Scrape wikipedia-science: 237 new, 3 updated, 256 total (kb-cron)
This commit is contained in:
parent
796d01549e
commit
2e2f018380
@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Index of structural engineering articles"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_structural_engineering_articles"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:39.766643+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics. For biographies please see List of engineers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== A ==
|
||||
A-frame –
|
||||
Aerodynamics –
|
||||
Aeroelasticity –
|
||||
Air-supported structure –
|
||||
Airframe –
|
||||
Aluminium –
|
||||
Analytical method –
|
||||
Angular frequency –
|
||||
Angular speed –
|
||||
Architecture –
|
||||
Architectural engineering –
|
||||
Arch –
|
||||
Arch bridge
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== B ==
|
||||
Base isolation –
|
||||
Beam –
|
||||
Beam axle –
|
||||
Bending –
|
||||
Bifurcation theory –
|
||||
Biomechanics –
|
||||
Boat Building –
|
||||
Body-on-frame –
|
||||
Box girder bridge –
|
||||
Box truss –
|
||||
Bridge engineering –
|
||||
Buckling –
|
||||
Building –
|
||||
Building construction –
|
||||
Building engineering
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== C ==
|
||||
Cable –
|
||||
Cable-stayed bridge –
|
||||
Cantilever –
|
||||
Cantilever bridge –
|
||||
Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer –
|
||||
Casing –
|
||||
Casting –
|
||||
Catastrophic failure –
|
||||
Center of mass –
|
||||
Chaos theory –
|
||||
Chassis –
|
||||
Chimneys –
|
||||
Coachwork –
|
||||
Coefficient of thermal expansion –
|
||||
Coil spring –
|
||||
Columns –
|
||||
Composite material –
|
||||
Composite structure –
|
||||
Compression –
|
||||
Compressive stress –
|
||||
Concrete –
|
||||
Concrete cover –
|
||||
Construction –
|
||||
Construction engineering –
|
||||
Construction management –
|
||||
Continuum mechanics –
|
||||
Corrosion –
|
||||
Crane –
|
||||
Creep –
|
||||
Crumple zone –
|
||||
Curvature
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== D ==
|
||||
Dam –
|
||||
Damper –
|
||||
Damping ratio –
|
||||
Dead and live loads –
|
||||
Deflection –
|
||||
Deformation –
|
||||
Direct stiffness method –
|
||||
Dome –
|
||||
Double wishbone suspension –
|
||||
Duhamel's integral –
|
||||
Dynamical system –
|
||||
Dynamics
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== E ==
|
||||
Earthquake –
|
||||
Earthquake engineering –
|
||||
Earthquake engineering research –
|
||||
Earthquake engineering structures –
|
||||
Earthquake loss –
|
||||
Earthquake performance evaluation –
|
||||
Earthquake simulation –
|
||||
Elasticity theory –
|
||||
Elasticity –
|
||||
Energy principles in structural mechanics –
|
||||
Engineering mechanics –
|
||||
Euler method –
|
||||
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== F ==
|
||||
Falsework –
|
||||
Fatigue –
|
||||
Fibre reinforced plastic –
|
||||
Finite element analysis –
|
||||
Finite element method –
|
||||
Finite element method in structural mechanics –
|
||||
Fire safety –
|
||||
Fire protection –
|
||||
Fire protection engineering –
|
||||
First moment of area –
|
||||
Flexibility method –
|
||||
Floating raft system –
|
||||
Floor –
|
||||
Fluid mechanics –
|
||||
Footbridges –
|
||||
Force –
|
||||
Formwork –
|
||||
Foundation engineering –
|
||||
Fracture –
|
||||
Fracture mechanics –
|
||||
Frame –
|
||||
Frequency –
|
||||
Fuselage
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== G ==
|
||||
Girder –
|
||||
Grout
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== H ==
|
||||
Hoist –
|
||||
Hollow structural section –
|
||||
Hooke's law –
|
||||
Hull –
|
||||
Hurricane-proof building –
|
||||
Hyperboloid structure
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== I ==
|
||||
Institution of Structural Engineers
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== J ==
|
||||
Joint
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== K ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== L ==
|
||||
Lattice tower –
|
||||
Lever –
|
||||
Leaf spring –
|
||||
Limit state design –
|
||||
Linear elasticity –
|
||||
Linear system –
|
||||
Linkage –
|
||||
Live axle –
|
||||
Load –
|
||||
Load factor
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== M ==
|
||||
MacPherson strut –
|
||||
Masonry –
|
||||
Mast –
|
||||
Material science –
|
||||
Modulus of elasticity –
|
||||
Mohr–Coulomb theory –
|
||||
Monocoque –
|
||||
Moment –
|
||||
Moment distribution –
|
||||
Moment of inertia –
|
||||
Mortar –
|
||||
Moulding
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== N ==
|
||||
Newton method –
|
||||
Newtonian mechanics –
|
||||
Non-linear system –
|
||||
Numerical analysis –
|
||||
Non-persistent joint
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== O ==
|
||||
Offshore engineering –
|
||||
Oscillation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== P ==
|
||||
Permissible stress design –
|
||||
Pile –
|
||||
Plastic analysis –
|
||||
Plastic bending –
|
||||
plasticity –
|
||||
Poisson's ratio –
|
||||
Portland cement –
|
||||
Portal frame –
|
||||
Precast concrete –
|
||||
Prestressed concrete –
|
||||
Pressure vessel
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Q ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== R ==
|
||||
Radius of gyration –
|
||||
Ready-mix concrete –
|
||||
Rebar –
|
||||
Reinforced concrete –
|
||||
Response spectrum –
|
||||
Retaining wall –
|
||||
Rigid frame –
|
||||
Rotation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== S ==
|
||||
Second moment of area –
|
||||
Seismic analysis –
|
||||
Seismic loading –
|
||||
Seismic performance –
|
||||
Seismic retrofit –
|
||||
Seismic risk –
|
||||
Shear –
|
||||
Shear flow –
|
||||
Shear modulus –
|
||||
Shear strain –
|
||||
Shear strength –
|
||||
Shear stress –
|
||||
Shear wall –
|
||||
Shipbuilding –
|
||||
Ship Construction –
|
||||
Shock absorbers –
|
||||
Shotcrete –
|
||||
Shrinkage –
|
||||
Simple machine –
|
||||
Skyscraper –
|
||||
Slab –
|
||||
Solid mechanics –
|
||||
Space frame –
|
||||
Statics –
|
||||
Statically determinate –
|
||||
Statically indeterminate –
|
||||
Statistical method –
|
||||
Steel –
|
||||
Stiffness –
|
||||
Strand jack –
|
||||
Strength of materials –
|
||||
Stress analysis –
|
||||
Stress–strain curve –
|
||||
Strut –
|
||||
Strut bar –
|
||||
Structural analysis –
|
||||
Structural design –
|
||||
Structural dynamics –
|
||||
Structural failure –
|
||||
Structural health monitoring –
|
||||
Structural load –
|
||||
Structural mechanics –
|
||||
Structural steel –
|
||||
Structural system –
|
||||
Subframe –
|
||||
Superleggera –
|
||||
Suspension (disambiguation page) –
|
||||
Suspension bridge
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== T ==
|
||||
Tall building –
|
||||
Tensile architecture –
|
||||
Tensile strength –
|
||||
Tensile stress –
|
||||
Tensile structure –
|
||||
Tension –
|
||||
Timber –
|
||||
Timber framing –
|
||||
Thermal conductivity –
|
||||
Thermal shock –
|
||||
Thermodynamics –
|
||||
Thermoplastic –
|
||||
Truss –
|
||||
Truss bridge –
|
||||
Torsion –
|
||||
Torsion beam suspension –
|
||||
Torsion box –
|
||||
Tower –
|
||||
Tubular bridge –
|
||||
Tuned mass damper
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== U ==
|
||||
Unit dummy force method –
|
||||
Unsprung weight
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== V ==
|
||||
Vehicle dynamics –
|
||||
Vessel –
|
||||
Very large floating structures –
|
||||
Vibration –
|
||||
Vibration control –
|
||||
Virtual work
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== W ==
|
||||
Wall –
|
||||
Wear –
|
||||
Wedge –
|
||||
Welding –
|
||||
Wheel and axle
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== X ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Y ==
|
||||
Yield strength –
|
||||
Young's modulus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Z ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of scientific priority disputes"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_priority_disputes"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:33.581931+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of priority disputes in history of science and science-related fields (such as mathematics).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Astronomy ==
|
||||
1558 invention of the geoheliocentric system: Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Raimarus Ursus
|
||||
1609–1610 Galilean moons: Galileo, Simon Marius
|
||||
1612 discovery of sunspots: Galileo Galilei, Christoph Scheiner
|
||||
1846 prediction of Neptune: Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams
|
||||
2004–2005 controversy over the discovery of Haumea: José Luis Ortiz Moreno, Michael E. Brown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Biology and medicine ==
|
||||
1652 discovery of the lymphatic system: Olof Rudbeck, Thomas Bartholin
|
||||
c. 1660 teaching a deaf-mute person to speak: John Wallis, William Holder
|
||||
c. 1667 first human blood transfusion: Richard Lower, Henry Oldenburg, Jean-Baptiste Denys
|
||||
c. 1859 development of the theory of evolution: Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Patrick Matthew
|
||||
1877–1892 Bone Wars: Edward Drinker Cope, Othniel Charles Marsh.
|
||||
1882–1889: Koch–Pasteur rivalry: Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch.
|
||||
1899–1902 discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite: Giovanni Battista Grassi, Ronald Ross
|
||||
1953–1962 discovery of the DNA structure: Francis Crick, James D. Watson, Rosalind Franklin, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery
|
||||
1971–1973 discovery of opiate receptors: Candace Pert, Solomon H. Snyder1971–1975 invention of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield, Raymond Vahan Damadian, and others (see 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
|
||||
1983 discovery of HIV: Robert Gallo, Luc Montagnier (see 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Chemistry ==
|
||||
1604-1777 discovery of oxygen: Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
|
||||
1864 synthesis dicarboxylic acids from carboxylic acids (diacids from monoacid reactions): Hugo Müller, Hermann Kolbe, Hans Hübner, Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, Maxwell Simpson.
|
||||
1870–1895 development of the periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev, Lothar Meyer
|
||||
1960–1994 Transfermium Wars: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Mathematics ==
|
||||
1550–1557 discovery of solutions to cubic equations: Niccolò Tartaglia, Gerolamo Cardano
|
||||
1669–1704 discovery of l'Hôpital's rule: Guillaume de l'Hôpital, Johann Bernoulli.
|
||||
1699–1716 Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy: Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz
|
||||
1949 proof of the prime number theorem: Atle Selberg and/or Paul Erdős
|
||||
2002–2003 proof of the Poincaré conjecture: Grigori Perelman or Shing-Tung Yau
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Physics ==
|
||||
1679–1680 Newton–Hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law: Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke.
|
||||
1739–1740 development of the Bernoulli's principle between Johann Bernoulli and his son Daniel Bernoulli.
|
||||
1741–1751 development of the stationary-action principle: Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
|
||||
1842–1845 discovery of mechanical equivalent of heat: James Prescott Joule, Julius von Mayer
|
||||
1864–1890 discovery of radio waves: James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Lodge, Heinrich Hertz, David Edward Hughes
|
||||
1889–1905 special relativity priority dispute: Albert Einstein, Henri Poincaré, Hendrik Lorentz
|
||||
1915 general relativity priority dispute: Albert Einstein, David Hilbert
|
||||
1930–1935 development of the Chandrasekhar limit: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Edmund Clifton Stoner, Wilhelm Anderson
|
||||
1961 development of the Eightfold Way: Murray Gell-Mann, Yuval Ne'eman
|
||||
1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe: High-Z Supernova Search Team, Supernova Cosmology Project.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Technology ==
|
||||
1671–1673 invention of the watch balance spring: Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huygens.
|
||||
1876 Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy: Johann Philipp Reis, Antonio Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray.
|
||||
1878 invention of the incandescent light bulb: Thomas Edison, Joseph Swan.
|
||||
Claims to the first powered flight: Shivkar Bapuji Talpade in the Marutsakhā (1895), Clément Ader in the Avion III (1897), Gustave Whitehead in his No's. 21 and 22 aeroplanes (1901–1903), Richard Pearse in his monoplane (1903–1904), Samuel Pierpont Langley's Aerodrome A (1903), Karl Jatho in Jatho biplane (1903), The Wright brothers in the Wright Flyer (1903), Alberto Santos-Dumont in the 14 Bis (1906)
|
||||
c. 1880–1890 War of the currents: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse
|
||||
1896–1906 invention of radio: Oliver Lodge, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Reginald Fessenden, Guglielmo Marconi, Roberto Landell de Moura, Alexander Popov, Nikola Tesla
|
||||
1927–1939 Invention of electronic television: Philo T. Farnsworth, Vladimir Zworykin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Notes ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of examples of Stigler's law
|
||||
List of scientific debates
|
||||
Nobel Prize controversies
|
||||
List of multiple discoveries
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of taxa named after human genitals"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:43.433360+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This a list of species, genera, and other biological taxa named after human genitals.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Epithets ==
|
||||
pubescens. The word originates from the Latin pubes, 'adult, full-grown'; "genital area, groin" (e.g., Pubis); 'the down or soft hair which begins to grow on young persons when they come to the age of puberty'. The use of the term in biology to refer to hairiness or soft down is recorded since 1760 for plants and since 1826 for insects.
|
||||
vaginalis. The common specific name is derived from the Latin vagina, originally meaning 'sheath, scabbard, covering; sheath of an ear of grain, hull, husk'. The specific epithet may refer to a sheathed trait or habit of an organism (e.g. Alysicarpus vaginalis), or may refer to resemblance/relation to the vagina (e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Plants ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Families ===
|
||||
Orchidaceae. The type genus is Orchis, whose name comes from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), literally meaning 'testicle', because of the shape of the twin tubers in some species of Orchis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Subtribes ===
|
||||
Clitoriinae
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Genera ===
|
||||
Amorphophallus
|
||||
Clitoria
|
||||
Clitoriopsis
|
||||
Orchis
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Species ===
|
||||
Alysicarpus vaginalis
|
||||
Baumea vaginalis
|
||||
Chenopodium vulvaria
|
||||
Festuca vaginalis
|
||||
Pontederia vaginalis
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Varieties ===
|
||||
Capsicum annum var. annum 'penis pepper'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Fungi ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Orders ===
|
||||
Phallales
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Families ===
|
||||
Phallaceae
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Genera ===
|
||||
Phallus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Species ===
|
||||
Amanita phalloides
|
||||
Amanita vaginata
|
||||
Stachybotrys clitoriae - a species of Stachybotrys found on leaves of the Clitoria species Clitoria densiflora.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Animals ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Genera ===
|
||||
Phallichthys. The genus name literally means "phallus (penis) fish", from the Greek phallos meaning "penis" and ichthys meaning "fish", referring to the "comparatively huge" gonopodium, the modified anal fin used for copulation.
