diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 9d1c5aab1..afc939f6b 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md index eac2b2287..56079b912 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC@Home" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:49:45.433779+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:53.346592+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABINIT-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABINIT-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf35e7a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABINIT-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "ABINIT" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABINIT" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:54.533728+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ABINIT is an open-source suite of programs for materials science, distributed under the GNU General Public License. ABINIT implements density functional theory, using a plane wave basis set and pseudopotentials, to compute the electronic density and derived properties of materials ranging from molecules to surfaces to solids. It is developed collaboratively by researchers throughout the world. +A web-based easy-to-use graphical version, which includes access to a limited set of ABINIT's full functionality, is available for free use through the nanohub. +The latest version 10.6.5 was released in March 2026. + + +== Overview == +ABINIT implements density functional theory by solving the Kohn–Sham equations describing the electrons in a material, expanded in a plane wave basis set and using a self-consistent conjugate gradient method to determine the energy minimum. Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of fast Fourier transforms, and pseudopotentials to describe core electrons. As an alternative to standard norm-conserving pseudopotentials, the projector augmented-wave method may be used. In addition to total energy, forces and stresses are also calculated so that geometry optimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics may be carried out. Materials that can be treated by ABINIT include insulators, metals, and magnetically ordered systems including Mott-Hubbard insulators. + + +== Derived properties == +In addition to computing the electronic ground state of materials, ABINIT implements density functional perturbation theory to compute response functions including + +Phonons +Dielectric response +Born effective charges and IR oscillator strength tensor +Response to strain and elastic properties +Nonlinear responses, including piezoelectric response, Raman cross sections, and electro-optic response. +ABINIT can also compute excited state properties via + +time-dependent density functional theory +many-body perturbation theory, using the GW approximation and Bethe–Salpeter equation. + + +== See also == + +List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software + + +== References == + + +== External links == +ABINIT web site +Graphical version (web-based) of ABINIT \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACES_(computational_chemistry)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACES_(computational_chemistry)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..404644716 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACES_(computational_chemistry)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "ACES (computational chemistry)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACES_(computational_chemistry)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:55.740327+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Aces II (Advanced Concepts in Electronic Structure Theory) is an ab initio computational chemistry package for performing high-level quantum chemical ab initio calculations. Its major strength is the accurate calculation of atomic and molecular energies as well as properties using many-body techniques such as many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and, in particular coupled cluster techniques to treat electron correlation. The development of ACES II began in early 1990 in the group of Professor Rodney J. Bartlett at the Quantum Theory Project (QTP) of the University of Florida in Gainesville. There, the need for more efficient codes had been realized and the idea of writing an entirely new program package emerged. During 1990 and 1991 John F. Stanton, Jürgen Gauß, and John D. Watts, all of them at that time postdoctoral researchers in the Bartlett group, supported by a few students, wrote the backbone of what is now known as the ACES II program package. The only parts which were not new coding efforts were the integral packages (the MOLECULE package of J. Almlöf, the VPROP package of P.R. Taylor, and the integral derivative package ABACUS of T. Helgaker, P. Jorgensen J. Olsen, and H.J. Aa. Jensen). The latter was modified extensively for adaptation with Aces II, while the others remained very much in their original forms. +Ultimately, two different versions of the program evolved. The first was maintained by the Bartlett group at the University of Florida, and the other (known as ACESII-MAB) was maintained by groups at the University of Texas, Universitaet Mainz in Germany, and ELTE in Budapest, Hungary. The latter is now called CFOUR. +Aces III is a parallel implementation that was released in the fall of 2008. The effort led to definition of a new architecture for scalable parallel software called the super instruction architecture. The design and creation of software is divided into two parts: + +The algorithms are coded in a domain specific language called super instruction assembly language or SIAL, pronounced "sail" for easy communication. +The SIAL programs are executed by a MPMD parallel virtual machine called the super instruction processor or SIP. +The ACES III program consists of 580,000 lines of SIAL code of which 200,000 lines are comments, and 230,000 lines of C/C++ and Fortran of which 62,000 lines are comments. The latest version of the program was released on August 1, 2014. + + +== See also == +Quantum chemistry computer programs + + +== References == +ACES II Florida-Version Homepage +ACES II Mainz-Austin-Budapest-Version Homepage Archived 2018-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (outdated) +ACES III Homepage (outdated) +V. Lotrich; N. Flocke; M. Ponton; A. Yau; A. Perera; E. Deumens; R. J. Bartlett (2008). "Parallel Implementation of Electronic Structure Energy, Gradient and Hessian Calculations" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 128 (19): 194104 (15 pages). doi:10.1063/1.2920482. PMID 18500853. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-14. +CFOUR Homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIMAll-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIMAll-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b13ce6824 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIMAll-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "AIMAll" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIMAll" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:01.754977+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +AIMAll is a multiplatform, quantum chemistry software package whose primary purpose is to perform quantitative and visual Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analyses. It requires molecular wave function files as input, typically generated from ab initio or density functional theory (DFT) calculations. AIMAll is used and cited in numerous peer-reviewed research articles. +As of 2019, the most recent release was version 19.10.12. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +AIMAll Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_(program)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_(program)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5855c28e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_(program)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "AIR (program)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR_(program)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:02.939111+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The AIR (Automated Image Registration) is a program suite for volume-based image registration constructed by Roger P. Woods from UCLA School of Medicine. +It reads and writes Analyze volume files and can work with 4x4 transformation matrices stored in its own file format with the filename extension .air. +It is especially designed for neuroimaging applications and has primarily been used in research-oriented functional neuroimaging with brain scans from positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance scanners. +The suite provides a number of programs for image registration with different transformation models, such as rigid-body, affine and nonlinear warping. +For example, for affine transformation the registration from one brain scan to another may be found with the alignlinear program and written to the special air-file that stores the transformation matrix. +The transformation may be inverted with the invert_air program and the volume may finally be resliced and interpolated with the reslice program. + + +== External links == +Automated Image Registration — homepage for the fifth version of the program suite \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Enhanced_Speech-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Enhanced_Speech-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d2be3437 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Enhanced_Speech-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Adobe Enhanced Speech" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Enhanced_Speech" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:56.939496+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Adobe Enhanced Speech is an online artificial intelligence software tool by Adobe that aims to significantly improve the quality of recorded speech that may be badly muffled, reverberated, full of artifacts, tinny, etc. and convert it to a studio-grade, professional level, regardless of the initial input's clarity. Users may upload mp3 or wav files up to an hour long and a gigabyte in size to the site to convert them relatively quickly, then being free to listen to the converted version, toggle back-and-forth and alternate between it and the original as it plays, and download it. +Currently in beta and free to the public, it has been used in the restoration of old movies and the creation of professional-quality podcasts, narrations, etc. by those without sufficient microphones. +Although the model still has some current limitations, such as not being compatible with singing and occasional issues with excessively muffled source audio resulting in a light lisp in the improved version, it is otherwise noted as incredibly effective and efficient in its purpose. Utilizing advanced machine learning algorithms to distinguish between speech and background sounds, it enhances the quality of the speech by filtering out the noise and artifacts, adjusting the pitch and volume levels, and normalizing the audio. This is accomplished by the network having been trained on a large dataset of speech samples from a diverse range of sources and then being fine-tuned to optimize the output. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Continuous_Simulation_Language-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Continuous_Simulation_Language-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c3b881cf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Continuous_Simulation_Language-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Advanced Continuous Simulation Language" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Continuous_Simulation_Language" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:58.160799+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Advanced Continuous Simulation Language, or ACSL (pronounced "axle"), is a computer language designed for modeling and evaluating the performance of continuous systems described by time-dependent, nonlinear differential equations. Like SIMCOS and TUTSIM, ACSL is a dialect of the Continuous System Simulation Language (CSSL), originally designed by the Simulation Councils Inc (SCI) in 1967 in an attempt to unify the continuous simulations field. + + +== Language highlights == +ACSL is an equation-oriented language consisting of a set of arithmetic operators, standard functions, a set of special ACSL statements, and a MACRO capability which allows extension of the special ACSL statements. +ACSL is intended to provide a simple method of representing mathematical models on a digital computer. Working from an equation description of the problem or a block diagram, the user writes ACSL statements to describe the system under investigation. +An important feature of ACSL is its sorting of the continuous model equations, in contrast to general purpose programming languages such as Fortran where program execution depends critically on statement order. + + +== Typical applications == +Applications of ACSL in new areas are being developed constantly. Typical areas in which ACSL is currently applied include control system design, aerospace simulation, chemical process dynamics, power plant dynamics, plant and animal growth, toxicology models, vehicle handling, microprocessor controllers, and robotics. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa_impax_6-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa_impax_6-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8951e6bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa_impax_6-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Agfa impax 6" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa_impax_6" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:59.336458+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +AGFA Impax 6 is a PACS client for Windows-based PCs, written by AGFA. It is proprietary software for use at medical facilities using a digital radiology imaging system. It is the sixth release of the IMPAX client. + + +== Features == +IMPAX 6 features both local and remote access. The client can connect to the PACS server from home or office locations. This is accomplished via thin and fat client technology. The latest version is Impax 6.6, which features a stethoscope login screen. