girl interrupts speakers if they go on too long, repeatedly saying "Please stop. I'm bored."
+
+== History ==
+
+The Ig Nobels were created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, then editor-in-chief of the Journal of Irreproducible Results and later co-founder of the Annals of Improbable Research (AIR), who has been the master of ceremonies at all awards. The prize is named after the fictional Ignatius Nobel, inventor of the soda pop and distant cousin of Alfred Nobel, who founded the Nobel Prize, which the Ig Nobels parody. The name is also a pun on the word ignoble. Awards were presented for discoveries "that cannot or should not be reproduced".
+The ceremony originally took place in a lecture hall at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) but moved in 1995 to the Sanders Theater at Harvard University. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was held fully online from 2020 to 2023, returning to MIT in September 2024. In March 2026, the AIR announced that the 2026 awards ceremony would be held on 3 September in Zurich, Switzerland, and hosted by the University of Zurich and ETH Domain, with Abrahams saying that the United States had become "unsafe" for guests.
+Sir Andre Geim, who had been awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in 2000 for levitating a frog by magnetism, was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 2010 for his work with the electromagnetic properties of graphene. He is the only individual, as of 2026, to have received both a Nobel and an Ig Nobel.
+
+== Awards ==
+The aim of the awards, according to Abrahams, is to promote public engagement with science, attempting to appeal to people who "think it's scary, or impossible to understand, or just plain boring". Ten prizes are awarded in categories which vary each year, to research which "first make people laugh, and then make them think". Categories often include the Nobel Prize categories of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, and peace, but occasionally other fields such as engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, or veterinary medicine. Awards can be given posthumously.
+The Ig Nobel Prizes recognize genuine achievements, with the exception of three prizes awarded in the first year to fictitious scientists Josiah S. Carberry, Paul DeFanti, and Thomas Kyle. Some awards are given ironically as criticism of research, such as in 2020 when the medical education prize was awarded to various world leaders after they had been criticized for understating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Other prizes have been awarded to researchers of pseudoscience, such as homeopathy.
+The winners are chosen by the Ig Nobel board of governors, who receive over 9,000 nominations each year, roughly 10–20% of which are self-nominations. Winners are contacted before being announced to allow them to decline the award, though few do.
+
+== Ceremony ==
+
+The ceremony takes place annually in September, a few weeks before the announcement of the year's Nobel Prize winners. The ceremony opens with the "welcome, welcome" speech, which consists of two words: "welcome, welcome".
+Winners give a 60 second acceptance speech. An eight-year-old girl, called Miss Sweetie Poo, stands nearby and repeatedly says "Please stop. I'm bored" if speakers go on too long. The ceremony also includes "24/7" speeches, where winners first summarize their work in 24 seconds, then in seven words. The prizes are presented by Nobel laureates, with the winners receiving a prize "made of cheap materials that are prone to disintegrate", and a solitary banknote for the amount of 10 trillion Zimbabwean dollars (US$0.04, but the banknote is worth more as a collector's item).
+Throwing paper planes onto the stage is a long-standing tradition. Until his death in 2018, Professor Roy J. Glauber swept the stage clean of airplanes as the official "Keeper of the Broom". Glauber could not attend the 2005 awards because he was traveling to Stockholm to claim a genuine Nobel Prize in Physics. Each ceremony also contains a contest where audience members can win a date with a Nobel laureate, as well as a unique event for the year. At the 1997 ceremonies, a team from the Institute for Cryogenic Sex Research distributed a pamphlet titled "Safe Sex at Four Kelvin"; the ceremony in 2000 included a debate to determine the most intelligent person, where two contestants spoke at the same time for 30 seconds. 
+The ceremony is co-sponsored by the Harvard Computer Society, the Harvard–Radcliffe Science Fiction Association, and the Harvard–Radcliffe Society of Physics Students. It traditionally closes with the words: "If you didn't win a prize—and especially if you did—better luck next year!"
+
+== Reception and legacy ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize-1.md

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+---
+title: "Ig Nobel Prize"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:49.479456+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Ig Nobel Prize has received some criticism from scientists. Robert May, who at the time was the chief scientific adviser for the UK, requested that British scientists be excluded from the prize, worried that it would harm their career prospects. As the prize has become more well-known, the scientific community have been more appreciative of it, with some research getting more attention due to winning. At the 2025 ceremony, Tomoki Kojima, one of the winners of the year's biology prize, said that the award "serves as motivation for us to continue striving for excellence".
+A September 2009 article in The National titled "A noble side to Ig Nobels" said that, although the prize is often awarded to research of "trivial" questions, history shows that trivial research sometimes leads to important breakthroughs. In 2006, a study showing that mosquitoes that can carry malaria are attracted equally to the smell of Limburger cheese and the smell of human feet earned the Ig Nobel Prize in biology. As a result of these findings, traps baited with this cheese have been used to combat the malaria epidemic in Africa. Before receiving the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on graphene, Andre Geim shared the physics Ig Nobel in 2000 with Michael Berry for the magnetic levitation of a frog, which by 2022 was reportedly part of the inspiration for China's lunar gravity research facility.
+
+== See also ==
+List of Ig Nobel Prize winners
+Golden Raspberry Awards – awards for bad movies
+Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest – an award for bad writing
+Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year – an award for books with unusual titles
+Pigasus Award – exposing parapsychological, paranormal, or psychic frauds
+Golden Fleece Award – award for waste of government funds; often awarded for government-paid research considered frivolous or wasteful
+Foot in Mouth Award – an award presented by the Plain English Campaign for "a baffling comment by a public figure"
+
+== References ==
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website
+Index to list of past winners
+Abrahams, Marc (September 2014). "A science award that makes you laugh, then think". TED Talk.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Irreproducible_Results-0.md