|
||||
Xenophallus. The genus name translates to "strange penis".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Species ===
|
||||
Trypauchen vagina
|
||||
Arioliax dolichophallus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Subspecies ===
|
||||
Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Animal fossils ===
|
||||
Scrotum humanum
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
116
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tests-0.md
Normal file
116
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tests-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of tests"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tests"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:44.608100+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following is an alphabetized and categorized list of notable tests.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Clinical psychology tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Cognitive development tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Intelligence tests ==
|
||||
Cattell Culture Fair
|
||||
Kohs block
|
||||
Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
|
||||
Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II
|
||||
Leiter International Performance Scale
|
||||
Miller Analogies Test
|
||||
Otis–Lennon School Ability Test
|
||||
Raven's Progressive Matrices
|
||||
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
|
||||
Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test
|
||||
Turing test
|
||||
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
|
||||
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
|
||||
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
|
||||
Wonderlic Test
|
||||
Iq test
|
||||
Trust metric
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Medical tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Self tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Statistical tests ==
|
||||
Ames test
|
||||
Chi-squared test
|
||||
Draize test
|
||||
Dixon's Q test
|
||||
F-test
|
||||
Fisher's exact test
|
||||
GRIM test
|
||||
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test
|
||||
Kuiper's test
|
||||
Likelihood-ratio test
|
||||
Median test
|
||||
Mann–Whitney U test
|
||||
Pearson's chi-squared test
|
||||
Rank product test
|
||||
Shapiro–Wilk test
|
||||
Statistical hypothesis testing
|
||||
Student's t-test
|
||||
Tukey's range test
|
||||
Tukey's test of additivity
|
||||
Welch's t test
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Personality tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Pure-mathematical tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Skills assessment tests ==
|
||||
Student assessment test
|
||||
Scantron test
|
||||
Bourdon–Wiersma test
|
||||
Graduate Management Admission Test
|
||||
Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
|
||||
GRE Physics Test
|
||||
HESI exam
|
||||
Japanese-Language Proficiency Test
|
||||
Medical College Admission Test
|
||||
SAT college entrance test
|
||||
Screen test
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Language tests ==
|
||||
IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
|
||||
iTEP (International Test of English Proficiency)
|
||||
TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language)
|
||||
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
|
||||
TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication)
|
||||
TSE (Test of Spoken English)
|
||||
DALF (Test of French Language)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Industrial and manufacturing tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Laboratory (non-medical) tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Legal tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Miscellaneous and uncategorized tests ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of standardized tests in the United States
|
||||
Lists portal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
59
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space-0.md
Normal file
59
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of topics in space"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:38.616843+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
List of topics in space; topics as related to outer space.
|
||||
|
||||
Accidents in space
|
||||
Animals in space
|
||||
Architecture in space
|
||||
Batteries in space
|
||||
Christmas in space
|
||||
Corrosion in space
|
||||
Death in space
|
||||
Dogs in space
|
||||
Dust in space
|
||||
Economy in space (Mining in space)
|
||||
Garbage in space
|
||||
Humans in space
|
||||
Hygiene in space
|
||||
Industry in space
|
||||
Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
|
||||
Locomotion in space
|
||||
Medicine in space
|
||||
Mice in space
|
||||
Microorganisms tested in outer space
|
||||
Monkeys and apes in space
|
||||
Music in space
|
||||
Nuclear power in space
|
||||
Neuroscience in space
|
||||
Plants in space
|
||||
Politics of outer space
|
||||
Religion in space
|
||||
Sex in space
|
||||
Solar power in space
|
||||
Solar power in space for Earth
|
||||
Telescopes in space
|
||||
Tourism in space
|
||||
War in space
|
||||
Weapons in space
|
||||
Weather in space
|
||||
Women in space
|
||||
Writing in space
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Outer space
|
||||
Spaceflight
|
||||
Space-based radar
|
||||
Space-based solar power
|
||||
Space and survival
|
||||
Space science
|
||||
Space station
|
||||
Space technology
|
||||
137
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science-0.md
Normal file
137
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Outline of space science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:37.489691+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to space science:
|
||||
Space science – field that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Branches of space sciences ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Astronomy ===
|
||||
|
||||
See astronomical object for a list of specific types of entities which scientists study. See Earth's location in the universe for an orientation.
|
||||
|
||||
Subfields of astronomy:
|
||||
Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
|
||||
Computational astrophysics – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
|
||||
Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.
|
||||
Space physics – study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System.
|
||||
Solar physics – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
|
||||
Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction.
|
||||
Galactic astronomy – deals with the structure and components of our galaxy and of other galaxies.
|
||||
Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our galaxy, including Galaxy formation and evolution.
|
||||
Cosmology
|
||||
Physical cosmology – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
|
||||
Chemical cosmology - study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions.
|
||||
Quantum cosmology – the study of cosmology through the use of quantum field theory to explain phenomena general relativity cannot due to limitations in its framework.
|
||||
Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
|
||||
Atmospheric science – study of atmospheres and weather.
|
||||
Planetary geology
|
||||
Planetary oceanography
|
||||
Exoplanetology – various planets outside of the Solar System
|
||||
Astrochemistry – studies the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.
|
||||
Interdisciplinary studies of astronomy:
|
||||
Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
|
||||
Space biology – studies to build a better understanding of how spaceflight affects living systems in spacecraft, or in ground-based experiments that mimic aspects of spaceflight
|
||||
Space chemistry – Reactions of elements to form more complex compounds, such as amino acids, are key to the study of chemistry in space.
|
||||
Astrobotany – Sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments.
|
||||
Archaeoastronomy – studies ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilizing archaeological and anthropological evidence.
|
||||
Space archaeology – the study of human artifacts in outer space
|
||||
Forensic astronomy – the use of astronomy, the scientific study of celestial objects, to determine the appearance of the sky at specific times in the past.
|
||||
Techniques used in astronomical research:
|
||||
Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our galaxy.
|
||||
Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
|
||||
Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
|
||||
Observational astronomy – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. Observatories on the ground as well as space observatories take measurements of celestial entities and phenomena. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors:
|
||||
Radio astronomy – >300 μm
|
||||
Submillimetre astronomy – 200 μm to 1 mm
|
||||
Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 μm
|
||||
Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm
|
||||
Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm
|
||||
High-energy astronomy
|
||||
Cosmic ray astronomy - charged particles with very high kinetic energy
|
||||
X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm
|
||||
Gamma-ray astronomy – <0.01 nm
|
||||
Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos
|
||||
Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Astronautics ===
|
||||
|
||||
The science and engineering of spacefaring and spaceflight, a subset of Aerospace engineering (which includes atmospheric flight)
|
||||
|
||||
Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation.
|
||||
Spaceflight
|
||||
Human spaceflight
|
||||
Outline of space exploration
|
||||
Space architecture
|
||||
Life-support system
|
||||
Space station
|
||||
Space Habitation Module
|
||||
Life in space
|
||||
Bioastronautics
|
||||
Animals in space
|
||||
Microorganisms tested in outer space
|
||||
Plants in space
|
||||
Humans in space
|
||||
Women in space
|
||||
Effect of spaceflight on the human body
|
||||
Sleep in space
|
||||
Food in space
|
||||
Medicine in space
|
||||
Neuroscience in space
|
||||
Writing in space
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Space Sciences Laboratory – Research facility in the United States – University of California, Berkeley
|
||||
Space-based economy – Economic activity in space
|
||||
Commercial use of space – Economic activities related to space
|
||||
Space manufacturing – Production of manufactured goods in an environment outside a planetary atmosphere
|
||||
Space tourism – Human space travel for recreation
|
||||
Space warfare – Combat that takes place in outer space
|
||||
Alien invasion – Common theme in science fiction stories and film
|
||||
Asteroid-impact avoidance – Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hitsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
|
||||
Space law – Area of national and international law governing activities in outer space
|
||||
Remote sensing – Obtaining information through non-contact sensors
|
||||
Planetarium – Theatre that presents educational and entertaining shows about astronomy
|
||||
Centennial Challenges – NASA space competition inducement prize contests NASA prize contests
|
||||
Space and survival – Idea that spacefaring is necessary for long-term human survival
|
||||
Space colonization – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
|
||||
Space industry – Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond
|
||||
Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
|
||||
Batteries in space
|
||||
Control engineering – Engineering discipline that deals with control systems
|
||||
Corrosion in space – Corrosion of materials occurring in outer space
|
||||
Nuclear power in space – Space exploration using nuclear energy
|
||||
Observatories in space – Instrument in space to study astronomical objectsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
|
||||
Orbital mechanics – Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
|
||||
Robotic spacecraft – Spacecraft without people on boardPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
|
||||
Space environment – Study of how space conditions affect spacecraft
|
||||
Space logistics – Logistics for space travel
|
||||
Space technology – Technology developed for use in Space exploration
|
||||
Space-based radar – Use of radar systems mounted on satellites
|
||||
Space-based solar power – Concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth
|
||||
Spacecraft design – for launch vehicles and satellites
|
||||
Spacecraft propulsion – Method used to accelerate spacecraft
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
|
||||
Institute of Space Technology, Pakistan Archived 2016-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
Space Sciences @ NASA
|
||||
Space Sciences @ ESA
|
||||
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
|
||||
Space Sciences Institute
|
||||
Space Science & Technology (in Persian) – an Iranian nongovernmental group who writes scientific articles about Space Science & Technology
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 1/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.
|
||||
|
||||
== A ==
|
||||
Abderhalden–Fauser reaction – Emil Abderhalden and August Fauser (1856–1938)
|
||||
Abney effect – William de Wiveleslie Abney
|
||||
Abrikosov lattice – Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
|
||||
Aharonov–Bohm effect – Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm
|
||||
Alfvén wave – Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
|
||||
Alhazen's problem – Alhazen
|
||||
Allais effect – Maurice Allais
|
||||
Allee effect – Warder Clyde Allee
|
||||
Amdahl's law, a.k.a. Amdahl's argument – Gene Amdahl
|
||||
Ampère's law – André-Marie Ampère
|
||||
Anderson–Higgs mechanism (a.k.a. Higgs mechanism) – Peter Higgs and Philip Warren Anderson
|
||||
Anderson–Darling test – Theodore Wilbur Anderson and Donald A. Darling
|
||||
Andreev reflection – Alexander F. Andreev
|
||||
Apgar score – Virginia Apgar
|
||||
Arago spot – Dominique François Jean Arago
|
||||
Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction – Aleksandr Erminingeldovich Arbuzov and August Karl Arnold Michaelis
|
||||
Archimedean spiral, Archimedes number – Archimedes
|
||||
Argand diagram – Jean Robert Argand
|
||||
Aristotle's lantern – Aristotle
|
||||
Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line – Harry George Armstrong
|
||||
Armstrong oscillator – Edwin Armstrong
|
||||
Arndt–Eistert synthesis – Fritz Arndt and Bernd Eistert
|
||||
Arndt–Schulz law/principle/rule – Rudolf Arndt and Hugo Paul Friedrich Schulz
|
||||
Arrhenius equation – Svante August Arrhenius
|
||||
Ashkin–Teller model (a.k.a. Potts model) – Julius Ashkin and Edward Teller
|
||||
Asinger reaction – Friedrich Asinger
|
||||
Auger effect (a.k.a. Auger-Meitner effect), electron – Pierre Victor Auger and Lise Meitner
|
||||
Autler–Townes effect – Stanley H. Autler and Charles H. Townes
|
||||
Auwers synthesis – Karl von Auwers
|
||||
Avogadro's law, Avogadro constant, Avogadro number – Count Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e Cerreto
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 2/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== B ==
|
||||
Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Viggo Drewsen
|
||||
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger
|
||||
Babinet's principle – Jacques Babinet
|
||||
Babler–Dauben oxidation – James Babler and William Garfield Dauben
|
||||
Bagnold number – Ralph Alger Bagnold
|
||||
Baily's beads – Francis Baily
|
||||
Baker–Nathan effect – John William Baker and Wilfred S. Nathan
|
||||
Bakerian mimicry – Herbert G. Baker
|
||||
Baldwin effect (astronomy) – Jack Allen Baldwin
|
||||
Baldwin effect (Baldwinian evolution, Ontogenic evolution) – James Mark Baldwin
|
||||
Baldwin's rules – Jack Edward Baldwin
|
||||
Balmer line, series – Johann Jakob Balmer
|
||||
Bamberger rearrangement – Eugen Bamberger
|
||||
Bamford–Stevens reaction – William Randall Bamford and Thomas Stevens Stevens
|
||||
Barkhausen effect – Heinrich Barkhausen
|
||||
Barnett effect – Samuel Jackson Barnett
|
||||
Barnum effect (a.k.a. Forer effect) – Phineas Taylor Barnum (and Bertram R. Forer)
|
||||
Barton reaction – Derek Harold Richard Barton
|
||||
Barton–McCombie deoxygenation – Derek Harold Richard Barton and Stuart W. McCombie
|
||||
Baskerville effect – the fictional Charles Baskerville of the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles
|
||||
Batesian mimicry – Henry Walter Bates
|
||||
Bauschinger effect – Johann Bauschinger
|
||||
Bayes's theorem – Thomas Bayes
|
||||
Baylis–Hillman reaction – Anthony B. Baylis and Melville E. D. Hillman
|
||||
Bayliss effect – William M. Bayliss
|
||||
BCS superconduction theory – John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer
|
||||
Beaufort scale (Beaufort wind force scale) – Francis Beaufort
|
||||
Beckmann rearrangement – Ernst Otto Beckmann
|
||||
Beer's law (a.k.a. Beer–Lambert law or Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law) – August Beer (and Johann Heinrich Lambert and Pierre Bouguer)
|
||||
Beilstein's test – Friedrich Konrad Beilstein
|
||||
Bejan number – Adrian Bejan
|
||||
Bekenstein bound – Jacob Bekenstein
|
||||
Bélády's anomaly – László Bélády
|
||||
Bell's inequality – John Stewart Bell
|
||||
Bell number – Eric Temple Bell
|
||||
Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction – Boris Pavlovich Belousov and Anatol Markovich Zhabotinskii
|
||||
Bénard cell – Henri Bénard
|
||||
Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Marangoni convection) – Henri Bénard and Carlo Marangoni
|
||||
Benedict's test – Stanley Rossiter Benedict
|
||||
Benford's law (a.k.a. Newcomb–Benford law) – Frank Albert Benford, Jr. (and Simon Newcomb)
|
||||
Benioff zone – see Wadati–Benioff zone, below
|
||||
Bennett pinch – Willard Harrison Bennett
|
||||
Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition – Veniamin L. Berezinsky, John M. Kosterlitz, and David J. Thouless
|
||||
Bergman cyclization – Robert George Bergman
|
||||
Bergmann's rule – Carl Bergmann (anatomist)
|
||||
Bergmann–Zervas carbobenzoxy method – Max Bergmann and Leonidas Zervas
|
||||
Bernoulli effect, Bernoulli's equation, principle – Daniel Bernoulli
|
||||
Berry's phase – Michael V. Berry
|
||||
Betz limit – Albert Betz
|
||||
Bezold–Brücke shift (a.k.a. von Bezold spreading effect) – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Bezold and Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke
|
||||
Biefeld–Brown effect – Paul Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown
|
||||
Biginelli reaction – Pietro Biginelli
|
||||
Biot number – Jean-Baptiste Biot
|
||||
Biot–Savart law – Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart
|
||||
Birch reduction – Arthur John Birch
|
||||
Birkeland currents – Kristian Birkeland
|
||||
Bischler–Napieralski reaction – August Bischler and Bernard Napieralski
|
||||
Black's equation for electromigration – James R. Black (d. 2004) of Motorola
|
||||
Blandford–Znajek process – Roger D. Blandford and Roman L. Znajek
|
||||
Blasius boundary layer, flow – Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius
|
||||
Blazhko effect – Sergey Blazhko
|
||||
Bloch electrons – Felix Bloch
|
||||
Bloom filter – Burton Howard Bloom
|
||||
Bodenstein number – Max Bodenstein
|
||||
Bohm sheath criterion – David Bohm
|
||||
Bohr effect – Christian Bohr
|
||||
Bohr magneton, model, radius – Niels Bohr
|
||||
Boltzmann constant – Ludwig Boltzmann
|
||||
Bonnor–Ebert mass – William Bowen Bonnor and Rolf Ebert
|
||||
Borel algebra, measure, set, space, summation, Borel's lemma, paradox – Émile Borel
|
||||
Borel–Cantelli lemma – Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo Cantelli
|
||||
Borel–Carathéodory theorem – Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory
|
||||
Born–Haber cycle – Max Born and Fritz Haber
|
||||
Born–Oppenheimer approximation – Max Born and Robert Oppenheimer
|
||||
Borodin–Hunsdiecker reaction – Alexander Borodin, Hienz Hunsdiecker, and Clare Hunsdiecker (née Dieckmann)
|
||||
Borrmann effect (a.k.a. Borrmann–Campbell effect) – Gerhard Borrman (and Herbert N. Campbell)
|
||||
Bortle scale – John E. Bortle
|
||||
Bose–Einstein condensate, effect, statistics – Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein
|
||||
Boson – Satyendra Nath Bose
|
||||
Boyer's law – Carl Benjamin Boyer
|
||||
Boyle's law (a.k.a. Boyle–Mariotte law) – Robert Boyle (and Edme Mariotte)
|
||||
Brackett line/series – Frederick Sumner Brackett
|
||||
Bradford's law (of scattering) – Samuel C. Bradford
|
||||
Braess's paradox – Dietrich Braess
|
||||
Bragg angle, Bragg's law, Bragg plane – William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg
|
||||
Bragg diffraction – William Lawrence Bragg
|
||||
Brans–Dicke theory – Carl H. Brans and Robert H. Dicke
|
||||
Bravais lattice – Auguste Bravais
|
||||
Bravais–Miller indices (a.k.a. Miller–Bravais indices) – Auguste Bravais and William Hallowes Miller
|
||||
Brayton cycle – George B. Brayton
|
||||
Bredt's rule – Julius Bredt
|
||||
Breit–Wheeler process – Gregory Breit and John A. Wheeler
|
||||
Brewster's angle, law – David Brewster
|
||||
Brillouin zone – Léon Brillouin
|
||||
Brinkman number – Hendrik C. Brinkman
|
||||
Brook rearrangement – Adrian Gibbs Brook
|
||||
Brooks's law (of software development) – Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr.