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Radiologist's Blog mentioning Impax 6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_ChemStation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_ChemStation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..222406db8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_ChemStation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Agilent ChemStation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_ChemStation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:00.538417+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Agilent ChemStation is a software package to control Agilent liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy systems such as the 1050, 1100 and 1200 Series HPLC system and the 8453 and 8454 single-beam diode array detector spectrophotometers. It is an evolution of the Hewlett-Packard ChemStation System. +Two versions are available: one ("online") in connection with the modules of the HPLC chain is designed to control instruments and run experiments, and the other ("offline"), without a connection with the HPLC chain, is designed to analyze data. +ChemStation is structured around a number of registers. Two of the more important registers are CHROMREG and CHROMRES, the chromatographic data registers. Other special registers exist for the UV-vis implementation of the software. +ChemStation has a command line interpreter and can run macros. Those macros are files grouping a set of commands. These files possess a .mac extension. +ChemStation can import analysis lists and export result files in XML by adding new lines to the ChemStation.ini configuration file. This is a feature to implement the connection with a Laboratory information management system (LIMS). + + +== External links == +http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/products/software/datasystems/chemstation/pages/default.aspx Archived 2010-08-22 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c973106aa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +--- +title: "Alt-Ergo" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Ergo" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:13:04.106916+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Alt-Ergo, an automatic solver for mathematical formulas, is mainly used in formal program verification. It operates on the principle of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). Development was undertaken by researchers at the Paris-Sud University, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Inria Saclay Ile-de-France, and CNRS. Since 2013, project management and oversight has been conducted by OCamlPro company. It is released under the free and open-source software CeCILL-C license. + + +== Technologies == + + +=== Design choices === +Alt-Ergo employs a specialized input language with prenex polymorphism, designed to reduce the number of axioms requiring quantification and to simplify the complexity of problems. While Alt-Ergo offers partial support for the SMT-LIB 2 language, its efficiency with SMT files is comparatively limited. + + +=== Main components === +The core architecture of Alt-Ergo comprises three main elements: a depth-first search (DFS)-based SAT solver, a quantifiers instantiation engine that uses e-matching, and an assembly of decision procedures for a range of built-in theories. These components collectively enable Alt-Ergo's abilities in automatic formula solving. + + +=== Built-in theories === +Alt-Ergo implements (semi-)decision procedures for the following theories: + +Empty theory +Linear integer arithmetic +Linear rational arithmetic +Non-linear arithmetic +Floating point arithmetic +Polymorphic arrays +Enumerated data types +AC symbols +Record data types + + +== Industrial uses == +Several verification platforms are built on Alt-Ergo: + +Why3, a platform for deductive program verification, uses Alt-Ergo as main prover +CAVEAT, a C-verifier developed by CEA and used by Airbus; Alt-Ergo was included in the qualification DO-178C of one of its aircraft +Frama-C, a framework to analyse C-code, uses Alt-Ergo in the Jessie and WP plugins (dedicated to deductive program verification) +SPARK, uses Alt-Ergo (behind GNATprove) to automate the verification of some assertions in Spark 2014 +Atelier-B can use Alt-Ergo instead of its main prover (raising success from 84% to 98% on ANR Bware project benchmarks) +Rodin, a B-method framework developed by Systerel, can use Alt-Ergo as a back-end +Cubicle, an open source model checker to verify safety properties of array-based transition systems +EasyCrypt, a toolset for reasoning about relational properties of probabilistic computations with adversarial code +BWARE +Cafein +FUI Hi-Lite +Decert +ADT Alt-Ergo +A3PAT + + +== See also == + +Formal verification +Z3 Theorem Prover + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website, OcamlPro +Alt-Ergo at LRI \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Warsame-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Warsame-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94368659c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Warsame-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Amina Warsame" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Warsame" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:43.674802+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Amina Mahmoud Warsame is a Somali social scientist who served as executive director of Nagaad, a women's group in Hargeisa Somaliland. Co-author of Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report (1985), she was one of the early voices raised in Africa against female genital mutilation, along with Raqiya Abdalla, Asma El Dareer, Efua Dorkenoo, and Nahid Toubia. +Warsame lived in Sweden after fleeing Somalia to escape the Somali Civil War. She helped found the Somaliland Women's Research and Action Group (SOWRAG), and in 2005 she stood for a seat in Somaliland's parliament, one of the first women to do so. + + +== Education == +Warsame was awarded a master's degree in human development by the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague. + + +== Selected works == +Warsame, Aamina; Ahmed, Sayida; Talle, Aud (1985). Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report. Mogadishu: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts. OCLC 31827718. +Warsame, Amina Mohamoud (2004). Queens without Crowns: Somaliland women's changing roles and peace building. Uppsala, Sweden: Somaliland Women's Research and Action Group and Life & Peace Institute. ISBN 91-87748-55-X. OCLC 63135935. +Warsame, Amina Mahmoud (September 2011). Female Genital Cutting: The Transition From Infibulation to Smaller Cutting in Somaliland. Oslo: Somaliland Women's Research and Action Group, Oslo University. +Fried, Sarah; Warsame, Amina Mahmoud; et al. (2013). "Outpatients' perspectives on problems and needs related to female genital mutilation/cutting: a qualitative study from Somaliland". Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2013 165893. doi:10.1155/2013/165893. PMC 3784275. PMID 24151505. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_dearth-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_dearth-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..859da2577 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_dearth-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +--- +title: "Birth dearth" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_dearth" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:14.476873+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Birth dearth is a neologism coined by Ben J. Wattenberg in his 1987 book of the same name, which refers to the declining fertility rates observed in many modern industrialized, affluent societies. It is often cited as a response to overpopulation. Countries and geographic regions that are currently experiencing the highest rates of declining populations include Western Europe, Japan, the Russian Federation, and South Korea. Populations in other industrialized countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, and developing, poorer regions of the world, including the Balkans, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa, are also being impacted. + + +== Russia == + +The Russian Federation is often mentioned in articles concerning birth dearth because of its rapidly declining population and the proposal by Vladimir Putin to offer women additional benefits for having more children. Should current trends continue, Russia's population will be an estimated 111 million in 2050, compared with 147 million in 2000, according to the United Nations World Population Prospects report (2004 Revision, medium variant). + + +== Europe == + +Europe is one of the major geographic regions expected to decline in population in the coming years. Europe's population is forecast to decline by nearly 70 million people by 2050, as the total fertility rate has remained perpetually below the replacement rate. (Further information: Sub-replacement fertility and Population decline) + + +== Spain == +Spain is also facing a declining population, contributing to discussions about birth dearth. +The country's population decline has raised concerns about its future demographic makeup. +Specific policies and initiatives may be needed to address the declining fertility rates in Spain and mitigate the impact of birth dearth. + + +== South Korea == +South Korea is experiencing a decline in its population, aligning with the concept of birth dearth. +Similar to other nations, South Korea's declining fertility rates are leading to discussions about the potential long-term consequences. +Efforts to address these demographic challenges, such as policy changes or incentives, may be necessary to counteract the effects of birth dearth in South Korea. + + +== See also == +Aging of Europe +Aging of Japan +Antinatalism +Demographic transition +Human extinction +Natalism +Only child +Population ageing +Population control +Population decline +Reproductive rights +Tax on childlessness (Roman Jus trium liberorum, Romanian Decree 770) such as Bachelor tax + + +== References == + + +== External links == +"Birth Dearth", Michael Meyer, Newsweek, September 27, 2004 +"Behind the Birth Dearth", Robert J. Samuelson, The Washington Post, May 24, 2006 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Political_Economy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Political_Economy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d7f770fe --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Political_Economy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "British International Political Economy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Political_Economy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:15.647129+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +British International Political Economy is a label attached by some (most notably Ben Cohen) to a particular approach to international political economy (IPE), an approach which increases the breadth of choices about what IPE really involves. Ben Cohen's book International Political Economy: An Intellectual History describes the history of IPE as having led to two separate and incommensurate camps: 'American' IPE and 'British' IPE. Cohen's stated purpose was to create a dialogue between the camps with a view to bridging the intellectual divide. It has been argued that it is Cohen's characterization of the British IPE that has provoked the biggest criticisms. +This approach is interested in what Cohen terms 'the Really Big Question', which is really two questions: where is the world going, and how can "we" influence its direction? The aim of this British IPE is for Cohen more strategic than practical. It deals not with how states might best manage trade policy or monetary policy (given the existing conditions) but rather, with "the stresses and conflicts within the whole complex of societies and states that could lead to a transformation of existing structures in directions that might be either disastrously divisive and conflictual or, alternatively, more equitable and more peaceful". +To address these really big questions, a wide range of factors should be taken into account: indeed anything that might influence people and their political structures. For this British approach, a positivist methodology ("what is") is not so useful; rather, a "diachronic historical perspective" should be taken. + + +== References == + + +== See also == +Review of International Political Economy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_family-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_family-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b80ac72ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_family-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Census family" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_family" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:16.815669+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In the Canadian census, families consisting of a married couple and children are referred to as Census Families. The US Census Bureau refers to such household structures as "Married couple families." This demographic features the highest median household income in the United States. + +According to the 2021 definition by Statistics Canada, the term "census family":Census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or a parent of any marital status in a one-parent family with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. Children may be biological or adopted children regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common-law partner or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family.This definition follows the standards outlined by the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses outlined by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. + + +== See also == +Household income in the United States +US Census Bureau +Household + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Organizational_Innovation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Organizational_Innovation-0.md index cd083c3fc..e0ba3c19c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Organizational_Innovation-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Organizational_Innovation-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Organizational_Innovation" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:11:05.117117+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:18.061547+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity-0.md index 5273f0daa..0d39d48bb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:38:51.651645+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:19.329808+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_(demographics)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_(demographics)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4dcd379d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_(demographics)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Clustering (demographics)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_(demographics)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:20.494144+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In demographics, clustering is the gathering of various populations based on ethnicity, economics, or religion. +In countries that hold equality important, clustering occurs between groups because of polarizing factors such as religion, wealth or ethnocentrism. Clustering is often considered an enriching part of free cultures in which one can visit a Chinatown or a French quarter for restaurant choices. Other sociologists assert that clustering of like minded individuals leads to political polarity and intolerance of contrary opinions, as the United States has allegedly been trending since the 1950s. + + +== References == + + +== See also == +Cuzick–Edwards test +Chinatown +French quarter \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(journal)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(journal)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7946c2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(journal)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Cosmos (journal)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(journal)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:51.504007+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +COSMOS is the scientific journal of the Singapore National Academy of Science. It is published twice annually by World Scientific and covers interdisciplinary research in Science and Mathematics. + + +== See also == +Cosmos. Problems of Biological Sciences +Cosmos magazine + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6afd09d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Current Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:52.738657+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Current Science is an English-language peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It was established in 1932 and is published by the Current Science Association along with the Indian Academy of Sciences. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.1. Current Science is indexed by Web of Science, Current Contents, Geobase, Chemical Abstracts, IndMed and Scopus. The editor-in-chief is S. K. Satheesh of the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Book Review Current Science Early Indians \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-social_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-social_science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad45ff7c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-social_science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "E-social science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-social_science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:21.655226+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +E-social science is 21st century development in conjunction with the wider developments in e-science. It is social science using grid computing and other information technologies to collect, process, integrate, share, and disseminate social and behavioural data. + + +== References == + +E-Research: Transformation in Scholarly Practice (e-book). Taylor & Francis. 2010. ISBN 9781135855062. Retrieved 17 November 2025. +Hine, Christine (2006). New Infrastructures for Knowledge Production: Understanding E-science (e-book). Information Science Pub. ISBN 9781591407195. Retrieved 17 November 2025. + + +== External links == +UK National Centre for e-Social Science Web Home Page +Oxford e-Social Science This project has focused on the ethical, legal and institutional factors shaping e-Science. +ReDReSS project This site provides resources for social scientists interested in using e-Social Science and e-Science tools and methodologies. +Collaboratory for Quantitative e-Social Science +Chinese e-Social Science \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal-0.md index 3b361646e..66c89cf84 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:33:03.370986+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:53.987012+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_decency_threshold-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_decency_threshold-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7c1679d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_decency_threshold-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "European decency threshold" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_decency_threshold" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:22.870335+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Social Charter initially defined what many UK campaigning groups termed the Council of Europe decency threshold in the 1960s as 68% of average earnings within a national economy. The definition was modified to that of 60% of net earnings (as of July 2004) in order to take account of the difficulties experienced in taking into account initiatives such as redistributive tax systems when calculating adequate incomes. +There are a number of anomalies between the previous use of this threshold by UK campaigning groups and the way in which it is understood by the Secretariat of the European Social Charter. The exact origins of the term 'Council of Europe Decency Threshold' are vague, but it is said to be an incorrect term as the Council of Europe did not create it. It is therefore now more commonly referred to as the 'European Social Charter Adequate Remuneration Threshold' or ESCART. +Many pressure groups in the UK used the original method of calculation to call for a higher minimum wage. Before its closure, the Low Pay Unit used this threshold in campaigning in addition to calling for a minimum wage of half male median earnings, rising to 2/3 over the next few years. However, it (like many other organisations) had expressed reservations about the usefulness of the Threshold following the move to a definition of 60% of net average earnings, primarily because this was a far lower monetary amount than the Threshold as previously defined. +The Scottish Low Pay Unit, an independent organisation with similar aims to the now-defunct London based Low Pay Unit, continue to campaign for a higher National Minimum Wage in this way although they do not use the ESCART due to difficulties in obtaining accurate net earnings figures for the UK. They have also produced a briefing outlining the advantages and disadvantages of the calculation. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-field_analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-field_analysis-0.md index c3ca19dcf..769219ce3 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-field_analysis-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-field_analysis-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-field_analysis" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:39:03.122947+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:24.128695+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md index 7b01e9682..f85f36646 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:11.572100+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:55.190147+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Retirement_Index-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Retirement_Index-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d9872932 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Retirement_Index-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +--- +title: "Global Retirement Index" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Retirement_Index" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:25.325391+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Global Retirement Index (GRI) is an attempt to examine the factors that drive retirement security and to provide a comparison tool for best practice in retirement policy. It has been published since 2012 by the French company Natixis, which specialises in asset management. +Norway, Switzerland and Iceland are respectively the first, second and third placed countries. India ranks 43rd, which is the bottom rank; it is preceded by Greece and ranks also last among the BRIC economies. + + +== Qualifying countries == +The countries on the list are from the following organisations: + +Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) +International Monetary Fund (IMF) advanced economies +BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) + + +== Metrics == +The Global Retirement Index is a composite welfare index which combines at total of 18 target-oriented indicators which are grouped into four thematic categories to calculate the position on the index. The indicators are then used to create a percentage score; countries are ranked by the score. +The four categories cover four relevant considerations for welfare in old age are listed below, along with the indicators that fall under them: + + +=== Health === +Life expectancy +Health expenditure per capita +Insured health expenditure + + +=== Material wellbeing === +Income equality +Income per capita +Unemployment + + +=== Quality of life/environment === +Happiness +Air quality +Water and sanitation +Biodiversity and habitat +Environmental factors + + +=== Finances in retirement === +Old-age dependency +Bank nonperforming loans +Inflation +Interest rates +Tax pressure +Governance +Government indebtedness + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Dynamics b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Dynamics new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69de29bb diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences-0.md index 22c21c0fe..90f83001a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Life_Sciences" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:20.091892+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:57.704879+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md index 44910f340..eda07fd15 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_(journal)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:21.241681+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:10:58.896885+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e567e4ac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "IBM Journal of Research and Development" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Journal_of_Research_and_Development" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:00.093706+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +IBM Journal of Research and Development is a former, peer-reviewed bimonthly scientific journal covering research on information systems. +This Journal has ceased production in 2020. +According to the Journal Citation Reports in 2019, the journal had an impact factor of 1.27. +IBM also published the IBM Systems Journal (ISSN 0018-8670) starting in 1962; it ceased publication in 2008 and was absorbed in part by the IBM Journal of Research and Development. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Internet_of_Things_Journal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Internet_of_Things_Journal-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32aa2a172 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Internet_of_Things_Journal-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "IEEE Internet of Things Journal" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Internet_of_Things_Journal" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:02.920596+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The IEEE Internet of Things Journal is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE on behalf of the IEEE Sensors Council, IEEE Communications Society, IEEE Computer Society, and IEEE Signal Processing Society. It covers research on the Internet of things. The journal was established in 2004 and the editor-in-chief is Honggang Wang (University of Massachusetts Dartmouth). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 9.936. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Applied_Superconductivity-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Applied_Superconductivity-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994b9f6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Applied_Superconductivity-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Applied_Superconductivity" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:04.336599+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on applications of superconductivity and other relevant technology. Electronic applications include analog and digital circuits employing thin films and active devices such as Josephson junctions. Large-scale applications include magnets for power applications such as motors, generators, magnetic resonance, accelerators, and cable applications such as power transmissions. The journal was established in 1991 and is published by the IEEE Council on Superconductivity. The editor-in-chief is Alexander Polasek (CEPEL - Electrical Energy Research Center). +The journal exhibited unusual levels of self-citation and its journal impact factor of 2019 was suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction that hit 34 journals in total. The journal was returned to the 2020 Journal Citation Reports index in 2021, and has remained in the index since then. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Aim and scope of the journal: https://ieeecsc.org/publication/ieee-tas \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Games-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Games-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f185d29c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Games-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "IEEE Transactions on Games" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Games" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:05.646659+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +IEEE Transactions on Games is a quarterly journal of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society that publishes peer-reviewed articles covering scientific, technical, and engineering aspects of games. The editor-in-chief is Magy Seif El-Nasr. + + +== History == +The journal started as IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games in 2009, and was renamed to IEEE Transactions on Games in 2017. + + +== Conferences == +The annual IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) is held in various locations around the world. In 2022, CoG was hosted in Beijing, China, through a virtual conference from 21-24 August. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_&_Culture-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_&_Culture-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e25c77a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_&_Culture-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Information & Culture" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_&_Culture" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:08.913126+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Information & Culture is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers work addressing the reciprocal relationships between information and culture with a human-centered focus. It was established in 1966 as The Journal of Library History and was published at Florida State University School of Library Science until it moved to the University of Texas Press in 1976.The editor from 1976-2004 was Donald G. Davis, Jr. +It was briefly known as Journal of Library History, Philosophy, and Comparative Librarianship before returning to Journal of Library History. In 1988, the title was changed to Libraries & Culture, and changed again to Libraries and the Cultural Record in 2006. In 2012, the journal obtained its current title. The editor-in-chief is Andrew Dillon (University of Texas at Austin School of Information). It is abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Book Review Index, Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France, Historical Abstracts, Journal of American History, Library and Information Science Abstracts, Library Literature and Information Science, MLA International Bibliography, and Social Sciences Citation Index. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Sciences_and_Nutrition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Sciences_and_Nutrition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bef7b3273 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Sciences_and_Nutrition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Sciences_and_Nutrition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:10.084163+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers food science and nutrition. It is published by Taylor & Francis. As of 2019, the editor-in-chief is Daniele Del Rio (University of Parma). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, PASCAL, Scopus, and Science Citation Index Expanded. +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 3.483. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +ZMA-5: The Next Generation +Nutritional Supplements Portal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Remote_Sensing-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Remote_Sensing-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf2f00f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Remote_Sensing-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "International Journal of Remote Sensing" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Remote_Sensing" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:11.266458+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Journal of Remote Sensing is a semimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on remote sensing. It was established in 1980 and is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society, of which it is the official journal. The journal Remote Sensing Reviews, which was established in 1983, was incorporated into the International Journal of Remote Sensing in 2001. The editors-in-chief are Timothy A. Warner (West Virginia University) and Arthur P. Cracknell (University of Dundee). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.151. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49085c95a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "International Review of Food Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Review_of_Food_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:12.433189+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The International Review of Food Science and Technology is a British yearly food science and technology publication done by Sovereign Publications in the United Kingdom for the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST). +Its publication deals with issues on food science and technology, including food allergy, food chemistry, food engineering, food processing, and product development. +The editor-in-chief in 2007 was Peter Berry Ottaway. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_World_Science_Citation_Database-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_World_Science_Citation_Database-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce2251b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_World_Science_Citation_Database-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Islamic World Science Citation Database" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_World_Science_Citation_Database" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:13.634693+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC) is a citation index established by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology after it was approved by the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It only indexes journals from the Islamic world. +It was announced in Baku, Azerbaijan during the Fourth Islamic Conference of the Ministers of Higher Education and Scientific Research held in October 2008. It is managed by the Islamic World Science Citation Center, located in Shiraz. +In 2009, ISC partnered with Scopus that allows ISC's publications to be indexed in Scopus. + + +== See also == +Academic publishing +List of academic databases and search engines +Impact factor + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef74d5f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Issues in Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:14.813024+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Issues in Science and Technology is a policy journal published by the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Arizona State University. The journal is a forum for discussion of public policy related to science, technology, engineering, and medicine. This includes policy for science (how to nurture the health of the research enterprise) and science for policy (how to use knowledge more effectively to achieve social goals), with emphasis on the latter. +According to the journal's mission statement: "Unlike a popular magazine, in which journalists report on the work of experts, or a professional journal, in which experts communicate with colleagues, Issues is a place where researchers, government officials, business leaders, and others with a stake in public policy can share ideas with a broad audience. When it comes to the relationship between society and advances in science and technology, the perspectives of the boardroom, the statehouse, the federal agency, and the community are as important as that of the laboratory." +The journal analyzes current topics in science, technology, and medicine, and seeks to provide recommendations by luminaries in government, industry, and academia to solve them. In the book review section, authors assess recent books about science and technology. +The journal also produces a podcast, The Ongoing Transformation, which features discussions with policymakers, academics, and other expert contributors. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +The Ongoing Transformation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skvoretz-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skvoretz-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6752f96ac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skvoretz-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "John Skvoretz" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skvoretz" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:40.024554+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +John Skvoretz is an American social scientist, focusing on theoretical methods, group processes and social psychology, and network analysis and modeling, currently at University of South Florida. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science-0.md index 318aed05e..db1adf8cf 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_for_General_Philosophy_of_Science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:28.515831+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:16.070354+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatographic_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatographic_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45405a761 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatographic_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Chromatographic Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatographic_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:17.300689+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Chromatographic Science (JCS) is a peer reviewed academic journal of chromatography. It is published by Oxford University Press. The Journal focuses on research papers describing practical and preparative applications and analytical methods relevant to a broad range of laboratory work. The editors-in-chief are Huba Kalász and Neil Danielson. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.618. + + +== See also == +Journal of Analytical Toxicology +Toxicological Sciences + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Physiology_A-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Physiology_A-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34fc5c04c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Physiology_A-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Comparative Physiology A" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Physiology_A" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:18.445513+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the intersection of ethology, neuroscience, and physiology. It was founded in 1924 by Karl von Frisch and Alfred Kühn under its German title Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie. To indicate its global orientation, it changed its name to Journal of Comparative Physiology in 1972. Reflecting the trend toward specialization in the sciences, it split into two daughter journals, 'A' and 'B', in 1976. The editor-in-chief is Günther K.H. Zupanc (Northeastern University). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following bibliographic databases: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.1. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Water_Research_&_Education-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Water_Research_&_Education-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af5e782ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Water_Research_&_Education-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Water_Research_&_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:19.620584+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on water resources published by the Universities Council on Water Resources. + + +== Background == +The journal was established in 1964 as Water Resources Update and obtained its current title in 2004. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index. The editors-in-chief are Karl Williard and Jackie Crim (Southern Illinois University). + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baa1c214d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Food Composition and Analysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:20.811407+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Food Composition and Analysis is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on human food composition. + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Engineering-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Engineering-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ccf3ce00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Engineering-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Food Engineering" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Engineering" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:21.999058+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Food Engineering is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering engineering, science, and technology related to food production. The editor-in-chief is R. Paul Singh (University of California, Davis). +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.5. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +ISSN 0260-8774 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forensic_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forensic_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f833e48c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forensic_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Forensic Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Forensic_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:24.419371+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Forensic Sciences (JFS) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal is the official publication of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, published by Wiley-Blackwell. It covers all aspects of forensic science. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.832. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_and_Applied_Sciences-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_and_Applied_Sciences-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d599baebc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_and_Applied_Sciences-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_and_Applied_Sciences" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:25.577680+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (Turkish: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü dergisi) is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal affiliated with the SDU Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. The journal was founded in 1995. +The journal is abstracted in Zentralblatt MATH, Chemical Abstract, CAB Abstract and EBSCO Host. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +http://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sdufenbed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Optical_Communications_and_Networking-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Optical_Communications_and_Networking-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..821361baa --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Optical_Communications_and_Networking-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Optical Communications and Networking" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Optical_Communications_and_Networking" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:26.779723+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Journal of Optical Communications and Networking is a peer-reviewed scientific journal co-published monthly by Optica and IEEE. It covers advances in optical networking. Established in 2002 under the name Journal of Optical Networking, it was subsequently retitled to its current name in 2009. The editor-in-chief of the journal is Andrew Lord. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.0. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology-0.md index d5df1064c..21ec04d2a 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:14:51.889250+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:28.020591+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Radiation_Research-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Radiation_Research-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5204e9b9e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Radiation_Research-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Radiation Research" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Radiation_Research" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:29.167039+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Radiation Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on radiation and oncology. It was established in 1960 and is published by Oxford University Press. Its editor-in-chief is Kenshi Komatsu (University of Kyoto). +It is an affiliated journal of the Japan Radiation Research Society and the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. In 1998 the journal absorbed the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology's former title, the Journal of JASTRO. This extended the scope of the journal to include medical and oncology research. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +Chemical Abstracts Service +Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed +Science Citation Index Expanded +Current Contents/Life Sciences +BIOSIS Previews +Scopus +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 2.014. 5 year Impact Factor 2.063 + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History-0.md index a07a3765c..3bbefeab5 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Philosophy_of_History" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:29.662511+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:30.437455+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc6b10f8e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of the Royal Society Interface" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:31.649147+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of the Royal Society Interface is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the interface between the life sciences and the physical sciences, including chemistry, engineering, materials science, mathematics, and physics. The editor-in-chief is Richard Cogdell (University of Glasgow). The journal was established in 2004 and is published by the Royal Society. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Life Sciences, The Zoological Record, Scopus, and Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md index 9ba8bc378..88a6fdb53 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice40" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T11:56:56.890314+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:26.624253+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kiernan-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kiernan-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45dd1dd86 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kiernan-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Kathleen Kiernan" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kiernan" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:27.853466+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Kathleen Kiernan is a Demographer. She is Emeritus Professor of Social Policy and Demography at the University of York. Kiernan joined the university in October 2004 from her previous role as Professor of Social Policy and Demography at the London School of Economics. She was awarded an OBE for services to Social Science in the 2006 New Year Honours and was elected as a fellow of the British Academy in 2012. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWT_(journal)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWT_(journal)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a78342e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWT_(journal)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "LWT (journal)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWT_(journal)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:32.837434+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +LWT - Food Science and Technology, formerly known as Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (English: Food Science & Technology), is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It is the official journal of the Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology and the International Union of Food Science and Technology. The editor-in-chief is Rakesh K. Singh. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2024 impact factor was 6.6. +In January 2022 LWT became an open access journal. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb8d9703 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Lapidary medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:29.047927+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Lapidary medicine is a pseudoscientific concept based on the belief that gemstones have healing properties. The source of the idea of lapidary medicine stems from information found in lapidaries, books giving "information about the properties and virtues of precious and semi-precious stones." These lapidaries not only provide understanding of the sale and production of items of lapidary medicine, but also provide information about common cultural practices and beliefs about gemstones. +The most common application of the concept was to embed precious stones within open-backed jewelry. In his book The boke of secretes of Albertus Magnus of the vertues of herbes, stones, and certayne beasts, bishop Albertus Magnus also suggests the stone be held directly to the skin, or more specifically "be wrapped in a lynnen cloth, or in a calues skyn, and borne vnder ye left arme hole[...]" +While widespread belief in lapidary theory has all but disappeared by the twenty-first century, remnants of the idea can be found in the pseudoscientific concept of crystal healing. + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Harris, Nichola Erin, 'The Idea of Lapidary Medicine: Its Circulation and Practical Applications in Medieval and Early Modern England, 1000-1750' (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 2009) +Harris, Nichola E., 'Loadstones are a Girl's Best Friend: Lapidary Cures, Midwives, and Manuals of Popular Healing in Medieval and Early Modern England', in The Sacred and the Secular in Medieval Healing: Sites, Objects, and Texts, ed. by Barbara S. Bowers and Linda Migl Keyser (2017). +Marieke Hendriksen, 'The Repudiation and Persistence of Lapidary Medicine in Eighteenth-Century Dutch Medicine and Pharmacy', in Gems in the Early Modern World: Materials, Knowledge and Global Trade, 1450–1800, ed. by Michael Bycroft and Sven Dupré (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), pp. 197–220, ISBN 978-3-319-96378-5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96379-2_8. +Loomis, C. Grant, 'Lapidary Medicine', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 16 (1944), 319–25. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..918905c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Los Alamos Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:33.986778+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Los Alamos Science was the Los Alamos National Laboratory's flagship publication in the years 1980 to 2005. Its main purpose was to present the laboratory's research and its significance to national security to the scientific community, and US government policymakers. +Special issues appeared on subjects such as particle physics, Stanislaw Ulam, and the Human Genome Project. +"Pedagogical articles" were intended to explain difficult concepts in one field to scientists and students in other fields. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIS_Quarterly_Executive-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIS_Quarterly_Executive-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3353ae2e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIS_Quarterly_Executive-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "MIS Quarterly Executive" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIS_Quarterly_Executive" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:37.594395+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +MIS Quarterly Executive is a quarterly journal covering the management of information systems. The journal was founded in 2002. Its purpose is to encourage practice-based research in the IS field and to disseminate the results of that research into a much more relevant manner to practitioners. It is a journal of The Association for Information Systems. It is based in Atlanta, Georgia. + + +== Editors-in-Chief == +Sources: + +Jack Rockart (-2005) +Jeanne W. Ross (2005-2008) +Carol V. Brown (2009-2013) +Dorothy E. Leidner (2014-2018) +Gabriele Piccoli (2019-2022) +Iris Junglas (2023-2025) +Martin Mocker (2026-) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_Prejudice-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_Prejudice-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1770c9e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_Prejudice-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Mapping Prejudice" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_Prejudice" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:30.258706+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Mapping Prejudice is based at the John R. Borchert Map Library of the University of Minnesota Libraries. The project originally searched property records in Hennepin County, identified racial covenants that were made in order to stop non-Whites from purchasing certain properties, and plotted the results of them on digital maps. +Researchers think that although racial covenants were long understood as unjust, many white Americans came to view them as irrelevant historical artifacts after they were outlawed. However, as the 50th anniversary of the Fair Housing Act approached, the Mapping Prejudice team recognized that revisiting these documents could reveal how structural racism persisted in Minneapolis, foster public learning, and build momentum for meaningful housing justice. + +Their focus began with Minneapolis. The project has grown to include Ramsey County, Minnesota; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Dakota County, Minnesota; Stearns County, Minnesota, and Anoka County, Minnesota. Founded in 2016, Mapping Prejudice was inspired by work at universities in Seattle and Virginia. + + +== Process of Making the Map == +The Mapping Prejudice project produced its dataset through a two-stage process that combined digital tools with sustained community involvement. In the first stage, the research team applied optical character recognition to millions of digitized property deeds to locate language that could indicate the presence of racially restrictive covenants. In the second stage, these flagged records were examined, verified, and transcribed by thousands of volunteers, most of them residents of the Twin Cities, who contributed through the Zooniverse platform. To recruit and support participants, the project hosted more than 200 in-person transcription sessions in partnership with neighborhood associations, churches, housing justice organizations, and local businesses. From 2016 to 2019, the team published regularly updated versions of the Hennepin County covenant map online, enabling volunteers to observe the project's development over time and reinforcing the project's commitment to transparency and community ownership. + + +== Awards Received == +The project, along with Hennepin County, received the 2021 Freedom of Information award from the Minnesota Coalition on Government Information (MNCOGI). In October 2025, Mapping Prejudice was recognized as a W. K. Kellogg Foundation Community Engagement Scholarship Award Exemplary Project. As of the award date, "over 11,000 students, faculty, staff, and community members have mapped over 50,000 racial covenants. Mapping Prejudice has transformed scholarly research by engaging community members in the creation of new knowledge of urban history in the United States." + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Mapping Prejudice +Zenner, Lily. Revealing public history through maps (Aug 4, 2023). University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 15 Jan 2024. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(psychology)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(psychology)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b2c5b57c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(psychology)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Meaning (psychology)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(psychology)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:31.479854+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Meaning is an epistemological concept used in multiple disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, linguistics, semiotics, and sociology, with its definition depending upon the field of study by which it is being used. +These multidisciplinary uses of the term are not independent and can more or less overlap; each construction of the term meaning can correspond with related constructions in other fields. The logical positivists, for example, associated meaning with scientific verification. + + +== Behaviorism == +n of idea. Like an idea, a meaning is said to be expressed or communicated by an utterance. A meaning explains the occurrence of a particular word in the sense that if there had been a different meaning to be expressed, a different word would probably have appeared. Meaning has certain advantages over ideas because they have the possibility to be located outside the skin, and thus, according to Skinner, meanings can be observed directly. + + +== Cognitive psychology == +Jerome Bruner, one of the founding fathers of cognitive psychology, wrote:Very early on,...emphasis began shifting from 'meaning' to 'information', from the construction of meaning to the processing of information. These are profoundly different matters. The key factor in the shift was the introduction of computation as the ruling metaphor and of computability as a necessary criterion of a good theoretical model. Information is indifferent with respect to meaning... + + +== Neuropsychology == +by Walter Jackson Freeman III, an American neuropsychologist, analysed neuroelectrodynamics of the brain and the process of meaning development. From his experiments and application of nonlinear dynamics, Freeman described the development of chaotic attractors in neurodynamics as dispositions to attribute a specific set of meanings, with the final decision occurring after the encounter with the events. This was in line with Jerome Bruner idea of cognitive hypotheses ("models") that people form when they attribute meaning to objects and events. + + +== Differential psychology == +Experimental investigation of cognitive biases associated with sex and temperament differences showed that these biologically-based characteristics can influence meaning attribution. +Thus, in these studies males with stronger motor-physical endurance estimated abstractions describing people-, work/reality- and time-related concepts in more positive terms than males with a weaker endurance. Females with stronger social or physical endurance estimated social attractors in more positive terms than weaker females. Both male and female temperament groups with higher sociability showed a universal positive bias in their estimations of social concepts, in comparison to participants with lower sociability +In terms of temperament (biologically-based traits), people showed a tendency to attribute meaning to common adjectives and abstract and neutral nouns depending on their physical or verbal endurance, physical or verbal tempo, plasticity, and emotionality + + +== German critical psychology == +German critical psychology provides a metatheoretical framework for research on both psychological and computational tasks. One important part of this is the logical-historical development of the meaning category. It is shown that meaning is nothing absolute but subjective. Meaning is neither a property of things nor only present as an imagination of cognition. Thus, meanings cannot be "defined" or "assigned" as commonly thought. Meanings arise from societal production of use-value." +A similar understanding developed in cultural studies of science: "Cultural studies thereby articulate dynamic, expressive conceptions of meaning, knowledge, and power, which contrast sharply with the standard approaches to these phenomena within philosophy and social theory. On such accounts, meaning is not a property of utterances or actions; the term `meaning' instead articulates the ways in which such performances inferentially draw upon and transform the field of prior performances in which they are situated." + + +== See also == +Ideasthesia +Meaning (disambiguation) +Meaning (philosophy) + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Sinha, C. (1988). Language and Representation. A socio-naturalistic approach to human development. New York: Harvester. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_Museum_Victoria-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_Museum_Victoria-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..296439532 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_Museum_Victoria-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Memoirs of Museum Victoria" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_Museum_Victoria" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:35.201813+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Memoirs of Museum Victoria is a peer-reviewed annual scientific journal covering natural sciences pertinent to the collections of Museums Victoria and/or the Australian state of Victoria. It is published by Museums Victoria and the editor-in-chief is Richard Marchant. The journal was established in 1906 as Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, obtaining its current name in 1984. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy_and_Microanalysis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy_and_Microanalysis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7aa4e9e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy_and_Microanalysis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Microscopy and Microanalysis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy_and_Microanalysis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:36.403708+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Microscopy and Microanalysis is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers original research in the fields of microscopy, imaging, and compositional analysis, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and live-cell imaging. It is published for the Microscopy Society of America. +It was established in February 1995, and was published by Cambridge University Press until Volume 29. All articles published until then first appeared online in The Cambridge Core section known as FirstView. From Volume 29 and onward, the journal was published by the Oxford University Press. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2019 impact factor is 3.414. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtentechnische_Fachberichte-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtentechnische_Fachberichte-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db255724 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtentechnische_Fachberichte-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachrichtentechnische_Fachberichte" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:38.793230+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte (abbreviated NTF) is a German-language technical journal, published by VDE-Verlag since 1956. It has been referred to as "obscure". + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Computational_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Computational_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a69fa31 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Computational_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Nature Computational Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Computational_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:40.002723+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nature Computational Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Nature Portfolio. Established in 2021, it covers research on the development and use of computational techniques and mathematical models. Its current editor-in-chief is Fernando Chirigati. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology +Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences +Ei Compendex +MEDLINE +Science Citation Index Expanded +Scopus +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 18.3. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Methods-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Methods-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..201636742 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Methods-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +--- +title: "Nature Methods" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Methods" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:41.179141+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Nature Methods is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering new scientific techniques. It was established in 2004 and is published by Springer Nature under the Nature Portfolio. Like other Nature journals, there is no external editorial board and editorial decisions are made by an in-house team, although peer review by external experts forms a part of the review process. The editor-in-chief is Allison Doerr. + + +== Method of the Year == +Each January, Nature Methods designates a "Method of the Year" — a +field, approach or technique that the editors judge to have enabled major +recent advances in the life sciences. The selection is accompanied by +a special issue containing an editorial, primer-style commentaries and a +"News Feature" by the journal's technology editor. +The award has been given annually since 2007 and frequently highlights +experimental and computational techniques that transform how biological data are generated or +analysed. + + +=== Selections by year === + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2021 impact factor of 47.990, ranking it first in the category "Biochemical Research Methods". + + +== See also == +Nature Protocols +Bioinformatics +List of scientific journals in biology +ISCB Bioinformatics Core Competencies + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Retraction Watch +"JournalGuide". Retrieved February 23, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_coding-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_coding-0.md index e13cd392d..5e11ea076 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_coding-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_coding-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_coding" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T09:54:35.377999+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:32.747235+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f157196a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Pacific Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:42.353061+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pacific Science is a quarterly multidisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the biological and physical sciences of the Pacific basin, focusing especially on biogeography, ecology, evolution, geology and volcanology, oceanography, palaeontology, and systematics. It is published by the University of Hawaiʻi Press and was established in 1947. It is the official journal of the Pacific Science Association. +The founding editor-in-chief was A. Grove Day. Leonard D. Tuthill served as editor of vols. 2-7 (1948–1953); William A. Gosline edited vols. 8-10 (1954–1956) and vols. 22-25 (1968–1971); and O. A. Bushnell edited vols. 11-21 (1957–1967). The longest-serving editor was E. Alison Kay, who edited vols. 26-54 (1972–2000), stepping down only after she retired. Gerald D. Carr edited vols. 55-58 (2001–2004) and from vol. 59 (2005) was succeeded by Curtis C. Daehler. All editors have been faculty of the University of Hawaiʻi. +The journal's first electronic edition appeared in 2001 on Project MUSE, which continues to host archives of vols. 55 (2001) through 61 (2007). The most current electronic edition is available on BioOne, which also hosts archives going back to vol. 59 (2005). +Back issues of Pacific Science are archived online in the University of Hawaii at Mānoa's ScholarSpace institutional repository. + + +== External links == +Official website +Journal page at Project MUSE +Journal page at BioOne +Institutional repository \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science-0.md index a6fad776a..ff67ee107 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:39:34.705897+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:34.037706+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md index 2aba48ca2..1e8dc0e74 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:41.528069+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:43.589920+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d63430e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Physical Quality of Life Index" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:35.272224+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 1 to 100 scale. +It was developed for the Overseas Development Council in the mid-1970s by M.D Morris, as one of a number of measures created due to dissatisfaction with the use of GNP as an indicator of development. He thought that they would cover a wide range of indicators like health, sanitation, drinking water, nutrition, education etc. PQLI might be regarded as an improvement but shares the general problems of measuring quality of life in a quantitative way. It has also been criticized because there is a considerable overlap between infant mortality and life expectancy. +The UN Human Development Index is a more widely used means of measuring well-being. +Steps to Calculate Physical Quality of Life: + +Find percentage of the population that is literate (literacy rate). +Find the infant mortality rate. (out of 1000 births) +INDEXED Infant Mortality Rate = (166 - infant mortality) × 0.625 +Find the Life Expectancy. +INDEXED Life Expectancy = (Life expectancy - 42) × 2.7 +Calculate Physical Quality of Life +Physical Quality of Life equals the average of Literacy Rate, INDEXED Infant Mortality Rate and INDEXED Life Expectancy. +Increase in national income and per capita income are not the real indicators of economic development, as it has a number of limitations. Increasing incomes of the country are concentrated in the hands of a few people, which is not development. The development of a country should be such that the living standards of the poor rises, and the basic requirements of the citizens are fulfilled. Keeping this in mind, Morris Davis Morris presented the physical quality of life index, in short known as the PQLI. In this index, betterment of physical quality of life of human beings is considered economic development. The level of physical quality of life determines the level of economic development. If any country's physical quality of life is higher than that of the other country, then that country is considered as more developed. There are three standards to measure the physical quality, which are depicted here: +1)- Extent of Education, +2)- Life Expectancy & +3)- Infant Mortality Rate + + +== See also == +Basic Well-being Index (BWI) +Human Poverty Index +Quality-of-life Index, a different index calculated in 2005 +Quality of well-being scale +Gross National Happiness +Bhutan GNH Index +Happiness economics + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polite_fiction-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polite_fiction-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d762b5b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polite_fiction-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Polite fiction" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polite_fiction" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:36.479532+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A polite fiction is a social scenario in which all participants are aware of a truth, but pretend to believe in some alternative version of events to avoid conflict or embarrassment. Polite fictions are closely related to euphemism, in which a word or phrase that might be impolite, disagreeable, or offensive is replaced by another word or phrase that both speaker and listener understand to have the same meaning. In scholarly usage, "polite fiction" can be traced to at least 1953. + + +== Examples == +An informal example would be of someone who goes out drinking after telling their family that they are merely going for an evening walk to enjoy the night air. Even though many relatives involved know that the person is likely leaving to drink alcohol, and may come home drunk, they may act as if the person is going out for a walk, and act as if they do not notice signs of alcohol intoxication when they return. +Another common example is a couple that has had an argument, after which one of them absents themselves from a subsequent social gathering, with the other claiming that they are ill, especially if this is a regular occurrence. +In these instances, although others in the subject's social circles may have seen this behavior numerous times and are aware that a problem of some sort exists, they may remain silent for fear of causing upset, thereby further troubling their relationship with the subject. This violates social norms (a human behavior related to ethics codes and ethics clarity), and can be used to retain politeness and trust, with the effect of maintenance of social bonds and provision of ideological support. + + +== Denialism == +Polite fictions can slip into denial. This is especially the case when the fiction is actually meant to fool some observers, such as outsiders or children judged too young to be told the truth. The truth then becomes "the elephant in the room"; no matter how obvious it is, the people most affected pretend to others and to themselves that it is not so. This can be used to humorous effect in comedy, where a character will seem bent on making it impossible to maintain the polite fiction. + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Explanations of "polite fictions" in U.S. culture for Japanese visitors \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e498a7f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:44.772291+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University since 1841. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India_Section_A-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India_Section_A-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f5e3e3f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India_Section_A-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India_Section_A" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:45.957099+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of physical science. It is published by Springer on behalf of National Academy of Sciences, India four times a year, and is edited by Jai Pal Mittal. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 0.754. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Natural_Institute_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Natural_Institute_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08f81787c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Natural_Institute_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Proceedings of the Natural Institute of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Natural_Institute_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:47.152111+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Proceedings of the Natural Institute of Science (or PNIS) is a semi-satirical parody of a scientific journal that publishes articles in three categories: SOFD (Satirical or Fake Data), HARD (Honest And Reliable Data), and editorials. It was established in 2014 and the editor-in-chief is Matt J. Michel. The journal's editors have stated to Vox that articles published in PNIS-HARD are not peer-reviewed. However, they also maintained that the data in all such articles are entirely authentic. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35dace32a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Quarterly Journal of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:48.336562+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Quarterly Journal of Science was the title of two British scientific periodicals of the 19th century. +The first was established in 1816 by William Thomas Brande, as the Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts. He edited it with John Millington and then Michael Faraday. To a large extent a vehicle for authors associated with the Royal Institution, it was taken over by the Institution in 1830, and then appeared as the Journal of the Royal Institution, to 1832. +In 1864, William Crookes started the Quarterly Journal of Science with James Samuelson. He edited it alone from 1870, and sold it in 1878, when the title was changed to Journal of Science, a monthly appearing to 1885. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_aggregation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_aggregation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45b5feb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_aggregation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +title: "Rank aggregation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_aggregation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:37.647766+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Rank aggregation is a fundamental task in social choice theory. Given a collection of different rankings (total orders) over the same set of objects, the goal is to produce a single ranking of those objects that, in some way, aggregates the different opinions expressed by the input rankings. +Rank aggregation has applications in many fields. For example, in biological research, several research methods may produce different rankings of objects (e.g., genes), and it is desirable to combine these into a single ranking. Shili Lin provides a survey of rank aggregation methods in biological contexts. + + +== Kemeny method == + +The Kemeny method is a commonly used approach to rank aggregation. It selects an output ranking that minimises the sum of Kendall tau distances to all input rankings. It is considered majoritarian in the sense that if more than 50% of the input rankings are identical, then the method will necessarily return that ranking. + + +== Proportional methods == +In some contexts it may be desirable to aggregate rankings in a more proportional manner, that also takes minority rankings into account. There are several approaches to this problem. +1. Lederer, Peters and Was present the Squared Kemeny method. It minimises the sum of squared Kendall-tau distances to all input rankings. This approach guarantees an upper bound on the distance between the output ranking and any input ranking, depending on its frequency in the input. This provides a non-trivial guarantee even for minority rankings. +2. Aziz, Lederer, Peters, Peters and Ritossa present the Solid Coalition Refinement rule. It is a multiwinner voting rule that satisfies committee monotonicity. Hence, it can be used as a rank aggregation rule: the outcome for k=1 is the first in the ranking; the outcome for k=2 is the second in the ranking; and so on. For every k, the top k candidates in the resulting ranking satisfy a fairness property called Proportionality for Solid Coalitions. + + +== See also == +Ranked voting – a setting in which the input consists of rankings of candidates, and the goal is to select a single candidate or a subset of candidates rather than produce a full ranking (examples are Single transferable vote and expanding approvals rule). +Arrow's impossibility theorem – a fundamental result in social choice theory concerning the limitations of ranked voting systems. +Social welfare function – a function that takes individual preferences as input and produces a collective ranking of alternatives. + + +== Further reading == +Dwork, Cynthia; Kumar, Ravi; Naor, Moni; Sivakumar, D. (February 21, 2001). "Rank aggregation methods for the Web". Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved 2026-05-02. +Israel, Jonas; Brill, Markus (February 2025). "Dynamic proportional rankings". Social Choice and Welfare. 64 (1–2): 221–261. doi:10.1007/s00355-023-01498-8. +Skowron, Piotr; Lackner, Martin; Brill, Markus; Peters, Dominik; Elkind, Edith (2017-08-19). "Proportional rankings". Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Melbourne, Australia: AAAI Press. pp. 409–415. ISBN 978-0-9992411-0-3. +Wang, Siyi; Deng, Qi; Feng, Shiwei; Zhang, Hong; Liang, Chao (2024-08-01). A Survey on Rank Aggregation. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Survey Track. Vol. 9. pp. 8281–8289. doi:10.24963/ijcai.2024/915. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riepl's_law-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riepl's_law-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4be7d738c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riepl's_law-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Riepl's law" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riepl's_law" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:38.835752+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Riepl's law is a hypothesis formulated by Wolfgang Riepl in 1913. It is frequently cited in discussions about newly emerging forms of media in the scientific community in German-speaking countries. +Riepl, the chief editor of Nuremberg's biggest newspaper at the time, stated in his dissertation about ancient modes of news communications (original title: "Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Römer") that new, further developed types of media never replace the existing modes of media and their usage patterns. Instead, a convergence takes place in their field, leading to a different way and field of use for these older forms. +This hypothesis is still considered to be relevant, explaining the fact that new media never make the "old" media disappear. The principle forms the basis for Niels Ole Finnemann's analyses of the five major matrices of media, stating +"the general principles in the transition from one matrix to another as follows: The emergence of a new medium is accompanied by: +a) a restructuring of the whole matrix implying +b) a refunctionalisation of older media +c) which often results in the development of new functions, eventually utilising hitherto un-used or even unknown qualities and functions of old media, — functions which may be as important as the new medium itself. E.g., the telegraph and innovation of print media: The telegraph allowed the transmission of news across a much wider space in a much shorter time, thereby also creating a platform for the development of a new print medium: printed newspapers. +d) Finally we can also observe that new media often emerge because of +information overload in older media." +Support for the continued validity of Riepl's law came from the highly regarded CEO of the Alex Springer publishing group Mathias Döpfner who, in May 2006 wrote in a leading German newspaper Die Welt +"I believe in Riepl's law...Books have not replaced storytelling. Newspapers have not replaced books; radio has not replaced newspapers; and television has not replaced radio. It follows that the Internet will not replace television or newspapers" + + +== Bibliography == +Riepl, Wolfgang (1913). "Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Römer", Leipzig: Teubner. +Döpfner, Mathias "The Future of Journalism" Die Welt May 8, 2006. +Finnemann, Niels Ole (2001) "The Internet - A new Communicational Infrastructure."Papers from The Centre for Internet Research, University of Aarhus ISSN 1601-538X (electronic version). + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c6d6f31c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "Safety Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:49.571106+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Safety Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research on all aspects of human and industrial safety. The editor-in-chief is Georgios Boustras (European University Cyprus). The journal was established in 1976 as the Journal of Occupational Accidents, with Herbert Eisner as founding editor-in-chief. In 1990, the aims and scope of the journal were expanded, and the journal obtained its current name. + + +== Editors-in-chief == +Since 1990, the following persons are or have been editors-in-chief: + +1990–2009: Andrew Hale +2010–2012: Kathryn Mearns +2013–2017: Jean-Luc Wybo +2018–present: Georgios Boustras + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 5.4. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Zeitschrift_für_Forstwesen-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Zeitschrift_für_Forstwesen-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..469a20b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Zeitschrift_für_Forstwesen-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Zeitschrift_für_Forstwesen" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:50.750695+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen (the Swiss Forestry Journal) is one of the oldest forestry journals still in print in the world. It was established in 1850. + + +== See also == +List of forestry journals + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Bulletin-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Bulletin-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..204eb1633 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Bulletin-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Science Bulletin" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Bulletin" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:54.522367+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Bulletin (shortened as Sci. Bull.) is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed international journal sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Published by Elsevier on behalf of Science China Magazine Press, the journal focuses on "high-caliber peer-reviewed research in a broad range of natural sciences and high-tech fields on the basis of its originality, scientific significance and whether it is of general interest." +Since 2011, all of its articles have been published open access under the Creative Commons by Attribution license. + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Ethics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Ethics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b0a372cf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Ethics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Science and Engineering Ethics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Ethics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:51.968039+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science and Engineering Ethics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering ethics as it relates to science and engineering. It was established in 1995 by Opragen Publications and is currently published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editors-in-chief are Dena K. Plemmons (University of California, Riverside) and Behnam Taebi (TU Delft, the Netherlands). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.275. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Public_Policy-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Public_Policy-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c96ecd8b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Public_Policy-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Science and Public Policy" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Public_Policy" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:53.135192+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science and Public Policy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering science policy. It was established in 1974 and is published ten times per year by Oxford University Press. The editors-in-chief are Sybille Hinze (Deutsches Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung), Jeong-Dong Lee (Seoul National University), Nicholas Vonortas (George Washington University), and Caroline S. Wagner (Ohio State University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.368. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29c05afa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Scientific Data (journal)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:57.148496+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scientific Data is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Nature Research since 2014. It focuses on descriptions of data sets relevant to the natural sciences, medicine, engineering and social sciences, which are provided as machine-readable data, complemented with a human oriented narrative. The journal was not the first to publish data papers, but is one of a few journals whose content consists primarily of data papers. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_and_Studies_Series-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_and_Studies_Series-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d78b15d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_and_Studies_Series-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_and_Studies_Series" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:58.347549+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series is a collection of serial periodical publications produced by the Smithsonian Institution, detailing advances in various scientific and societal fields to which the Smithsonian Institution has made contributions. + + +== History == +The Smithsonian Institution began publishing consolidated compilations of quarto-sized papers in 1848, under the name Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. In 1862 octavo-sized papers called Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections were added, followed by the monographic Bulletin of the United States National Museum in 1875, and the compiled Proceedings of the United States National Museum in 1878. Annual Reports of Smithsonian Institution administrative and scholarly achievements, and accessions to the collections, began issuing in 1881, with accession and donor information being split off in 1993 as the Annals of the Smithsonian Institution. +The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge ceased publication in 1916, followed by the cessation of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections in 1968, and the Bulletin of the United States National Museum in 1971. In their place, the Smithsonian Institution began publication of a variety of different series focused on specific areas of scientific or societal study. + + +== Series == + + +=== Discontinued === + + +=== Current === + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocArXiv-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocArXiv-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb90ac410 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocArXiv-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "SocArXiv" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocArXiv" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:41.225992+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SocArXiv is an online paper server for the social sciences founded by sociologist Philip N. Cohen in partnership with the non-profit Center for Open Science. It is an open archive based on the ArXiv preprint server model used for the natural sciences, mathematics, and computer science. The site describes itself as an "open archive of the social sciences, [which] provides a free, non-profit, open access platform for social scientists to upload working papers, preprints, and published papers, with the option to link data and code." It also hosts papers in the areas of education and law. +The database was launched in 2016, shortly after the purchase of the Social Science Research Network by Elsevier, to meet "a need for a new general, open-access, open-source, paper server for the social sciences, one that encourages linking and sharing data and code, that serves its research to an open metadata system, and that provides the foundation for a post-publication review system." It was built of the Open Science Framework platform, initially as a program of the University of Maryland. In 2021, the University of Maryland Libraries became the institutional home of SocArXiv. +In addition to providing a forum for pre-publication papers as a matter of improving transparency and efficiency, Cohen has called for a central repository for peer-reviews of papers even when the reviews lead to the paper being declined for publication. +As of May 2022, SocArXiv hosted more than 10,000 papers. + + +== See also == +List of academic databases and search engines +List of preprint repositories + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md index 36bce707b..c4ba2f4cd 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Studies_of_Science" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:09:53.417821+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:59.686527+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_for_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_for_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55a1742ed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_for_Biology_and_Medicine-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Source Code for Biology and Medicine" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_for_Biology_and_Medicine" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:00.925619+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Source Code for Biology and Medicine was a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal in the field of bioinformatics, including information systems and data mining. The journal was published by BioMed Central and was established in 2006. The editors-in-chief were Emmanuel Ifeachor (University of Plymouth) and Leif E. Peterson (The Methodist Hospital Research Institute). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, EmBiology, and Scopus. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a2942538 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "South African Journal of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:02.118032+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The South African Journal of Science is an open access, multidisciplinary academic journal published bimonthly by the Academy of Science of South Africa. The journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.134. + + +== History == +The journal was established in 1903 as the Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science. The annual volume became a monthly publication in August 1947. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +Scopus +Science Citation Index Expanded +Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences +Current Contents/Life Sciences +The Zoological Record +BIOSIS Previews + + +== References == + + +== External links == + Media related to South African Journal of Science at Wikimedia Commons +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Journal_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Journal_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7b3b4547 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Journal_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Texas Journal of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Journal_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:03.354312+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Texas Journal of Science is a peer reviewed academic journal covering all areas of basic and applied sciences, as well as science education. It is published by the Texas Academy of Science. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, The Zoological Record, and with some interruptions Scopus. It obtained its last impact factor of 0.113 in 2010, but its listing in the Journal Citation Reports has since been discontinued. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Forester-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Forester-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01864c79b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Forester-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "The Indian Forester" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Forester" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:07.667671+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Indian Forester is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in forestry. It is one of the oldest forestry journals still in existence in the world. It was established in 1875 and is published by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education. + + +== History == +The Indian Forester was established in the forestry conference held at Allahabad in January 1874. The journal was founded by Sir Dietrich Brandis, with William Schlich as the first honorary editor. + + +== See also == +List of forestry journals + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website + The Indian forester, January 1893 issue (online) at Archive.org +The Indian forester, Vol XXIV, 1898 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Food_Science_Education-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Food_Science_Education-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e094020b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Food_Science_Education-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "The Journal of Food Science Education" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Food_Science_Education" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:23.215878+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Food Science Education was an online peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Food Technologists (Chicago, Illinois). It was established in 2002 as the first scientific electronic journal of the Institute that was published online only. Its main focus was the education methods involved in food science and technology. This involved the recruitment of future food scientists, education at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and continuing education through distance learning, e-learning, and lifelong learning. +The January 2007 issue featured the first themed issue with improved food science education in the K-12 grade range (Kindergarten, primary, middle school, and secondary). + + +== Editors == +Wayne T. Iwaoka was the inaugural scientific editor and served from 2000 to 2005. Grady W. Chism III served as scientific editor from 2006 to 2013 and Shelly J. Schmidt was scientific editor from 2014 to 2021. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +1541-4329 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Nature-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Nature-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e99d053 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Nature-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "The Science of Nature" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Nature" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:11:55.803266+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance. It was founded in 1913 and intended as a German-language equivalent of the English-language journal Nature, at a time when German was still a dominant language of the natural sciences. The journal is now published in English. + + +== History == +Die Naturwissenschaften was founded in 1913 by Arnold Berliner and published by Julius Springer Verlag. Berliner intended to create a German equivalent to the English-language journal Nature. The original subtitle Wochenschrift für die Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaften, der Medizin und der Technik (Weekly Publication of the Advances in the Natural Sciences, Medicine and Technology) was later changed to its current The Science of Nature. The journal is published monthly and the articles are exclusively in English, after a gradual transition from German to English during the 1990s. In January 2015, the journal changed its name to The Science of Nature. + + +=== Editors === +The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal: + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_governance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_governance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a9a9ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_governance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Therapeutic governance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_governance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:42.475006+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The term therapeutic governance is used in the social science literature to refer to two interrelated concepts. Therapeutic governance was first coined by Vannessa Pupavac to describe the management of the populations' psychology, and its significance for security. +Allison McKim used the term therapeutic governance to describe the governmentality of alcohol and drug treatment, whereby treatment works as a type of responsibilizing governance in producing and managing a rational, self-interested subject. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b0a06010 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:04.572377+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand was a scientific journal and magazine published by the Royal Society of New Zealand. Before 1933 the society was called the New Zealand Institute, and the journal's name was Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. It was active between 1868 and 1961 and was the most important scientific journal in New Zealand. + + +== Notable contributors == +John Buchanan, illustrator and botanist who prepared many of the illustrations for the Transactions between 1868 and 1885 +Thomas Cheeseman, naturalist +William Colenso, botanist +Harold John Finlay, palaeontologist and conchologist +Charles Fleming, ornithologist and palaeontologist +James Hector, geologist +Thomas Hocken, botanist and anthropologist +Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist, Nobel laureate + + +== See also == +Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Kansas_Academy_of_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Kansas_Academy_of_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b997d9122 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Kansas_Academy_of_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Kansas_Academy_of_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:05.809714+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Kansas Academy of Science. The journal covers biological and physical sciences, mathematics and computer science, history, culture, and philosophy of science, and science education. The journal is abstracted and indexed in The Zoological Record and BIOSIS Previews. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_A-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_A-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3aebf4c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_A-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Transportation Research Part A" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_A" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:07.000134+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on transportation policy and related issues. It was established in 1979 as Transportation Research Part A: General, obtaining its current name in 1992. The editors-in-chief are Juan de Dios Ortuzar (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and E. Cherchi (Newcastle University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 6.8. + + +== See also == +Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment +Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review +List of transportation and logistics journals + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_E-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_E-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd553c3b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_E-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Transportation Research Part E" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Part_E" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:08.163692+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal which publishes information and articles about logistics and transportation research. It was established in 1997 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Reza Zanjirani Farahani (Paris School of Business) and Hans Wang (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University). It is ranked as a top journal in the Australian ABDC business school journal list (A*). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 10.6. + + +== See also == + +Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice +Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment +List of transportation and logistics journals + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trends_in_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trends_in_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b0ad586c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trends_in_Food_Science_and_Technology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Trends in Food Science and Technology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trends_in_Food_Science_and_Technology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:09.388810+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Trends in Food Science and Technology (TIFS) is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering food science and technology. It is an official publication of the European Federation of Food Science and Technology and of the International Union of Food Science and Technology. The editors-in-chief are Rickey Yada and Fidel Todra (Institute of Food Research). + + +== Abstracting an indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 12.563. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Water_Journal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Water_Journal-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed75b99e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Water_Journal-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Urban Water Journal" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Water_Journal" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:10.609398+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Urban Water Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering topics related to water systems in the urban environment. It was established in 2004 and is published by Taylor & Francis in association with the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research. The editors-in-chief are David Butler (University of Exeter), Alberto Campisano (University of Catania), Christos Makropoulos (National Technical University of Athens), and Čedo Maksimović (Imperial College London). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, ProQuest databases, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Inspec, Metadex, and GEOBASE. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.081. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_für_Naturforschung-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_für_Naturforschung-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50c3de053 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_für_Naturforschung-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Zeitschrift für Naturforschung" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_für_Naturforschung" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:12:11.827597+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Zeitschrift für Naturforschung (English: Journal for Nature Research) was a peer-reviewed monthly academic journal that was established by Kaiser Wilhelm Institute scientists in 1946. It published original German-language research manuscripts from the fields of chemistry, physics, and the biosciences. It existed for only one year, being split into two parts in 1947, one dealing with physical sciences (Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A) and the other covering the chemical and biosciences (Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B). The biosciences were separated in 1973 (Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C), resulting in three successor journals. The three current journals are all considered to begin with the 1946 volume; consequently, all three journals use the same volume number in each calendar year. The publisher typically uses the abbreviation Z. Naturforsch. for all three journals with the part indicated in the volume number. For example, an article in a 2012 issue of Part A might be referenced in some places as being from volume "67a" of Z. Naturforsch., but in other places references will show volume "67" of "Z. Naturforsch. A". +The journal is published by Walter de Gruyter since 2015. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file