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+---
+title: "Journal of Irreproducible Results"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Irreproducible_Results"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:50.946217+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Journal of Irreproducible Results is a magazine of science humor. It was established in Israel in 1955 by virologist Alexander Kohn and physicist Harry J. Lipkin, who wanted a humor magazine about science, for scientists. It contains a mix of jokes, satire of scientific practice, science cartoons, and discussion of funny but real research.
+It has passed through several hands and as of 2015 is published in San Mateo, California.
+
+
+== History ==
+Alexander Kohn and Harry J. Lipkin founded The Journal of Irreproducible Results in 1955 in Ness Ziona, Israel. Kohn remained editor until 1989. Lipkin remained an editor until volume 16, number 1, August 1967, when Kohn became Editor-in-Chief, and Lipkin became one of the associate editors.
+Medical researcher George H. Scherr was the publisher from 1964 to 1989, after which JIR was published by Blackwell Scientific Publications. Under Blackwell, James A. Krosschell was editor and publisher starting with volume 35, number 1, 1990, and remained publisher throughout the Blackwell ownership. Marc Abrahams was editor from 1991, to the next-to-last Blackwell issue in 1994, when he left to form the rival Annals of Improbable Research (AIR) and create the Ig Nobel Prize. The final Blackwell issue, volume 39, number 3, was edited by Leslie A. Gaffney.
+In 1994, Blackwell returned JIR to George Scherr, who was publisher and editor until 2003, during which time he pursued a number of legal complaints against Abrahams and AIR, even as the journal's publication became erratic.
+JIR received attention from American military intelligence when a copy of one of their articles was found among other papers in an abandoned terrorist headquarters in Kabul. The article was a highly unrealistic and farcical explanation of how to build a nuclear weapon that an unwitting Al Qaida member had filed away. Nonetheless, the discovery prompted a short-lived official investigation.
+Astronomer Norman Sperling, an assistant editor at Sky & Telescope magazine, became editor and publisher of the journal in 2004, with promises to rejuvenate it.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Annals of Improbable Research
+Journal of Polymorphous Perversity
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website archived at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 September 2019)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_science-0.md

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+---
+title: "Parody science"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_science"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:52.239208+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Parody science, sometimes called spoof science, is the act of mocking science in a satirical way. Science can be parodied for a purpose, ranging from social commentary and making political points, to humor for its own sake.
+Parody science is different from science humor or from real science that happens to be humorous, in that parody science has little or no basis in real science.
+One of the forms of parody science are spoof scientific articles. Some can be seen as a subgenre of science fiction.
+
+
+== List of parody science resources ==
+Journal of Irreproducible Results  – Parody science journal since 1955.
+Science Made Stupid – 1985 parody science book by Tom Weller.
+Speculative Grammarian – "the premier scholarly journal featuring research in the neglected field of satirical linguistics".
+Dihydrogen monoxide parody, which exploits common fears about science to make people think that water is dangerous.
+Look Around You, a BBC scientific satire based on school science programmes from the '70s and '80s.
+Ask Dr. Science, a humorous radio and television program.
+Worm Runner's Digest. The satirical flip-side of the Journal of Biological Psychology, known for such articles as "A Stress Analysis of a Strapless Evening Gown."
+Sokal affair, physicist Alan Sokal's hoax paper entitled, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" was published in the journal Social Text.
+Experimental demonstration of the tomatotopic organization in the Soprano (Cantatrix sopranica L.), a fake research paper by the writer Georges Perec.
+Isaac Asimov wrote several spoof scientific papers about the fictitious chemical compound Thiotimoline.
+Proceedings of the Natural Institute of Science – Online-only journal that publishes both satirical and real articles in a scientific journal format.
+Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, a satire of social anthropology research by Horace Miner.
+The unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of "writer's block", an article with no content, but cited over 70 times
+Dyson sphere – hypothetical megastructure theorised by Freeman Dyson in Science in 1960. Later described by the author as a "little joke", with him remarking that "you get to be famous only for the things you don't think are serious".
+
+
+== See also ==
+F.D.C. Willard – a cat cited as an author in scientific journals
+Mathematical joke
+Parody religion
+Pseudoscience
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Tom Weller Official website of the author of Science Made Stupid
+Dihydrogen Monoxide Official site on the Dangers of dihydrogen monoxide

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_review-0.md

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+---
+title: "Umbrella review"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_review"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:26:39.323460+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+In medical research, an umbrella review is a review of systematic reviews or meta-analyses. They may also be called overviews of reviews, reviews of reviews, summaries of systematic reviews, or syntheses of reviews. Umbrella reviews are among the highest levels of evidence currently available in medicine.
+By summarizing information from multiple overview articles, umbrella reviews make it easier to review the evidence and allow for comparison of results between each of the individual reviews. Umbrella reviews may address a broader question than a typical review, such as discussing multiple different treatment comparisons instead of only one. They are especially useful for developing guidelines and clinical practice, and when comparing competing interventions.
+
+
+== References ==