|
||||
Brownian motion & Brown(ian) noise – Robert Brown
|
||||
Bucherer reaction – Hans Theodor Bucherer
|
||||
Büchi automata – Julius Richard Büchi
|
||||
Buckingham π theorem – Edgar Buckingham
|
||||
Burali-Forti paradox – Cesare Burali-Forti
|
||||
Bürgi–Dunitz angle – Hans-Beat Bürgi and Jack David Dunitz
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 3/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== C ==
|
||||
Cabannes–Daure effect – Jean Cabannes and Pierre Daure
|
||||
Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling, reaction – Paul Cadiot and Wladyslav Chodkiewicz
|
||||
Callendar effect – Guy Stewart Callendar
|
||||
Callippic cycle – Callippus of Cyzicus
|
||||
Calvin cycle (a.k.a. Calvin–Benson cycle) – Melvin Calvin (and Andy Benson)
|
||||
Cannizzaro reaction – Stanislao Cannizzaro
|
||||
Cardan angles (a.k.a. Tait–Bryan angles) – Gerolamo Cardano
|
||||
Carnot cycle, number – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
|
||||
Carpenter effect (a.k.a. Ideomotor effect) – William Benjamin Carpenter
|
||||
Cartan–Kähler theorem – Élie Cartan, Erich Kähler
|
||||
Casimir effect – Hendrik Casimir
|
||||
Catalan's conjecture (a.k.a. Mihăilescu's theorem), Catalan numbers – Eugène Charles Catalan
|
||||
Cauchy number (a.k.a. Hooke number) – Augustin-Louis Cauchy
|
||||
Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Sofia Kovalevskaya
|
||||
Cauer filter – Wilhelm Cauer
|
||||
Chandler wobble – Seth Carlo Chandler
|
||||
Chandrasekhar limit, number – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
|
||||
Chang–Refsdal lens – Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal
|
||||
Chaplygin gas – Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin
|
||||
Charles's law – Jacques Charles
|
||||
Chebyshev distance, equation, filter, linkage, polynomials – Pafnuty Chebyshev
|
||||
Chebyshev's inequality (a.k.a. Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality) – Pafnuty Chebyshev (and Irénée-Jules Bienaymé)
|
||||
Cherenkov radiation (a.k.a. Cherenkov–Vavilov radiation) – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (and Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov)
|
||||
Chichibabin reaction – Alexei Yevgenievich Chichibabin
|
||||
Christiansen effect – Christian Christiansen
|
||||
Christoffel symbol – Elwin Bruno Christoffel
|
||||
Christofilos effect – Nicholas Christofilos
|
||||
Chugaev elimination/reaction, reagent – Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev
|
||||
Chwolson ring or Chwolson–Einstein ring – Orest Khvolson (and Albert Einstein)
|
||||
Clairaut's relation, theorem – Alexis Claude Clairaut
|
||||
Claisen condensation, rearrangement – Rainer Ludwig Claisen
|
||||
Claisen–Schmidt condensation – Rainer Ludwig Claisen and J. Gustav Schmidt
|
||||
Clapp oscillator – James K. Clapp
|
||||
Clarke orbit – Arthur C. Clarke
|
||||
Clemmensen reduction – Erik Christian Clemmensen
|
||||
Coanda effect – Henri Coanda
|
||||
Coase theorem – Ronald Coase
|
||||
Colburn–Chilton analogy (a.k.a. Colburn analogy) – Allan Philip Colburn and Thomas H. Chilton
|
||||
Coleman–Liau index – Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau
|
||||
Coleman–Mandula theorem – Sidney Coleman and Jeffrey Mandula
|
||||
Collatz conjecture (a.k.a. the Ulam conjecture (Stanisław Ulam), Kakutani's problem (Shizuo Kakutani), the Thwaites conjecture (Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm (Helmut Hasse), the Syracuse problem) – Lothar Collatz
|
||||
Colpitts oscillator – Edwin H. Colpitts
|
||||
Compton effect, scattering, wavelength – Arthur Compton
|
||||
Compton–Getting effect – Arthur Compton and Ivan A. Getting
|
||||
Conway's base 13 function – John H. Conway
|
||||
Coolidge effect – from a joke attributed to John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.
|
||||
Cooper pair – Leon Cooper
|
||||
Cope elimination, rearrangement – Arthur Clay Cope
|
||||
Corey–Fuchs reaction – Elias James Corey and Philip L. Fuchs
|
||||
Corey–Kim oxidation – Elias James Corey and Choung Un Kim
|
||||
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis – Elias James Corey and Roland Arthur Edwin Winter
|
||||
Coriolis effect – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis
|
||||
Cotton effect – Aimé Auguste Cotton
|
||||
Cotton–Mouton effect – Aimé Auguste Cotton and Henri Mouton
|
||||
Coulomb's law – Charles Augustin de Coulomb
|
||||
Coulter counter, principle – Wallace Henry Coulter
|
||||
Coxeter–Dynkin diagram – Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter and Eugene Borisovich Dynkin
|
||||
Crabtree effect – Herbert Grace Crabtree
|
||||
Criegee reaction, rearrangement – Rudolf Criegee
|
||||
Curie law, Curie–Weiss law – Pierre Curie (and Pierre Weiss)
|
||||
Curie point – Pierre Curie
|
||||
Curry's paradox – Haskell Curry
|
||||
Curtin–Hammett principle – David Yarrow Curtin and Louis Plack Hammett
|
||||
Curtius rearrangement – Theodor Curtius
|
||||
|
||||
== D ==
|
||||
Dakin reaction – Henry Drysdale Dakin
|
||||
Dakin–West reaction – Henry Drysdale Dakin and Randolph West
|
||||
Dalton's law (of partial pressures) – John Dalton
|
||||
Damerau–Levenshtein distance – Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir Levenshtein
|
||||
Darboux function – Jean Gaston Darboux
|
||||
Darcy's law – Henry Darcy
|
||||
Darlington pair – Sidney Darlington
|
||||
Darwin drift – Charles Galton Darwin
|
||||
Darwin point, Darwinism – Charles Darwin
|
||||
Darzens condensation – Auguste Georges Darzens
|
||||
Davies–Bouldin index (DBI) – David L. Davies and Donald W. Bouldin
|
||||
de Broglie wavelength – Louis de Broglie
|
||||
de Bruijn sequences – Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn
|
||||
de Haas–van Alphen effect – Wander Johannes de Haas and Pieter M. van Alphen
|
||||
de Haas–Shubnikov effect – see Shubnikov–de Haas effect, below
|
||||
Deborah number – the prophetess Deborah (Bible, Judges 5:5)
|
||||
Debye model – Peter Joseph William Debye
|
||||
Debye–Falkenhagen effect – Peter Joseph William Debye and Hans Falkenhagen
|
||||
Richard Dedekind has many topics named after him; see biography article.
|
||||
Delbrück scattering – Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück
|
||||
Delépine reaction – Stéphane Marcel Delépine
|
||||
Dellinger effect (a.k.a. Mögel–Dellinger effect) – John Howard Dellinger (and Hans Mögel)
|
||||
Demjanov rearrangement – Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov
|
||||
Dermott's law – Stanley Dermott
|
||||
Dess–Martin oxidation – Daniel Benjamin Dess and James Cullen Martin
|
||||
DeVries solar cycle – See Suess solar cycle, below
|
||||
Dice's coefficient – Lee Raymond Dice
|
||||
Dieckmann condensation – Walter Dieckmann
|
||||
Diels–Alder reaction – Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder
|
||||
Diophantine equation – Diophantus of Alexandria
|
||||
Dirac comb, fermion, spinor, equation, delta function, measure – Paul Dirac
|
||||
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet has dozens of formulas named after him, see List of things named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
|
||||
Divisia index – François Divisia
|
||||
Doebner–Miller reaction – Oscar Döbner (Doebner) and Wilhelm von Miller
|
||||
Dollo's law – Louis Dollo
|
||||
Donnan effect (a.k.a. Gibbs–Donnan effect) – see Gibbs–Donnan effect, below
|
||||
Doppler effect (a.k.a. Doppler–Fizeau effect), Doppler profile – Christian Doppler (and Hippolyte Fizeau)
|
||||
Downs–Thomson paradox – Anthony Downs and John Michael Thomson
|
||||
Drake equation (a.k.a. Sagan equation, Green Bank equation) – Frank Drake (or Carl Sagan or Green Bank, West Virginia, home to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO))
|
||||
Droste effect – Dutch chocolate maker Droste
|
||||
Drude model – Paul Drude
|
||||
Duff's device – Tom Duff
|
||||
Duffing equation, map – Georg Duffing
|
||||
Duhamel's integral, and principle – Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel
|
||||
Dulong–Petit law – Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit
|
||||
Dunitz angle – see Bürgi–Dunitz angle, above
|
||||
Dunning–Kruger effect – David Dunning and Justin Kruger
|
||||
Dyson–Harrop satellite – Brooks L. Harrop and Freeman Dyson
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 4/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== E ==
|
||||
Early effect – James M. Early
|
||||
Eddington limit – Arthur Eddington
|
||||
Edgeworth–Bowley box – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth and Arthur Lyon Bowley
|
||||
Edison effect – Thomas Edison
|
||||
Edman degradation – Pehr Victor Edman
|
||||
Edward–Lemieux effect (a.k.a. Anomeric effect) – John Thomas Edward and Raymond U. Lemieux
|
||||
Eglinton reaction – Geoffrey Eglinton
|
||||
Ehrenfest paradox – Paul Ehrenfest
|
||||
Eimer's organ – Gustav Heinrich Theodor Eimer
|
||||
Einstein Cross, effect, radius, ring, shift – Albert Einstein
|
||||
Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring – Albert Einstein and Orest Khvolson
|
||||
Einstein–de Haas effect – Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas
|
||||
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox (a.k.a. EPR paradox, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm paradox) – Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen (and David Bohm)
|
||||
Ekman layer – Walfrid Ekman
|
||||
Elbs reaction – Karl Elbs
|
||||
Elliott–Halberstam conjecture – Peter D. T. A. Elliott and Heini Halberstam
|
||||
Elman network – Jeff Elman
|
||||
Elsasser number – Walter M. Elsasser
|
||||
Engel curve – Ernst Engel
|
||||
Engelbart's law – Douglas Engelbart
|
||||
Epimenides paradox – Epimenides of Knossos
|
||||
Erlenmeyer flask, rule, synthesis – Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer
|
||||
Eschenmoser fragmentation – Albert Eschenmoser
|
||||
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction – Wilhelm Eschweiler and Hans Thacher Clarke
|
||||
Eshelby's inclusion – John D. Eshelby
|
||||
Étard reaction – Alexandre Léon Étard
|
||||
Ettingshausen effect – Albert von Ettingshausen
|
||||
Euler this and that (numerous entries) – Leonhard Euler
|
||||
Evershed effect – John Evershed
|
||||
|
||||
== F ==
|
||||
Faà di Bruno's formula – Francesco Faà di Bruno
|
||||
Faraday constant, effect, Faraday's law of induction, Faraday's law of electrolysis – Michael Faraday
|
||||
Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor – Philo T. Farnsworth and Robert L. Hirsch
|
||||
Favorskii reaction, rearrangement – Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii
|
||||
Fenton reaction – Henry John Horstman Fenton
|
||||
Fermat's principle – Pierre de Fermat
|
||||
Fermi energy, paradox, surface, Fermion – Enrico Fermi
|
||||
Fermi–Dirac statistics – Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac
|
||||
Ferrel cell – William Ferrel
|
||||
Ferrers diagram (a.k.a. Young diagram, Ferrers graph) – Norman Macleod Ferrers
|
||||
Feshbach resonance – Herman Feshbach
|
||||
Feynman diagram – Richard Feynman
|
||||
Finkelstein reaction – Hans Finkelstein
|
||||
Fischer esterification, indole synthesis – Emil Hermann Fischer
|
||||
Fischer–Hafner reaction – Ernst Otto Fischer and Walter Hafner
|
||||
Fischer–Tropsch process – Franz Joseph Emil Fischer and Hans Tropsch
|
||||
Fischer–Hepp rearrangement – Otto Philipp Fischer and Eduard Hepp
|
||||
Fisher distribution – Ronald A. Fisher
|
||||
Fisher equation – Irving Fisher
|
||||
Fisher–Widom line – Michael E. Fisher and Benjamin Widom
|
||||
Fitts's law – Paul M. Fitts
|
||||
Flesch–Kincaid readability test – Rudolf F. Flesch and J. Peter Kincaid
|
||||
Fletcher–Munson curves – Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A. Munson
|
||||
Flynn effect – Jim Flynn
|
||||
Föppl–von Kármán equations – August Föppl and Theodore von Kármán
|
||||
Forbush effect – Scott Ellsworth Forbush
|
||||
Forer effect (a.k.a. Barnum effect) – Bertram R. Forer (and Phineas Taylor Barnum)
|
||||
Foucault pendulum – Jean Bernard Léon Foucault
|
||||
Fourier number – Joseph Fourier
|
||||
Fourier series – Joseph Fourier
|
||||
Fourier–Motzkin elimination – Joseph Fourier and Theodore Motzkin
|
||||
Franck–Condon principle – James Franck and Edward Uhler Condon
|
||||
Franssen effect – Nico Franssen
|
||||
Franz–Keldysh effect – Walter Franz and Leonid V. Keldysh
|
||||
Fraunhofer diffraction, lines – Joseph von Fraunhofer
|
||||
Freeman law – Ken Freeman
|
||||
Frenkel line – Jacov Frenkel
|
||||
Fresnel zone – Augustin Fresnel
|
||||
Frey effect – Allan H. Frey
|
||||
Friedel oscillations – Jacques Friedel
|
||||
Friedel–Crafts reaction – Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts
|
||||
Friedländer synthesis – Paul Friedländer
|
||||
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric, Robertson–Walker metric) – Alexander Friedmann, Georges Lemaître, Howard P. Robertson and Arthur Geoffrey Walker
|
||||
Fries and photo-Fries rearrangement – Karl Theophil Fries
|
||||
Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement – Paul Ernst Moritz Fritsch, Wilhelm Paul Buttenberg, and Heinrich G. Wiechell
|
||||
Frobenius algebra, automorphism, method, norm, theorem – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius
|
||||
Froude number – William Froude
|
||||
Fry readability formula – Edward Fry
|
||||
Fujita scale (a.k.a. F-Scale, Fujita–Pearson scale) – Tetsuya Theodore Fujita (and Allen Pearson)
|
||||
Fujiwhara effect – Sakuhei Fujiwhara
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 5/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== G ==
|
||||
Gabriel synthesis – Siegmund Gabriel
|
||||
Gardner transition – Elizabeth Gardner
|
||||
Garman limit – Elspeth Garman
|
||||
Gattermann reaction – Ludwig Gattermann
|
||||
Gattermann–Koch reaction – Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch
|
||||
Gaunt factor (or Kramers–Gaunt factor) – John Arthur Gaunt (and Hendrik Anthony Kramers)
|
||||
Gause's principle – Georgii Gause
|
||||
Gauss's law – Carl Friedrich Gauss
|
||||
Gauss–Bonnet gravity, theorem – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Pierre Ossian Bonnet
|
||||
Geib–Spevack process (a.k.a. Girdler sulfide (GS) process) – Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack (and the Girdler company, which built the first American plant using the process)
|
||||
Geiger counter (a.k.a. Geiger–Müller counter) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger (and Walther Müller)
|
||||
Geiger–Marsden experiment (a.k.a. Rutherford experiment) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Ernest Marsden
|
||||
Geiger–Müller tube – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Walther Müller
|
||||
Geiger–Nuttall law/rule – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall
|
||||
Geissler tube – Heinrich Geissler
|
||||
Gibbs entropy, free energy, paradox, Gibbs's phase rule, Gibbs phenomenon – Josiah Willard Gibbs
|
||||
Gibbs–Donnan effect (a.k.a. Donnan effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Frederick G. Donnan
|
||||
Gibbs–Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Marangoni effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Carlo Marangoni
|
||||
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Hermann von Helmholtz
|
||||
Gibbs–Thomson effect – Josiah Willard Gibbs and three Thomsons: James Thomson, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Joseph John "J. J." Thomson
|
||||
Giffen good – Robert Giffen
|
||||
Gleissberg solar cycle – Wolfgang Gleißberg
|
||||
Gloger's rule – Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger
|
||||
Goldbach's conjecture – Christian Goldbach
|
||||
Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Nambu–Goldstone boson) – see Nambu–Goldstone boson, below
|
||||
Gomberg–Bachmann reaction – Moses Gomberg and Werner Emmanuel Bachmann
|
||||
Goodhart's law – Charles Goodhart
|
||||
Goos–Hänchen effect or shift – Fritz Goos and Hilda Hänchen
|
||||
Gould Belt – Benjamin Gould
|
||||
Grashof number – Franz Grashof
|
||||
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin cut-off/limit (a.k.a. GZK cutoff/limit) – Kenneth Greisen, Georgiy Zatsepin and Vadim Kuzmin
|
||||
Gresham's law – Thomas Gresham
|
||||
Griess test (diazotization reaction) – Johann Peter Griess
|
||||
Grignard reaction – François Auguste Victor Grignard
|
||||
Grob fragmentation – Cyril A. Grob
|
||||
Gromov–Witten invariant – Mikhail Gromov and Edward Witten
|
||||
Grosch's law – Herbert Reuben John Grosch
|
||||
Grotrian diagram – Walter Robert Wilhelm Grotrian
|
||||
Grotthuss chain – Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss
|
||||
Grotthuss–Draper law – Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss and John William Draper
|
||||
Gunn diode, effect – John Battiscombe "J. B." Gunn
|
||||
Gunning fog index – Robert Gunning
|
||||
Gustafson's law, a.k.a. Gustafson–Barsis's law – John L. Gustafson (and Edward H. Barsis)
|
||||
Gutenberg–Richter law – Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter
|
||||
|
||||
== H ==
|
||||
Haar measure – Alfréd Haar
|
||||
Hadamard inequality – Jacques Solomon Hadamard
|
||||
Hadamard transform (a.k.a. Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform) – Jacques Hadamard, Hans Rademacher, and Joseph L. Walsh
|
||||
Hadley cell – George Hadley
|
||||
Hagedorn temperature – Rolf Hagedorn
|
||||
Haitz's law – Roland Haitz
|
||||
Haldane effect – John Scott Haldane
|
||||
Haldane's principle – John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
|
||||
Hale solar cycle – George Ellery Hale
|
||||
Hall effect – Edwin Hall
|
||||
Hamilton's rule – William Donald "Bill" Hamilton
|
||||
Hamming code, Hamming distance, Hamming weight – Richard Hamming
|
||||
Hammond postulate – George Simms Hammond
|
||||
Hanle effect – Wilhelm Hanle
|
||||
Hardy notation, space – Godfrey Harold Hardy
|
||||
Hardy–Littlewood circle method, first conjecture – Godfrey Harold Hardy and John E. Littlewood
|
||||
Hardy–Weinberg principle – Wilhelm Weinberg and Godfrey Harold Hardy
|
||||
Harrod–Johnson diagram – Roy F. Harrod and Harry G. Johnson
|
||||
Hartley oscillator – Ralph Hartley
|
||||
Hartman effect – Thomas E. Hartman
|
||||
Hartmann mask (or hat) – Johannes Hartmann
|
||||
Hartree energy – Douglas Hartree
|
||||
Hasse's algorithm – see Collatz conjecture, above
|
||||
Hasse diagram, principle – Helmut Hasse
|
||||
Hasse–Minkowski theorem – Helmut Hasse and Hermann Minkowski
|
||||
Hausdorff dimension – Felix Hausdorff
|
||||
Hawthorne effect – from the Hawthorne Works factory (where experiments were carried out 1924–1932)
|
||||
Hayashi track – Chushiro Hayashi
|
||||
Hayflick limit – Leonard Hayflick
|
||||
Hawking radiation (a.k.a. Bekenstein–Hawking radiation) – Stephen Hawking (and Jacob Bekenstein)
|
||||
Heaps's law (a.k.a. Herdan's law, Herdan–Heaps law) – Harold Stanley Heaps (and Gustav Herdan)
|
||||
Heaviside layer – see Kennelly–Heaviside layer
|
||||
Hebbian learning – Donald Olding Hebb
|
||||
Heine–Borel theorem – Heinrich Eduard Heine and Émile Borel
|
||||
Heinlein's razor – see Hanlon's razor, above
|
||||
Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Werner Heisenberg
|
||||
Hellmann–Feynman theorem – Hans Hellmann and Richard Feynman
|
||||
Helmholtz free energy, Helmholtz resonance – Hermann von Helmholtz
|
||||
Hénon map – Michel Hénon
|
||||
Hénon–Heiles system, potential – Michel Hénon and Carl E. Heiles
|
||||
Henrietta's law – see Leavitt's law, below
|
||||
Henyey track – Louis G. Henyey
|
||||
Herbig Ae/Be star – George Herbig
|
||||
Herbig–Haro object – George Herbig and Guillermo Haro
|
||||
Herbrand base, interpretation, structure, universe, and Herbrand's theorem – Jacques Herbrand
|
||||
Hertz effect – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
|
||||
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram – Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell
|
||||
Hess afterimage – Carl von Hess
|
||||
Hess diagram – R. Hess
|
||||
Heusler alloy – Fritz Heusler
|
||||
Heyting algebra, arithmetic – Arend Heyting
|
||||
Hick's law, a.k.a. Hick–Hyman law – William Edmund Hick and Ray Hyman
|
||||
Higgs boson, field – Peter Higgs
|
||||
Higgs mechanism – see Anderson–Higgs mechanism, above
|
||||
Hilbert–Waring theorem (a.k.a. Waring's problem) – David Hilbert and Edward Waring
|
||||
Hill sphere (a.k.a. Roche sphere) – George William Hill (and Édouard Roche)
|
||||
Hills cloud – Jack G. Hills
|
||||
Hipparchic cycle – Hipparchus of Nicaea (a.k.a. Hipparchus of Rhodes)
|
||||
Hirayama family – Kiyotsugu Hirayama
|
||||
Hirsch–Meeks fusor – Robert L. Hirsch and Gene A. Meeks
|
||||
Hofstadter's butterfly, law – Douglas Hofstadter
|
||||
Hopfield dielectric – John J. Hopfield
|
||||
Hopfield network – John J. Hopfield
|
||||
Hopkinson effect – John Hopkinson
|
||||
Hořava–Lifshitz gravity – Petr Hořava and Evgeny Lifshitz
|
||||
Hořava–Witten domain wall – Petr Hořava and Edward Witten
|
||||
Hubbert peak – Marion King Hubbert
|
||||
Hubble constant, expansion – Edwin Hubble
|
||||
Hubble–Reynolds law – Edwin Hubble and John Henry Reynolds
|
||||
Huchra's Lens – John Huchra
|
||||
Humphreys line/series – Curtis J. Humphreys
|
||||
Hund's Rules – Friedrich Hund
|
||||
Hunsdiecker reaction – Heinz Hunsdiecker and Cläre Hunsdiecker
|
||||
Huygens–Fresnel principle – Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel
|
||||
|
||||
== I ==
|
||||
Imbert–Fedorov effect – Christian Imbert and Fedor Ivanovič Fedorov
|
||||
Ishikawa diagram – Kaoru Ishikawa
|
||||
Ising model (a.k.a. Lenz–Ising model) – Ernst Ising (and Wilhelm Lenz)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 6/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== J ==
|
||||
Jaccard index, similarity coefficient, distance – Paul Jaccard
|
||||
Jaffe profile (or model) – Walter Jaffe
|
||||
Jahn–Teller effect – Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller
|
||||
Jaro–Winkler distance – Matthew A. Jaro and William E. Winkler
|
||||
Jarque–Bera test – Carlos M. Jarque and Anil K. Bera
|
||||
Jeans's theorem – James Hopwood Jeans
|
||||
Johnson–Nyquist noise – John B. Johnson and Harry Nyquist
|
||||
Jordan's rule/law – David Starr Jordan
|
||||
Josephson constant, effect, junction – Brian David Josephson
|
||||
Joule's law (a.k.a. Joule–Lenz law) – James Prescott Joule and Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz
|
||||
Joule–Thomson effect (a.k.a. Joule–Kelvin effect) – James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
|
||||
|
||||
== K ==
|
||||
K3 surface – Ernst Kummer, Erich Kähler, Kunihiko Kodaira
|
||||
Kähler differential, manifold, metric – Erich Kähler
|
||||
Kakutani's problem – see Collatz conjecture, above
|
||||
Kármán vortex street – Theodore von Kármán
|
||||
Karnaugh map (a.k.a. Karnaugh–Veitch map, Veitch diagram) – Maurice Karnaugh (and Edward W. Veitch)
|
||||
Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions (a.k.a. Kuhn–Tucker conditions) – William Karush, Harold W. Kuhn and Albert W. Tucker
|
||||
Kasha's rule – Michael Kasha
|
||||
Kater's pendulum – Captain Henry Kater
|
||||
Kaye effect – Alan Kaye
|
||||
Keeling Curve – Charles David Keeling
|
||||
Kelvin wave – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
|
||||
Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism, instability – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz
|
||||
Kelvin–Joule effect (a.k.a. Joule–Thomson effect) – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and James Prescott Joule
|
||||
Kelvin–Voigt material, model – Woldemar Voigt and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
|
||||
Kennelly–Heaviside layer – Arthur Edwin Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside
|
||||
Kennicutt–Schmidt law (a.k.a. Schmidt–Kennicutt law, or Schmidt law) – Maarten Schmidt and Robert Kennicutt
|
||||
Kepler's laws of planetary motion – Johannes Kepler
|
||||
Kerr effect – John Kerr
|
||||
Kirkendall effect – Ernest Kirkendall
|
||||
Kleene star (a.k.a. Kleene operator, Kleene closure) – Stephen Kleene
|
||||
Klein–Gordon equation – Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon
|
||||
Klein–Nishina effect – Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina
|
||||
Knudsen cell, number – Martin Hans Christian Knudsen
|
||||
Kodaira dimension, embedding theorem, vanishing theorem – Kunihiko Kodaira
|
||||
Koenigs–Knorr reaction – Wilhelm Koenigs and Edward Knorr
|
||||
Kohn effect – Walter Kohn
|
||||
Kohn–Sham equations – Walter Kohn and Lu Jeu Sham
|
||||
Kohonen network – Teuvo Kohonen
|
||||
Kolakoski sequence – William Kolakoski
|
||||
Kolbe electrolysis – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe
|
||||
Kolbe–Schmitt reaction – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt
|
||||
Kondo effect – Jun Kondo
|
||||
Kornblum oxidation – Nathan Kornblum
|
||||
Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement – Nathan Kornblum and Harold E. DeLaMare
|
||||
Kossel effect – Walther Kossel
|
||||
Kosterlitz–Thouless transition – see Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, above
|
||||
Kozai effect – Yoshihide Kozai
|
||||
Krebs cycle – Hans Adolf Krebs
|
||||
Kratzer potential – Adolf Kratzer
|
||||
Kronecker delta – Leopold Kronecker
|
||||
Kuhn–Tucker conditions – see Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, above
|
||||
Kuiper belt – Gerard Kuiper
|
||||
Kummer's function, Kummer surface – Ernst Kummer
|
||||
Kuramoto model – Yoshiki Kuramoto
|
||||
|
||||
== L ==
|
||||
Lagrangian mechanics, Lagrange points – Joseph-Louis Lagrange
|
||||
Lamb shift – Willis Lamb
|
||||
Lambert's cosine law (a.k.a. Lambert's emission law) – Johann Heinrich Lambert
|
||||
Landau damping, pole – Lev Davidovich Landau
|
||||
Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect – Lev Davidovich Landau, Isaak Pomeranchuk, and Arkady Migdal
|
||||
Landau–Zener transition – Lev Davidovich Landau and Clarence Zener
|
||||
Landé g-factor – Alfred Landé
|
||||
Langmuir probe – Irving Langmuir
|
||||
Langmuir–Blodgett film – Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett
|
||||
Laplace vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, below
|
||||
Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (a.k.a. LRL vector, Laplace vector, Runge–Lenz vector, Lenz vector) – Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Carl Runge and Wilhelm Lenz
|
||||
Larmor frequency, precession, radius – Joseph Larmor
|
||||
Larsen effect – Søren Absalon Larsen
|
||||
Laspeyres index – Ernst Louis Etienne Laspeyres
|
||||
Leavitt's law (a.k.a. Henrietta's law) – Henrietta Swan Leavitt
|
||||
Le Chatelier's principle – Henri Louis Le Chatelier
|
||||
Lee distance – C. Y. Lee
|
||||
Leidenfrost effect, point – Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost
|
||||
Lenard effect – Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
|
||||
Lennard-Jones potential – John Lennard-Jones
|
||||
Lense–Thirring effect (a.k.a. Thirring effect) – Josef Lense and Hans Thirring
|
||||
Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, above
|
||||
Lenz's law – Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz
|
||||
Leonard–Merritt mass estimator – Peter Leonard and David Merritt
|
||||
Levenshtein distance, automaton – Vladimir Levenshtein
|
||||
Levi-Civita symbol – Tullio Levi-Civita
|
||||
Lewis–Mogridge Position – David Lewis and Martin J. H. Mogridge
|
||||
Little–Parks effect – William A. Little and Roland D. Parks
|
||||
Littlewood–Offord problem – John E. Littlewood and A. Cyril Offord
|
||||
Locard's exchange principle – Edmond Locard
|
||||
Lode angle, Lode coordinates – Walter Lode
|
||||
Lombard effect – Étienne Lombard
|
||||
London force – Fritz London
|
||||
Lorentz force, transformation – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
|
||||
Lorentz–Lorenz equation – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Ludvig Lorenz
|
||||
Lorenz attractor – Edward Norton Lorenz
|
||||
Lorenz curve – Max O. Lorenz
|
||||
Lorenz gauge condition – Ludvig Lorenz
|
||||
Lorenz–Mie scattering – see Mie scattering, below
|
||||
Loschmidt's paradox – Johann Josef Loschmidt
|
||||
Lotka's law – Alfred J. Lotka
|
||||
Lotka–Volterra equation – Alfred J. Lotka and Vito Volterra
|
||||
Love waves – Augustus Edward Hough Love
|
||||
Lucas critique – Robert Lucas, Jr.
|
||||
Lyapunov's central limit theorem, equation, exponent, fractal, function, stability, test, time and tube – Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov
|
||||
Lyman line, series – Theodore Lyman
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 7/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== M ==
|
||||
Mach band/effect, number, principle – Ernst Mach
|
||||
Mach–Zehnder interferometer – Ludwig Mach and Ludwig Zehnder
|
||||
Madelung constant, rule, energy – Erwin Madelung
|
||||
Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect (Thermal Hall effect) – Gian Antonio Maggi, Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc
|
||||
Magnus effect – Heinrich Gustav Magnus
|
||||
Magorrian relation – John Magorrian
|
||||
Mahalanobis distance – Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (প্রশান্ত চন্দ্র মহলানবিস)
|
||||
Mahler measure, Mahler's theorem – Kurt Mahler
|
||||
Maillard reaction
|
||||
Malmquist bias, effect – Karl Gunnar Malmquist
|
||||
Malus's law – Étienne-Louis Malus
|
||||
Malthusian parameter – named by Ronald Fisher as a criticism of Thomas Robert Malthus
|
||||
Malthusian catastrophe, growth model – Thomas Robert Malthus
|
||||
Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Bénard–Marangoni convection) – see Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection, above
|
||||
Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Gibbs–Marangoni effect) – see Gibbs–Marangoni effect, above
|
||||
Markov's inequality, chain, partition, Markovian process – Andrey Markov
|
||||
Mathieu functions – Émile Léonard Mathieu
|
||||
Matilda effect – Matilda Joslyn Gage
|
||||
Matthew effect – Matthew the Evangelist
|
||||
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution – James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann
|
||||
McCollough effect – Celeste McCollough
|
||||
McCulloch–Pitts neuron – Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts
|
||||
McGurk effect (a.k.a. McGurk–MacDonald effect) – Harry McGurk (and John MacDonald)
|
||||
Mealy machine – George H. Mealy
|
||||
Meissner effect (a.k.a. Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) – Walther Meissner (and Robert Ochsenfeld)
|
||||
Mendelian inheritance – Gregor Mendel
|
||||
Menzerath's law (a.k.a. Menzerath–Altmann law) – Paul Menzerath (and Gabriel Altmann)
|
||||
Mercalli intensity scale (Modified Mercalli scale) – Giuseppe Mercalli
|
||||
Metonic cycle – Meton of Athens
|
||||
Meyers synthesis – Albert I. Meyers
|
||||
Mie scattering (a.k.a. Lorenz–Mie scattering) – Gustav Mie (and Ludvig Lorenz)
|
||||
Mihăilescu's theorem (a.k.a. Catalan's conjecture) – Preda Mihăilescu
|
||||
Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect – Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein
|
||||
Miller effect – John Milton Miller
|
||||
Miller indices (a.k.a. Miller–Bravais indices) – William Hallowes Miller (and Auguste Bravais)
|
||||
Misnay–Schardin effect – Col. József Misnay and Hubert Schardin
|
||||
Mögel–Dellinger effect – see Dellinger effect, above
|
||||
Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) – Andrija Mohorovičić
|
||||
Mohr's circle – Christian Otto Mohr
|
||||
Mohr–Coulomb theory – Christian Otto Mohr and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
|
||||
Mooers's law – Calvin Mooers
|
||||
Moore machine – Edward Forrest Moore
|
||||
Moore's law – Gordon E. Moore
|
||||
Morgan unit – Thomas Hunt Morgan
|
||||
Moreton wave – Gail E. Moreton
|
||||
Morse potential – Philip M. Morse
|
||||
Moses effect – after biblical Moses
|
||||
Mössbauer effect – Rudolf Mössbauer
|
||||
Mott cross section, Mott insulator, Mott transition – Nevill Francis Mott
|
||||
Mpemba effect – Erasto B. Mpemba
|
||||
Müllerian mimicry – Fritz Müller
|
||||
Munroe effect – Charles Edward Munroe
|
||||
Muraour's law – Henri Muraour (1880–1954)
|
||||
Murphy's law – Maj. Edward A. Murphy, Jr.
|
||||
|
||||
== N ==
|
||||
Nambu–Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Goldstone boson) – Yoichiro Nambu and Jeffrey Goldstone
|
||||
Nash equilibrium – John Forbes Nash
|
||||
Nassi–Shneiderman diagram – Isaac Nassi and Ben Shneiderman
|
||||
Necker cube – Louis Albert Necker
|
||||
Needleman–Wunsch algorithm – Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch
|
||||
Néel temperature – Louis Néel
|
||||
Nernst effect (a.k.a. Nernst–Ettingshausen effect) – Walther Hermann Nernst and Albert von Ettingshausen
|
||||
Nernst equation – Walther Hermann Nernst
|
||||
Neupert effect – Werner Neupert
|
||||
Newcomb's paradox – William Newcomb
|
||||
Newton's rings, Newtonian constant of gravitation, mechanics – Isaac Newton
|
||||
Noether's theorem – Emmy Noether
|
||||
Nordtvedt effect – Kenneth L. Nordtvedt
|
||||
Nyquist frequency, Nyquist rate – Harry Nyquist
|
||||
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem (a.k.a. Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon, WKS theorem) – Harry Nyquist, Claude Shannon, Edmund Taylor Whittaker, and Vladimir Kotelnikov
|
||||
|
||||
== O ==
|
||||
Oberth effect – Hermann Oberth
|
||||
O'Connell effect – Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell
|
||||
Olbers's paradox – Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers
|
||||
Ohm's law – Georg Ohm
|
||||
Okun's law – Arthur Okun
|
||||
Omori's law – Fusakichi Omori
|
||||
Onnes effect – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
|
||||
Oort cloud (a.k.a. Öpik–Oort cloud) – Jan Hendrik Oort (and Ernst Julius Öpik)
|
||||
Ostriker–Peebles criterion – Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Jim Peebles
|
||||
Ostwald's dilution law, Ostwald process – Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald
|
||||
Overhauser effect – Albert Overhauser
|
||||
Ovshinsky effect – Stanford R. Ovshinsky
|
||||
|
||||
== P ==
|
||||
Paal–Knorr synthesis – Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr
|
||||
Pareto chart, distribution, efficiency, index, principle – Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto
|
||||
Pareto–Zipf law (a.k.a. Zipf–Mandelbrot law) – Vilfredo Pareto and George K. Zipf (or Benoît Mandelbrot)
|
||||
Parrondo's games, paradox – Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo
|
||||
Paschen curve, line, law – Friedrich Paschen
|
||||
Paschen–Back effect – Friedrich Paschen and Ernst Back
|
||||
Pasteur effect – Louis Pasteur
|
||||
Paternò–Büchi reaction – Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi
|
||||
Pauli exclusion principle – Wolfgang Pauli
|
||||
Peano curve – Giuseppe Peano
|
||||
Pearson–Anson effect – Stephen Oswald Pearson and Horatio Saint George Anson
|
||||
Péclet number – Jean Claude Eugène Péclet
|
||||
Peltier effect – Jean Charles Athanase Peltier
|
||||
Perlin noise – Ken Perlin
|
||||
Perron–Frobenius theorem – Oskar Perron, and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius
|
||||
Petkau effect – Abram Petkau
|
||||
Petri dish – Julius Richard Petri
|
||||
Petri net – Carl Adam Petri
|
||||
Peyer's patches – Johann Conrad Peyer
|
||||
Pfeiffer effect – Paul Pfeiffer
|
||||
Pfund line/series – August Herman Pfund
|
||||
Phillips curve – William Phillips (economist)
|
||||
Pigou effect – Arthur Cecil Pigou
|
||||
Piobert's law – Guillaume Piobert (1793–1871)
|
||||
Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number – Charles Pisot and Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan
|
||||
Planck constant, length, mass, time – Max Planck
|
||||
Platonic year – Plato
|
||||
Pockels effect – Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels
|
||||
Pogson ratio – Norman Robert Pogson
|
||||
Poincaré map, section – Henri Poincaré
|
||||
Poincaré–Bendixson theorem – Henri Poincaré and Ivar Otto Bendixson
|
||||
Poinsot's spirals – Louis Poinsot
|
||||
Polchinski's paradox – Joseph Polchinski
|
||||
Potts model (a.k.a. Ashkin–Teller model) – Renfrey B. Potts, Julius Ashkin, and Edward Teller
|
||||
Pourbaix diagram – Marcel Pourbaix
|
||||
Poynting effect, vector – John Henry Poynting
|
||||
Poynting–Robertson effect – John Henry Poynting and Howard P. Robertson
|
||||
Prandtl number – Ludwig Prandtl
|
||||
Primakoff effect – Henry Primakoff
|
||||
Proteus phenomenon – Proteus (mythological god)
|
||||
Pulfrich effect – Carl P. Pulfrich
|
||||
Purkinje effect/shift – Johannes Evangelista Purkinje
|
||||
Pygmalion effect (a.k.a. Rosenthal effect, observer-expectancy effect) – Pygmalion (and Robert Rosenthal)
|
||||
Pythagorean theorem (a.k.a. Pythagoras's theorem) – Pythagoras
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 8/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== R ==
|
||||
Rabi oscillations – Isidor Isaac Rabi
|
||||
Rademacher distribution, function, series, sum – Hans Adolph Rademacher
|
||||
Rademacher–Menchov theorem – Hans Adolph Rademacher and Dmitrii Menshov
|
||||
Radon transform – Johann Karl August Radon
|
||||
Raman scattering – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
|
||||
Ramsauer–Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Townsend effect) – Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend
|
||||
Ramsden circle/disc/eyepoint, eyepiece – Jesse Ramsden
|
||||
Ramsey theory – Frank Plumpton Ramsey
|
||||
Rapoport's rule – Eduardo H. Rapoport
|
||||
Raychaudhuri's equation – Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (অমল কুমার রায়চৌধুরী)
|
||||
Raygor Estimate Graph – Alton L. Raygor
|
||||
Rayleigh criterion, distribution, fading, number, quotient, scattering, waves – Lord Rayleigh
|
||||
Rayleigh–Bénard cell/convection – Lord Rayleigh and Henri Bénard
|
||||
Rayleigh–Jeans law – Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans
|
||||
Rayleigh–Taylor instability – Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor
|
||||
Rees–Sciama effect – Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama
|
||||
Reidemeister moves – Kurt Reidemeister
|
||||
Résal effect – Louis-Jean Résal
|
||||
Rescorla–Wagner rule – Robert A. Rescorla and Allan R. Wagner
|
||||
Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy – Osborne Reynolds
|
||||
Ribot's law (of Retrograde Amnesia) – Théodule-Armand Ribot
|
||||
Ricardian equivalence (a.k.a. Barro–Ricardo equivalence, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence) – Robert Barro, David Ricardo, and Antonio de Viti de Marco
|
||||
Richards controller – Charles L. Richards
|
||||
Richardson's constant, equation, law – Owen Willans Richardson
|
||||
Richardson number – Lewis Fry Richardson
|
||||
Richter magnitude scale – Charles Francis Richter
|
||||
Righi–Leduc effect (a.k.a. Leduc–Righi effect) – Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc
|
||||
Ringelmann effect – Max Ringelmann
|
||||
Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric) – see Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, above
|
||||
Roche limit – Édouard Roche
|
||||
Roche sphere (a.k.a. Hill sphere) – Édouard Roche (and George William Hill)
|
||||
Rollin film – Bernard V. Rollin
|
||||
Rosenthal effect (a.k.a. Pygmalion effect, observer-expectancy effect) – Robert Rosenthal (and Pygmalion)
|
||||
Rossby waves – Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
|
||||
Rossi–Forel scale – Michele Stefano Conte de Rossi and François-Alphonse Forel
|
||||
Rössler equation – Otto Rössler
|
||||
Rossmann fold – Michael Rossmann
|
||||
Royer oscillator – George H. Royer
|
||||
Ruelle operator, zeta function – David Ruelle
|
||||
Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius theorem – David Ruelle, Oskar Perron, and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius
|
||||
Ruhmkorff coil – Heinrich D. Ruhmkorff
|
||||
Runge–Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
|
||||
Runge's phenomenon – Carle David Tolmé Runge
|
||||
Russell's paradox – Bertrand Russell
|
||||
Rutherford experiment (a.k.a. Geiger–Marsden experiment), scattering – Ernest Rutherford
|
||||
Rybczynski theorem – Tadeusz Rybczynski
|
||||
Rydberg constant, formula – Johannes Rydberg
|
||||
Rydberg–Klein–Rees method – Johannes Rydberg, Oskar Klein, and Albert Lloyd George Rees
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 9/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== S ==
|
||||
Sabatier or Sabattier effect – Sabat[t]ier, first name unknown
|
||||
Sachs–Wolfe effect – Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe
|
||||
Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – Herbert S. Saffir and Robert ("Bob") Simpson
|
||||
Sagnac effect – Georges Sagnac
|
||||
Saha ionization equation (a.k.a. Saha–Langmuir equation) – Megh Nad Saha (মেঘনাদ সাহা) (and Irving Langmuir)
|
||||
Salem number – Raphaël Salem
|
||||
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis – Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
|
||||
Sasakian manifold, metric – Shigeo Sasaki
|
||||
Say's law – Jean-Baptiste Say
|
||||
Scheerer's phenomenon (Blue field entoptic phenomenon) – Richard Scheerer
|
||||
Schering Bridge – Harald Schering
|
||||
Schild plot, regression analysis – Heinz Otto Schild
|
||||
Schmidt law, Schmidt–Kennicutt law – see Kennicutt–Schmidt law, above
|
||||
Schottky effect – Walter H. Schottky
|
||||
Schröter effect – Johann Hieronymus Schröter
|
||||
Schülen–Wilson effect – see Wilson effect, below
|
||||
Schuler period, tuning – Maximilian Schuler
|
||||
Schultz's rule – Adolph Hans Schultz
|
||||
Schumann–Runge bands – Victor Schumann and Carle David Tolmé Runge
|
||||
Schwabe solar cycle – Samuel Heinrich Schwabe
|
||||
Schwarzschild effect, metric, radius – Karl Schwarzschild
|
||||
Scott effect – Elizabeth L. Scott
|
||||
Secchi (stellar) class, depth, disk – Pietro Angelo Secchi
|
||||
Seebeck effect – Thomas Johann Seebeck
|
||||
Seiberg–Witten gauge theory – Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten
|
||||
Seiberg–Witten invariant – Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten
|
||||
Senftleben–Beenakker effect – Hermann Senftleben and Jan J. M. Beenakker
|
||||
Sertoli cells – Enrico Sertoli
|
||||
Serre duality – Jean-Pierre Serre
|
||||
Seyfert galaxy – Carl Keenan Seyfert
|
||||
Shapiro effect – Irwin Shapiro
|
||||
Shimizu–Morioka attractor, equations – Tatsujiro Shimizu and Nozomi Morioka
|
||||
Shubnikov–de Haas effect – Wander Johannes de Haas and Lev Vasiljevich Shubnikov
|
||||
Sieberg tsunami intensity scale – August Heinrich Sieberg
|
||||
Sieberg–Ambraseys tsunami intensity scale – August Heinrich Sieberg and Nicholas Ambraseys
|
||||
Simmons–Smith reaction – Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.
|
||||
Simpson's paradox (a.k.a. Yule–Simpson effect) – Edward H. Simpson (and Udny Yule)
|
||||
Simroth's organs – Heinrich Rudolf Simroth
|
||||
Smale's horseshoe – Stephen Smale
|
||||
Smale–Rössler theorem – Stephen Smale and Otto Rössler
|
||||
Smith–Waterman algorithm – Temple F. Smith and Michael S. Waterman
|
||||
Snell's law – Willebrord van Roijen Snell
|
||||
Soloviev tsunami intensity scale – Sergey L. Soloviev
|
||||
Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law – Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel
|
||||
Sørensen similarity index, similarity coefficient – Thorvald Sørensen
|
||||
Spörer's law, Spörer Minimum – Gustav Spörer
|
||||
St. Elmo's fire – Erasmus of Formiae
|
||||
St. Robert's law (a.k.a. Vieille's law) – Comte Paul Ballada de Saint-Robert, a.k.a. Conte Paolo Ballada di San Roberto (1815–1888)
|
||||
Staebler–Wronski effect – David L. Staebler and Christopher R. Wronski
|
||||
Stark effect (a.k.a. Stark–Lo Surdo effect) – Johannes Stark (and Antonino Lo Surdo)
|
||||
Stark ladder (a.k.a. Wannier–Stark ladder, q.v.) – Johannes Stark and Gregory Hugh Wannier
|
||||
Stark–Einstein law – Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein
|
||||
Stebbins–Whitford effect – Joel Stebbins and Albert Edward Whitford
|
||||
Stefan's constant, law (a.k.a. Stefan–Boltzmann constant, law) – Jožef Stefan (and Ludwig Boltzmann)
|
||||
Stensen's duct – Niels Stensen
|
||||
Stern–Levison parameter – S. Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison
|
||||
Stevens effect – Joseph C. and Stanley Smith Stevens
|
||||
Stevens's power law – Stanley Smith Stevens
|
||||
Stewart's organs – Charles Stewart
|
||||
Stewart–Tolman effect – Thomas Dale Stewart and Richard Chace Tolman
|
||||
Stigler's law of eponymy – Stephen Stigler
|
||||
Stirling number – James Stirling
|
||||
Stokes radius – George Gabriel Stokes
|
||||
Stokes shift – George Gabriel Stokes
|
||||
Stolper–Samuelson theorem – Paul Samuelson and Wolfgang Stolper
|
||||
Strömgren age, photometry, sphere – Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren
|
||||
Strömgren–Crawford photometry – Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren and David L. Crawford
|
||||
Stroop effect – John Ridley Stroop
|
||||
Strouhal number – Vincenc Strouhal
|
||||
Stueckelberg action – Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg
|
||||
Sturgeon's law – Theodore Sturgeon
|
||||
Sturmian trajectories – Charles François Sturm
|
||||
Suess effect – Hans Eduard Suess
|
||||
Suess solar cycle, DeVries solar cycle, Suess-DeVries solar cycle – Hans Eduard Suess and Hessel de Vries
|
||||
Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect – Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich
|
||||
Syracuse problem – see Collatz conjecture, above
|
||||
Szilard–Chalmers effect – Leó Szilárd and Thomas A. Chalmers
|
||||
|
||||
== T ==
|
||||
Tait–Bryan angles (a.k.a. Cardan angles, nautical angles) – Peter Guthrie Tait and George H. Bryan
|
||||
Talbot effect – William Henry Fox Talbot
|
||||
Tanimoto coefficient, distance, measure, score, similarity – Taffee T. Tanimoto
|
||||
Taylor cone – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
|
||||
Taylor-Couette flow – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Maurice Marie Alfred Couette
|
||||
Teller–Ulam design – Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam
|
||||
Thévenin's theorem – Léon Charles Thévenin
|
||||
Thirring effect – see Lense–Thirring effect, above
|
||||
Thomas precession – Llewellyn Thomas
|
||||
Thomas–Fermi approximation, model – Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas and Enrico Fermi
|
||||
Thomson cross-section, effect – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
|
||||
Thomson structure (a.k.a. Widmanstätten pattern) – William (Guglielmo) Thomson (or Count Alois von Beckh Widmanstätten)
|
||||
Thorndike's laws (of effect, readiness, and exercise) – Edward L. Thorndike
|
||||
Thorson's rule – Gunnar Thorson
|
||||
Thouless energy – David J. Thouless
|
||||
Thwaites conjecture – see Collatz conjecture, above
|
||||
Tiedemann's bodies – Friedrich Tiedemann
|
||||
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement – Marc Tiffeneau and Nikolai Demyanov
|
||||
Tobin's q – James Tobin
|
||||
Tolman effects – Richard Chace Tolman
|
||||
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit – Richard Chace Tolman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and George Michael Volkoff
|
||||
Tonks–Girardeau gas – Lewi Tonks and Marvin D. Girardeau
|
||||
Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Ramsauer–Townsend effect), ionization coefficient – John Sealy Townsend
|
||||
Troxler's effect/fading – Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler
|
||||
Tychonoff space – Andrey Nikolayevich Tychonoff
|
||||
Tyndall effect/scattering – John Tyndall
|
||||
|
||||
== U ==
|
||||
Ulam conjecture – see Collatz conjecture
|
||||
Ulam's packing conjecture – Stanislaw Ulam
|
||||
Unruh effect – William G. Unruh
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific phenomena named after people"
|
||||
chunk: 10/10
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:32.420705+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== V ==
|
||||
Vackář oscillator – Jirí Vackář
|
||||
Van Allen radiation belt – James Van Allen
|
||||
Van de Graaff generator – Dr. Robert Jemison Van de Graaff
|
||||
Van der Pol equation, oscillator – Balthasar van der Pol
|
||||
Van der Waals force – Johannes Diderik van der Waals
|
||||
Van Hove singularity – Léon Van Hove
|
||||
Vavilovian mimicry – Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
|
||||
Veblen effect – Thorstein Veblen
|
||||
Veitch diagram – see Karnaugh map, above
|
||||
Venturi effect – Giovanni Battista Venturi
|
||||
Venn diagram – John Venn
|
||||
Vieille's law (a.k.a. St. Robert's law, often misspelled as Vielle's law) – Paul Marie Eugène Vieille
|
||||
Vierordt's law – Karl von Vierordt
|
||||
Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation – Hans Vogel, Gordon Scott Fulcher, and Gustav Tammann
|
||||
Vogt–Russell theorem – Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell
|
||||
Voigt effect, notation, profile – Woldemar Voigt
|
||||
Voigt material – see Kelvin–Voigt material, above
|
||||
Von Klitzing constant – Klaus von Klitzing
|
||||
Von Neumann ordinal, von Neumann architecture – John von Neumann
|
||||
Von Restorff effect – Hedwig von Restorff
|
||||
Von Zeipel theorem – Edvard Hugo von Zeipel
|
||||
|
||||
== W ==
|
||||
Wadati–Benioff zone (a.k.a. Benioff zone) – Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff
|
||||
Wahlund effect – Sten Gösta William Wahlund
|
||||
Wallace's line – Alfred Russel Wallace
|
||||
Walras's law – Léon Walras
|
||||
Wannier function, orbital – Gregory Wannier
|
||||
Wasserman 9-Panel Plot – Karlman Wasserman
|
||||
Wannier–Stark ladder (a.k.a. Stark ladder) – Gregory Wannier and Johannes Stark
|
||||
Warburg effect – Otto Warburg
|
||||
Waring's problem (a.k.a. Hilbert–Waring theorem) – Edward Waring (and David Hilbert)
|
||||
Weber–Fechner law (Weber's law, Fechner's law) – Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner
|
||||
Weberian apparatus – Ernst Heinrich Weber
|
||||
Weierstrass–Casorati theorem – Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass and Felice Casorati
|
||||
Weierstrass's elliptic functions, factorization theorem, function, M-test, preparation theorem – Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass
|
||||
Wien bridge – Max Wien
|
||||
Weissenberg effect – Karl Weissenberg
|
||||
Wess–Zumino–Witten model – Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino and Edward Witten
|
||||
Wess–Zumino model – Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino
|
||||
Westermarck effect – Edvard Westermarck
|
||||
Weston cell – Edward Weston
|
||||
Wheatstone bridge – Charles Wheatstone (improved and popularized it; the inventor was Samuel Hunter Christie)
|
||||
Whittaker function, integral, model – Edmund Taylor Whittaker
|
||||
Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula – Edmund Taylor Whittaker, John Macnaghten Whittaker, Claude Shannon
|
||||
Widmanstätten pattern (a.k.a. Thomson structure) – Count Alois von Beckh Widmanstätten (or William (Guglielmo) Thomson)
|
||||
Widom line – Benjamin Widom
|
||||
Widrow–Hoff least mean squares filter – Bernard Widrow and Ted Hoff
|
||||
Wiedemann–Franz law – Gustav Wiedemann and Rudolf Franz
|
||||
Wiegand effect – John R. Wiegand
|
||||
Wien bridge (Wien's bridge), constant, effect, law – Wilhelm Wien
|
||||
Wiener filter, process – Norbert Wiener
|
||||
Wigmore chart – John Henry Wigmore
|
||||
Wigner energy, Wigner effect – Eugene Wigner
|
||||
Wigner–Seitz cell – Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz
|
||||
Wilson cycle – John Tuzo Wilson
|
||||
Wilson effect – Alexander Wilson
|
||||
Wilson–Bappu effect – Olin Chaddock Wilson and Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu
|
||||
Witten index – Edward Witten
|
||||
Wollaston prism – William Hyde Wollaston
|
||||
Woodward–Hoffmann rules – Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann
|
||||
Wolf effect – Emil Wolf
|
||||
Wulf bands – Oliver R. Wulf
|
||||
Wulff–Dötz reaction – William Wulff and Karl Heinz Dötz
|
||||
|
||||
== Y ==
|
||||
Yarkovsky effect – Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky
|
||||
YORP effect – Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky, John A. O'Keefe, Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Radzievskii, and Stephen J. Paddack
|
||||
Young diagram (a.k.a. Ferrers diagram), Young tableau – Alfred Young
|
||||
Young's modulus – Thomas Young
|
||||
Yule–Simpson effect (a.k.a. Simpson's paradox) – Edward H. Simpson and Udny Yule
|
||||
|
||||
== Z ==
|
||||
Zeeman effect – Pieter Zeeman
|
||||
Zeigarnik effect – Bluma Zeigarnik
|
||||
Zener effect – Clarence Melvin Zener
|
||||
Zeno effect – Zeno of Elea
|
||||
Zipf's law – George K. Zipf
|
||||
Zipf–Mandelbrot law (a.k.a. Pareto–Zipf law) – George K. Zipf and Benoît Mandelbrot (or Vilfredo Pareto)
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Eponyms
|
||||
Fields of science
|
||||
List of eponymous laws
|
||||
List of eponymous medical signs
|
||||
List of scientists
|
||||
Lists of etymologies
|
||||
List of eponymous diseases
|
||||
List of fluid flows named after people
|
||||
List of hydrodynamic instabilities named after people
|
||||
List of waves named after people
|
||||
Scientific constants named after people
|
||||
Scientific laws named after people
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific research on the International Space Station"
|
||||
chunk: 1/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:34.827458+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The International Space Station is a platform for scientific research that requires one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit (for example microgravity, (cosmic) -radiation and extreme temperatures). The primary fields of research include human research, space medicine, life sciences, physical sciences, astronomy and meteorology. The 2005 NASA Authorization Act designated the American segment of the International Space Station as a national laboratory with the goal of increasing the use of the ISS by other federal agencies and the private sector.
|
||||
Research on the ISS improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects currently under study include muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. The data will be used to determine whether space colonization and lengthy human spaceflight are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise (such as the six-month journey time required to fly to Mars). Large scale medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS via the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS, and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.
|
||||
Researchers are investigating the effect of the station's near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of this data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity's effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues, and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space.
|
||||
The investigation of the physics of fluids in microgravity will allow researchers to model the behaviour of fluids better. Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity, physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth. In addition, an examination of reactions that are slowed by low gravity and temperatures will give scientists a deeper understanding of superconductivity.
|
||||
The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity, with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground. Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion, through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants. These findings may improve our knowledge about energy production, and lead to economic and environmental benefits.
|
||||
Remote sensing of the Earth, astronomy, and deep space research on the ISS have significantly increased during the 2010s after the completion of the US Orbital Segment in 2011. Throughout the more than 20 years of the ISS program researchers aboard the ISS and on the ground have examined aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and oxides in Earth's atmosphere, as well as the Sun, cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe. Examples of Earth-viewing remote sensing experiments that have flown on the ISS are the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, ISS-RapidScat, HICO, ECOSTRESS, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, and the Cloud Aerosol Transport System. ISS-based astronomy telescopes and experiments include SOLAR, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer, the Calorimetric Electron Telescope, the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI), and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.
|
||||
Since 2018, an example of automated manufacturing on the ISS is the testing across nine launches (as of April 2024) of a system to manufacture artificial retinas benefitted by the weightless environment. Progress has resulted in a goal of beginning human trials of the material as early as 2027.
|
||||
|
||||
== ISS science facilities ==
|
||||
|
||||
The ISS includes a number of modules devoted to scientific activity as well as other hardware designed for the same purpose.
|
||||
Laboratory modules:
|
||||
|
||||
Columbus
|
||||
Destiny
|
||||
Kibo or the Japanese Experiment Module
|
||||
Poisk or Mini-Research Module 2
|
||||
Rassvet or Mini-Research Module 1
|
||||
Nauka or Multipurpose Laboratory Module
|
||||
Scientific hardware not attached to any laboratory module:
|
||||
|
||||
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer or AMS
|
||||
Cupola
|
||||
ExPRESS Logistics Carriers or ELC
|
||||
External Stowage Platforms (ESP)
|
||||
Orbital Replacement Units SPARES
|
||||
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Columbus ===
|
||||
|
||||
Internal scientific hardware:
|
||||
|
||||
Biological Experiment Laboratory (BioLab)
|
||||
European Drawer Rack (EDR)
|
||||
European Physiology Module (EPM)
|
||||
European Transportation Carrier (ETC)
|
||||
Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL)
|
||||
Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)
|
||||
Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (MARES)
|
||||
External scientific hardware:
|
||||
|
||||
Columbus - External Payload Facility (Columbus-EPF)
|
||||
European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF)
|
||||
Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus (SOLAR)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Destiny ===
|
||||
|
||||
Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF)
|
||||
Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)
|
||||
Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR)
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 1
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 2A
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 3A
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 4
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 5
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 6
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 7
|
||||
ExPRESS Rack 8
|
||||
Human Research Facility 1 (HRF-1)
|
||||
Human Research Facility 2 (HRF-2)
|
||||
Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)
|
||||
Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI)
|
||||
Window Observational Research Facility (WORF)
|
||||
Planned for launch:
|
||||
|
||||
Basic Express Rack 9B (ISS facility) | BER-9B ExPRESS Rack with only cooling and electrical power, eight Mid Deck Locker payloads. Launched on HTV-6
|
||||
Basic Express Rack 10B (ISS facility) | BER-10B
|
||||
Second Glove Box, MSG-2 or Live Science Glovebox LSG
|
||||
|
||||
=== Kibo ===
|
||||
|
||||
Internal scientific hardware:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific research on the International Space Station"
|
||||
chunk: 2/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:34.827458+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Ryutai Experiment Rack (Ryutai)
|
||||
Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF)
|
||||
Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF)
|
||||
Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF)
|
||||
Image Processing Unit (IPU)
|
||||
Kobairo Rack :
|
||||
Gradient Heating Furnace (GHF)
|
||||
Saibo Experiment Rack (Saibo)
|
||||
Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF)
|
||||
Clean Bench (CB)
|
||||
Lab Support Equipments and other smaller instruments
|
||||
The Minus Eighty Degree Celsius Laboratory Freezer for the International Space Station (MELFI)
|
||||
Biological Experiment Unit (BEU)
|
||||
High Definition TeleVision transmitting system (HDTV)
|
||||
Passive Dosimeter for Life Science Experiments in Space (PADLES)
|
||||
Human Research Facility Holter Monitor
|
||||
Payload Laptop Terminal (PLT)
|
||||
Microgravity Measurement Apparatus (MMA),
|
||||
Utility DC/DC Converter Unit (UDC)
|
||||
External scientific hardware:
|
||||
|
||||
Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility
|
||||
|
||||
=== Poisk ===
|
||||
|
||||
Multipurpose workstation (MWS)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS small hardware ===
|
||||
Actiwatch (Actiwatch)
|
||||
BioServe Culture Apparatus (BCA)
|
||||
Biological Research in Canisters for OptiCells (BRIC-Opti)
|
||||
Human Research Facility Continuous Blood Pressure Device (CBPD)
|
||||
Hand Grip Dynamometer Pinch Force Dynamometer (HGD-PFD)
|
||||
Human Research Facility Holter Monitor (Holter)
|
||||
Kennedy Space Center Fixation Tube (KFT)
|
||||
Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer - i-STAT (PCBA)
|
||||
Radiation Area Monitor (RAM)
|
||||
Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)
|
||||
Urine Monitoring System (UMS)
|
||||
Vegetable Production System (Veggie)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS sub-rack ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Advanced Biological Research System (ABRS)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF)
|
||||
ARCTIC Refrigerator-Freezer (ARCTIC)
|
||||
Biotechnology Specimen Temperature Controller (BSTC)
|
||||
Biotechnology Temperature Refrigerator (BTR)
|
||||
Boiling Experiment Facility (BXF)
|
||||
Clean Bench (CB)
|
||||
Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF)
|
||||
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA)
|
||||
Commercial Plant Biotechnology Facility (CPBF)
|
||||
Commercial Refrigerator Incubator Module - Modified (CRIM-M)
|
||||
European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS)
|
||||
Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF)
|
||||
Flywheel Exercise Device (FWED)
|
||||
Image Processing Unit (IPU)
|
||||
Mice Drawer System Facility (MDS_Facility)
|
||||
Microgravity Vibration Isolation Subsystem (MVIS)
|
||||
Portable Astroculture Chamber (PASC)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth - Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System (PCG-STES)
|
||||
Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF)
|
||||
Pulmonary Function System (PFS)
|
||||
Portable Glovebox (PGB)
|
||||
Refrigerated Centrifuge (RC)
|
||||
Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF)
|
||||
Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device (SLAMMD)
|
||||
Human Research Facility Ultrasound on the International Space Station (Ultrasound)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS stowage ===
|
||||
|
||||
Autonomous Biological System (ABS)
|
||||
Advanced Space Experiment Processor (ADSEP)
|
||||
Astro Garden
|
||||
Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC)
|
||||
Cell Culturing (CellCult)
|
||||
Group Activation Pack - Fluid Processing Apparatus (GAP-FPA)
|
||||
Granada Crystallization Facility (GCF)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS mid-deck locker ===
|
||||
|
||||
Avian Development Facility (ADF)
|
||||
Animal Enclosure Module (AEM)
|
||||
General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator (GLACIER)
|
||||
Microgravity Experiment Research Locker Incubator (MERLIN)
|
||||
T-Cell Growth System (T-CGS)
|
||||
Polar (Research Refrigerator for ISS)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS mid-deck locker insert ===
|
||||
|
||||
Biotube
|
||||
Kennedy Space Center Gaseous Nitrogen Freezer (GN2)
|
||||
|
||||
== JAXA's ISS research and science activity ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Experiments ===
|
||||
|
||||
Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition Process in Marangoni Convection Marangoni Exp (Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) )
|
||||
Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in Marangoni Convection (Marangoni UVP/MaranGoniat) (Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) )
|
||||
Experimental Assessment of Dynamic Surface Deformation Effects in Transition to Oscillatory Thermo capillary Flow in Liquid Bridge of High Prandtl Number Fluid (Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) )
|
||||
Pattern Formation during Ice Crystal Growth (Ice Crystal) (Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) )
|
||||
Investigation on Mechanism of Faceted Cellular Array Growth (Facet) (Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) )
|
||||
Growth of Homogeneous SiGe Crystals in Microgravity by the TLZ Method (Hicari) (Gradient Heating Furnace (GHF) )
|
||||
Gene expression of p53-regulated Genes in Mammalian Cultured Cells after Exposure to Space Environment (Rad Gene)
|
||||
Detection of Changes in LOH Profile of TK mutants of Human Cultured Cells (LOH)
|
||||
Control of cell differentiation and morphogenesis of amphibian culture cells (Dome Gene)
|
||||
Integrated Assessment of Long-term Cosmic Radiation Through Biological Responses of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, in Space (Rad Silk)
|
||||
RNA interference and protein phosphorylation in space environment using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (CERISE)
|
||||
Cbl-Mediated Protein Ubiquitination Downregulates the Response of Skeletal Muscle Cells to Growth Factors in Space (Myo Lab)
|
||||
Hydrotropism and Auxin-Inducible Gene Expression in Roots Grown under Microgravity Conditions (Hydro Tropi)
|
||||
Biological effects of space radiation and microgravity on mammalian cells (Neuro Rad)
|
||||
Life Cycle of Higher Plants under Microgravity Conditions (Space Seed)
|
||||
Regulation by Gravity of Ferulate Formation in Cell Walls of Rice Seedlings (Ferulate)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Applied research fields ====
|
||||
High Quality Protein Crystallization Research (HQPC)
|
||||
Applied research core center promotion program New material development (Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF))
|
||||
Applied research core center promotion program Dynamics of Interfaces (Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF))
|
||||
|
||||
==== Human space technology development fields ====
|
||||
Passive Dosimeter for Life Science Experiments in Space (PADLES)
|
||||
High Definition TeleVision transmitting system (HDTV)
|
||||
Varidation of On-orbit Digital Holter ECG Monitoring
|
||||
Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss
|
||||
|
||||
==== Educational and cultural utilization fields ====
|
||||
Space Poem Chain (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Pilot missions for utilization for culture and humanity and social sciences
|
||||
|
||||
==== Commercial utilization fields ====
|
||||
Fee-based utilization of Kibo is available to unrestricted research groups for commercial use. Costs involved in the operation will be paid by each user. The results obtained through the utilization will belong to the user.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Exposed facility experiments ====
|
||||
Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI)
|
||||
Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload (SEDA-AP)
|
||||
Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb Emission Sounder (SMILES)
|
||||
|
||||
== NASA's ISS research and science activity ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Human research ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Effect of prolonged space flight on human skeletal muscle ====
|
||||
|
||||
Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss (Bisphosphonates)
|
||||
Commercial Biomedical Testing Module: Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity (CBTM)
|
||||
Commercial Biomedical Test Module - 2 (CBTM-2)
|
||||
Foot Reaction Forces During Space Flight (Foot)
|
||||
Effects of Altered Gravity on Spinal Cord Excitability (H-Reflex)
|
||||
Hand Posture Analyzer (HPA)
|
||||
Renal Stone Risk During Spaceflight: Assessment and Countermeasure Validation (Renal_Stone)
|
||||
Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment (Spinal_Elongation)
|
||||
Subregional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton in Long-term Space Flight (Subregional_Bone)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific research on the International Space Station"
|
||||
chunk: 3/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:34.827458+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems ====
|
||||
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS (CCISS)
|
||||
Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias (Integrated_Cardiovascular)
|
||||
Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Long (Midodrine-Long)
|
||||
Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Short Duration Biological Investigation (Midodrine-SDBI)
|
||||
The Effects of EVA and Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Pulmonary Function (PuFF)
|
||||
Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, During, and After Long Duration International Space Station Missions (VO2max)
|
||||
Effect of Microgravity on the Peripheral Subcutaneous Veno-Arteriolar Reflex in Humans (Xenon1)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Crew healthcare systems ====
|
||||
IntraVenous Fluid GENeration for Exploration Missions (IVGEN)
|
||||
Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic and Nutritional Compounds (Stability)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Human behaviour and performance ====
|
||||
Bodies In the Space Environment was an experiment run from 2009 to 2010 studying how people perceive relative direction in space.
|
||||
Crewmember and Crew-Ground Interaction During International Space Station Missions (Interactions)
|
||||
Behavioral Issues Associated with Isolation and Confinement: Review and Analysis of ISS Crew Journals (Journals)
|
||||
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long (Sleep-Long)
|
||||
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Short (Sleep-Short)
|
||||
Human Factors Assessment of Vibration Effects on Visual Performance During Launch (Visual_Performance)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Immune system ====
|
||||
Differentiation of Bone Marrow Macrophages in Space (BONEMAC)
|
||||
Cell Culture Module - Immune Response of Human Monocytes in Microgravity (CCM-Immune_Response)
|
||||
Cell Culture Module - Effect of Microgravity on Wound Repair: In Vitro Model of New Blood Vessel Development (CCM-Wound_Repair)
|
||||
Space Flight Induced Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus (Epstein-Barr)
|
||||
Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crewmember Immune Function (Integrated_Immune)
|
||||
Incidence of Latent Virus Shedding During Space Flight (Latent_Virus)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Integrated physiology ====
|
||||
Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM)
|
||||
Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition)
|
||||
Dietary Intake Can Predict and Protect Against Changes in Bone Metabolism during Spaceflight and Recovery (Pro_K)
|
||||
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Biological Specimen Repository (Repository)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Neurological and vestibular systems ====
|
||||
ELaboratore Immagini TElevisive - Space 2 (ELITE-S2)
|
||||
Promoting Sensorimotor Response Generalizability: A Countermeasure to Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-Duration Space Flight (Mobility)
|
||||
Bioavailability and Performance Effects of Promethazine During Space Flight (PMZ)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Radiation ====
|
||||
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System (ALTEA)
|
||||
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System - Shield (ALTEA-Shield)
|
||||
Bonner Ball Neutron Detector (BBND)
|
||||
Chromosomal Aberrations in Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts (Chromosome)
|
||||
Dosimetric Mapping (DOSMAP)
|
||||
A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts in EVA (EVARM)
|
||||
Organ Dose Measurement Using the Phantom Torso (Torso)
|
||||
Mental Representation of Spatial Cues During Space Flight (3D-Space)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other experiments ====
|
||||
Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable Equipment (Card)
|
||||
Cytogenetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation in Peripheral Lymphocytes of ISS Crewmembers (Chromosome-2)
|
||||
Astronaut's Energy Requirements for Long-Term Space Flight (Energy)
|
||||
Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses in Humans During and After Long Term Stay at ISS (Immuno)
|
||||
Motion Perception: Vestibular Adaptation to G-Transitions (MOP)
|
||||
Study of Low Back Pain in Crewmembers During Space Flight (Mus)
|
||||
Otolith Assessment During Postflight Re-adaptation (Otolith)
|
||||
Perceptual Motor Deficits in Space (PMDIS)
|
||||
Psychomotor Vigilance Self Test on the International Space Station (Reaction_Self_Test)
|
||||
Study of Microbial Communities Exposed to Weightlessness (Sample)
|
||||
SOdium LOading in Microgravity (SOLO)
|
||||
Validation of Centrifugation as a Countermeasure for Otolith Deconditioning During Spaceflight (Spin)
|
||||
Test of Reaction and Adaptation Capabilities (TRAC)
|
||||
Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight (Zag)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Biology and biotechnology ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Animal biology ====
|
||||
Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of
|
||||
Host Immunity in Space (FIT)
|
||||
Mice Drawer System (MDS)
|
||||
Rodent Research Hardware System
|
||||
|
||||
==== Cellular biology and biotechnology ====
|
||||
Avian Development Facility - Development and Function of the Avian Otolith System in Normal Altered Gravity Environments (ADF-Otolith)
|
||||
Avian Development Facility - Skeletal Development in embryonic Quail (ADF-Skeletal)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Human Renal Cortical Cell Differentiation and Hormone Production (CBOSS-01-02-Renal)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Use of NASA Bioreactor to Study Cell Cycle Regulation: Mechanisms of Colon Carcinoma Metastasis in Microgravity (CBOSS-01-Colon)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression (CBOSS-01-Ovarian)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells - A Proven Model System for Optimizing 3-D Cell Culture Biotechnology in Space (CBOSS-01-PC12)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Production of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin by Mammalian Cells (CBOSS-02-Erythropoietin)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: The Effect of Microgravity on the Immune Function of Human Lymphoid Tissue (CBOSS-02-HLT)
|
||||
Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Fluid Dynamics Investigation (CBOSS-FDI)
|
||||
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus -
|
||||
Antibiotic Production in Space (CGBA-APS)
|
||||
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Kidney Cell Gene Expression (CGBA-KCGE)
|
||||
Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus -
|
||||
Synaptogenesis in Microgravity (CGBA-SM)
|
||||
Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System
|
||||
(MEPS)
|
||||
StelSys Liver Cell Function Research (StelSys)
|
||||
Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - A (TripleLux-A)
|
||||
Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - B (TripleLux-B)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Microbiology ====
|
||||
In August 2020, scientists reported that bacteria from Earth, particularly Deinococcus radiodurans bacteria, which is highly resistant to environmental hazards, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies conducted on the International Space Station. These findings support the notion of panspermia, the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed in various ways, including space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids or contaminated spacecraft.
|
||||
|
||||
Microbial Drug Resistance Virulence (MDRV)
|
||||
Effect of Spaceflight on Microbial Gene Expression and Virulence (Microbe)
|
||||
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells (NLP-Cells)
|
||||
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - 1A (NLP-Vaccine-1A)
|
||||
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - 1B (NLP-Vaccine-1B)
|
||||
National Lab Pathfinder - Vaccine - 1C (NLP-Vaccine-1C)
|
||||
National Lab Pathfinder - Vaccine - 2 (NLP-Vaccine-2)
|
||||
National Lab Pathfinder - Vaccine - 3 (NLP-Vaccine-3)
|
||||
National Lab Pathfinder - Vaccine - 4 (NLP-Vaccine-4)
|
||||
National Lab Pathfinder - Vaccine - 5 (NLP-Vaccine-5)
|
||||
Passive Observatories for Experimental Microbial Systems (POEMS)
|
||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae Expression of Genes in Space (SPEGIS)
|
||||
Surface, Water and Air Biocharacterization - A Comprehensive Characterization of Microorganisms and Allergens in Spacecraft Environment (SWAB)
|
||||
Yeast-Group Activation Packs (Yeast-GAP)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific research on the International Space Station"
|
||||
chunk: 4/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:34.827458+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Plant biology ====
|
||||
Advanced AstrocultureTM (ADVASC)
|
||||
Biomass Production System (BPS)
|
||||
Cambium (Cambium)
|
||||
Cell Wall/Reverse Genetic Approach to Exploring Genes Responsible for Cell Wall Dynamics in Supporting Tissues of Arabidopsis Under Microgravity Conditions and Resist Wall/Role of Microtubule-Membrane-Cell Wall Continuum in Gravity Resistance in Plants (CWRW)
|
||||
Gravity Related Genes in Arabidopsis - A (Genara-A)
|
||||
Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing (Gravi)
|
||||
Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing - 2 (Gravi-2)
|
||||
Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU) Plants, Protocols, Procedures and Requirements (P3R) Using Currently Existing Flight Resources (Lada-VPU-P3R)
|
||||
Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana (Multigen)
|
||||
National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells - 3: Jatropha Biofuels (NLP-Cells-3)
|
||||
The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments Program (ORZS)
|
||||
Photosynthesis Experiment and System Testing and Operation (PESTO)
|
||||
Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (PGBA)
|
||||
Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System (TAGES)
|
||||
Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism (Tropi)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Protein crystallization ====
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Extraordinary Structural Features of Antibodies from Camelids (APCF-Camelids)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Solution Flows and Molecular Disorder of Protein Crystals: Growth of High Quality Crystals, Motions of Lumazin Crystals and Growth of Ferritin Crystals (APCF-Crystal_Growth)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Effect of Different Growth Conditions on the Quality of Thaumatin and Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase Crystals Grown in Microgravity (APCF-Crystal_Quality)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions in Microgravity (APCF-Lipoprotein)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Testing New Trends in Microgravity Protein Crystallization (APCF-Lysozyme)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of the Next Generation of Octarellins (APCF-Octarellins)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Protein Crystallization in Microgravity, Collagen Model (X-Y-Gly) Polypeptides - the case of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 10 (APCF-PPG10)
|
||||
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Rhodopsin in Microgravity (APCF-Rhodopsin)
|
||||
Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High Density (CPCG-H)
|
||||
Dynamically Controlled Protein Crystal Growth (DCPCG)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Enhanced Gaseous Nitrogen Dewar (PCG-EGN)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Improved Diffraction Quality of Crystals (PCG-STES-IDQC)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Integral Membrane Protein Using Microgravity (PCG-STES-IMP)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Synchrotron Based Mosaicity Measurements of Crystal Quality and Theoretical Modeling (PCG-STES-MM)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Mitochondrial Metabolite Transport Proteins (PCG-STES-MMTP)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System - Crystal Growth Model System for Material Science (PCG-STES-MS)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Engineering a Ribozyme for Diffraction Properties (PCG-STES-RDP)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Regulation of Gene Expression (PCG-STES-RGE)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Science and Applications of Facility Hardware for Protein Crystal Growth (PCG-STES-SA)
|
||||
Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Vapor Equilibrium Kinetics Studies (PCG-STES-VEKS)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other experiments ====
|
||||
Dome Gene Experiment (DomeGene)
|
||||
Exposure Experiment (Expose)
|
||||
Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5% (FRTL5)
|
||||
High Quality Protein Crystallization (HQPC)
|
||||
Detection of Changes in LOH Profile of TK mutants of Human Cultured Cells (LOH) - Gene Expression of p53-Regulated Genes in Mammalian Cultured Cells After Exposure to Space Environment (LOH-RadGene)
|
||||
Effects of Microgravity on the Haemopoietic System: A Study on Neocytolysis (Neocytolysis)
|
||||
PAthway DIfferent ACtivators (PADIAC)
|
||||
ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression (ROALD)
|
||||
Study of Space Environment Effects on PY17 Bacterial Spores on board Space Shuttle (Spore)
|
||||
Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at Different g-levels (WAICO)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Physical and materials sciences ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Combustion science ====
|
||||
Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX)
|
||||
Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment (SPICE)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Fluid physics ====
|
||||
Capillary Flow Experiment (CFE)
|
||||
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert (DECLIC-HTI)
|
||||
Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement (FMVM)
|
||||
Miscible Fluids in Microgravity (MFMG)
|
||||
Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment (SHERE)
|
||||
Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument-Influence of VIbrations on DIffusion of Liquids (SODI-IVIDIL)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Materials science ====
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3 and 4: Critical Point (BCAT-3-4-CP)
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Binary Alloys (BCAT-3-BA)
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Surface Crystallization (BCAT-3-SC)
|
||||
Binodal Colloidal Aggregation Test - 4: Polydispersion (BCAT-4-Poly)
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Three-Dimensional Melt (BCAT-5-3D-Melt)
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Compete (BCAT-5-Compete)
|
||||
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-5: Phase Separation (BCAT-5-PhaseSep)
|
||||
Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-2 (CSLM-2)
|
||||
DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Directional Solidification Insert (DECLIC-DSI)
|
||||
EXPRESS Physics of Colloids in Space (EXPPCS)
|
||||
Viscous Liquid Foam - Bulk Metallic Glass (Foam)
|
||||
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE)
|
||||
Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 2 (InSPACE-2)
|
||||
Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7, and 8)
|
||||
Materials Science Laboratory - Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing and Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions (MSL-CETSOL_and_MICAST)
|
||||
Toward Understanding Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional Solidification in a Microgravity Environment (PFMI)
|
||||
Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Aggregation of Colloidal Solutions (SODI-Colloid) (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Space-Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix System (SpaceDRUMS)
|
||||
Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA)
|
||||
Zeolite Crystal Growth (ZCG)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Quantum Physics ====
|
||||
Cold Atom Laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other experiments ====
|
||||
Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability (FASES)
|
||||
Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity (Geoflow)
|
||||
Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition Process in Marangoni Convection (Marangoni)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Technology development ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Characterizing the microgravity environment on ISS ====
|
||||
Active Rack Isolation System - ISS Characterization Experiment (ARIS-ICE)
|
||||
Microgravity Acceleration Measurement System (MAMS)
|
||||
Space Acceleration Measurement System-II (SAMS-II)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Environmental monitoring of ISS ====
|
||||
Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air (ANITA)
|
||||
JPL Electronic Nose (ENose)
|
||||
Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS)
|
||||
Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System - Exploration (LOCAD-PTS-Exploration)
|
||||
Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Picosatellites and control technologies ====
|
||||
Avatar Explore: Autonomous Robotic Operations Performed from the ISS (Avatar_Explore)
|
||||
Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital Navigator Satellite (DRAGONSat)
|
||||
Middeck Active Control Experiment-II (MACE-II)
|
||||
Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES)
|
||||
Space Test Program-H2-Microelectromechanical System-Based (MEMS) PICOSAT Inspector (STP-H2-MEPSI)
|
||||
Space Test Program-H2-Radar Fence Transponder (STP-H2-RAFT)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spacecraft materials ====
|
||||
Elastic Memory Composite Hinge (EMCH)
|
||||
In Space Soldering Investigation (ISSI)
|
||||
Pico-Satellite Solar Cell Experiment (PSSC)
|
||||
Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Scientific research on the International Space Station"
|
||||
chunk: 5/5
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:34.827458+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spacecraft systems ====
|
||||
Boiling eXperiment Facility - Microheater Array Boiling Experiment (BXF-MABE)
|
||||
Boiling eXperiment Facility - Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment (BXF-NPBX)
|
||||
Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test (DAFT)
|
||||
Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN)
|
||||
Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections (MAUI)
|
||||
Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus - Flame Extinguishment Experiment (MDCA-FLEX)
|
||||
Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME)
|
||||
Space Communications and Navigation Testbed (SCAN_Testbed)
|
||||
Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments (SEITE)
|
||||
Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments (SIMPLEX)
|
||||
Serial Network Flow Monitor (SNFM)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spacecraft and orbital environments ====
|
||||
Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment - 2 (ANDE-2)
|
||||
Ram Burn Observations (RAMBO)
|
||||
Space Test Program-H2-Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (STP-H2-ANDE)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other experiments ====
|
||||
DEBris In Orbit Evaluator - 2 (DEBIE-2)
|
||||
EuTEF Thermometer (EuTemp)
|
||||
Earth Viewing Camera (EVC)
|
||||
Activation and Test Downlink of HDTV System (JAXA-HDTV)
|
||||
Particle Flux Demonstrator (Particle_Flux)
|
||||
Tribology Laboratory (TriboLab)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Earth and space science ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Earth science ====
|
||||
Agricultural Camera (AgCam)
|
||||
Crew Earth Observations (CEO)
|
||||
Crew Earth Observations - International Polar Year (CEO-IPY)
|
||||
ISS-RapidScat
|
||||
|
||||
==== Space science ====
|
||||
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02 (AMS-02)
|
||||
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Other monitors and observatories from the field ====
|
||||
DOSimetry TELescopes (DOSTEL)
|
||||
Flux (Phi) Probe EXperiment - Time resolved Measurement of Atomic Oxygen (FIPEX)
|
||||
HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HREP-HICO)
|
||||
HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS) (HREP-RAIDS)
|
||||
RaDI-N (RaDI-N)
|
||||
|
||||
=== ISS operations results ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Crew-initiated science ====
|
||||
Science of Opportunity (Saturday_Morning_Science)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Educational activities ====
|
||||
Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS)
|
||||
Education - How Solar Cells Work (Education-Solar_Cells)
|
||||
International Space Station Inflight Education Downlinks (Inflight_Education_Downlinks)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Environmental monitoring of ISS ====
|
||||
Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' - Dosimetry (ALTEA-Dosi)
|
||||
International Space Station Acoustic Measurement Program (ISS_Acoustics)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Medical monitoring of ISS crew members ====
|
||||
Clinical Nutrition Assessment of ISS Astronauts, SMO-016E (Clinical_Nutrition_Assessment)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spacecraft systems ====
|
||||
International Space Station Zero-Propellant Maneuver (ZPM) Demonstration (ZPM)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Spacecraft and orbital environments ====
|
||||
Analysis of International Space Station Plasma Interaction (Plasma_Interaction_Model)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Station development test objective ====
|
||||
Validation of On-Orbit Methodology for the Assessment of Cardiac Function and Changes in the Circulating Volume Using Ultrasound and Braslet-M Occlusion Cuffs, SDTO 17011 U/R (Braslet)
|
||||
Component Repair Experiment - 1, SDTO 17012U (CRE-1)
|
||||
Soldering in Reduced Gravity Experiment, SDTO 17003-U (SoRGE)
|
||||
Solid State Lighting Module, SDTO 15008U (SSLM)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Supplementary Medical Objective ====
|
||||
Periodic Fitness Evaluation with Oxygen Uptake Measurement (PFE-OUM)
|
||||
|
||||
== ESA and CSA reported ISS research and science activity ==
|
||||
|
||||
Much like NASA and JAXA, ESA and CSA also conducted numerous experiments on the International Space Station.
|
||||
|
||||
== Energia RSC reported ISS research and science activity ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Human life research ===
|
||||
|
||||
Sprut-MBI (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Parodont (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Cardio-ODNT (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Mass Transfer (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Prognos (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Brados (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Farma (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Poligen (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Diurez (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biotest (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biotest-1 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Profilaktika (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Pulse (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
BIMS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biorisk (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Rastenia-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Pilot (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Intercellular Interaction (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Gematologia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Plasmida (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Statokonia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Regeneratsia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Akvarium (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Sonokard (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Vzaimodeystviye (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Dykhanie (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Pneumocard (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Rastenia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Tipologia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Geophysical research ===
|
||||
|
||||
Uragan (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Relaksatsia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Molnyia-SM (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Vsplesk (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Impuls (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Plazma-Progress (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Plazma-MKS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Ten'-Mayak (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Earth resources sensing ===
|
||||
|
||||
Diatomeya (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Volny (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Rusalka (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Seiner (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Ekon (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Space biotechnology ===
|
||||
|
||||
CPCF-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Mimetik-K (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biodegradation (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Conjugation (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
MSK (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
KAF (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Vaktsina-K (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Bioekologia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Interleukin-K (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Bioemulsia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Glikoproteid (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biotrek (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Antigen (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Lactolen (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
ARIL (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
OChB (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Astrovaktsina (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Zhenshen-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Kaskad (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
BIF (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Bakteriofag (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Structura (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Konstanta (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Technical research ===
|
||||
|
||||
Tenzor (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Iskazhenye (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Privyazka (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Identificatsia (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Izgib (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Infrazvuk-M (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Meteoroid (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Vektor-T (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Scorpion (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Kromka (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Acoustika-M (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Toksichnost (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Radioskaf (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Sreda-MKS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Infotekh (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Kontur (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Veterok (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
BAR (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Expert (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Cold Atom Laboratory
|
||||
|
||||
=== Contract activities ===
|
||||
|
||||
GTS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
GTS-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Vzglyad (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Biosfera (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
LEGO (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Popular Mechanics (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
MPAC & SEED (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
HDTV (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Starmail (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
GCF-JAXA (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
ROKVISS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Neurocog (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Cardiocog (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Neurocog-3 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
3DPC (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
3DPC-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
SCN (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Cardiocog-4 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
NOA (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
IMMUNO (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Golf (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Myocite (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Stroma (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Amphybody (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Tubul (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
MIA (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
NKA (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Bioculture (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Altcriss (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Cult (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Sample-LDM (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
AT-SPACE (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
BIOKIN 4 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
PKINASE (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
EXPOSE-R (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Pille-Simonyi-2 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Sample (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Study of cosmic rays ===
|
||||
|
||||
Platan (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
BTN-Neutron (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Matryoshka-R (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Educational and humanitarian projects ===
|
||||
|
||||
Kolibry Project (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Konstructor Project (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
MATI-75 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
MAI-75 (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Fizika-Obrazovanie (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Space technology and material science ===
|
||||
|
||||
SVS (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
Kristallizator (ISS Experiment)
|
||||
PKE Nefedov plasma crystal experiment (joint Russian-German experiment, 1998 - 2004)
|
||||
PK-3 Plus plasma crystal experiment (joint Russian-German experiment)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Foreign programs ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Other ==
|
||||
In May 2011, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-134 carried 13 Lego kits to the ISS, where astronauts built models and saw how they reacted in microgravity, as part of the Lego Bricks in Space program. The results were shared with schools as part of an educational project.
|
||||
|
||||
Planned:
|
||||
OPALS
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
International Space Station Science Research Accomplishments During the Assembly Years: An Analysis of Results from 2000-2008 - NASA
|
||||
International Space Station (ISS) Research - from the ISS Program Scientist - NASA
|
||||
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) - NASA NASA STI Program
|
||||
STS-131 Press Kit - NASA
|
||||
Experiment List - Alphabetical - NASA Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
ISS Research Project - NASA
|
||||
International Space Station Science News
|
||||
International Space Station Science Research Accomplishments During the Assembly Years: An Analysis of Results from 2000-2008
|
||||
All Laboratories Are GO . . . for Research!
|
||||
Research in space: Facilities on the International Space Station Archived 2010-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
|
||||
VIDEO FROM IAC-2010: A decade of ISS research
|
||||
78
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table-0.md
Normal file
78
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Solubility table"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:36.128772+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The tables below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure. Units of solubility are given in grams of substance per 100 millilitres of water (g/100 ml), unless shown otherwise. The substances are listed in Latin alphabetical order.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Tables ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== A ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== B ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== C ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== D and E ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== F and G ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== H ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== I ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== L ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== M ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== N and O ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== P ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== R ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== S ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== T ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== U, V, and X ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Y ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
=== Z ===
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
Chemicalc v4.0 - software that includes data on solubility
|
||||
Learning, Food resources
|
||||
Kaye and Laby Online
|
||||
ChemBioFinder.com(registration required)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Solubility Database - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry / National Institute of Standards and Technology
|
||||
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - Online resource that includes solubility data (requires subscription)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Table of historic and prehistoric climate indicators"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_historic_and_prehistoric_climate_indicators"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:02:42.177053+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This table is a reference tool for rapidly locating Wikipedia articles on Historic and Prehistoric climate indicators of all types.
|
||||
|
||||
To Add:
|
||||
|
||||
Alkenone analysis
|
||||
TEX-86 analysis
|
||||
Nile river flood levels
|
||||
Trace mineral ratios in deltaic sediment
|
||||
Wildlife distribution
|
||||
Pollen analysis
|
||||
Historic storm-related sinkings
|
||||
Sea temperature and atmospheric pressure (ENSO)
|
||||
Scientific meteorological measurements (since 1800s)
|
||||
air temperature
|
||||
air pressure
|
||||
wind speed and direction
|
||||
Ocean currents and marine productivity
|
||||
Flooding and drought observations on land
|
||||
Volcanic activity
|
||||
Elevated charcoal in lake sediments
|
||||
Sand dune activation records
|
||||
Eolian (wind-borne) sediment deposition
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user