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title: "Science, Order, and Creativity"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Order,_and_Creativity"
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Science, Order, and Creativity is a book by theoretical physicist David Bohm and physicist and writer F. David Peat. It was originally published 1987 by Bantam Books, US, then 1989 in Great Britain by Routledge. The second edition, published in 2000 after Bohm's death, comprises a new foreword by Peat as well as an additional introductory chapter, in which a fictitious dialogue between Bohm and Peat serves to introduce the reader to the context and topics of the book.
In Science, Order and Creativity, the authors emphasize the role of creativity and communication for science and, also beyond science, for humanity as a whole.
== Contents by chapter ==
1 Revolutions, Theories, and Creativity in Science
The authors consider the form of creativity that is constituted by a metaphor and by equating two different kinds of things, based on an act of perception of a similarity. They emphasize the role of communication and art as part of creativity, citing the example of Helen Keller who, through communication with her mentor Anne Sullivan was led to understanding a similarity among the sensations of water and the symbolic gesture pressed into her palm which represented it.
2 Science as Creative PerceptionCommunication
The authors build upon the aspect of communication by discussing science as a social activity and the role of language in science, discussing in particular also the examples of the various interpretations of quantum mechanics, including the objections raised against the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics. They point out that its mathematical basis is open to a range of modifications which extend "beyond current quantum theory", for instance concerning the role of trajectories.
3 What is Order?
The notion is introduced that all processes take place in an order, with the particular order depending on context. They distinguish orders of first, second and higher degrees, and interpret randomness as an order of infinite degree. At the same time, the degree itself depends on the context, and on what is known and taken into consideration concerning the underlying processes. Bohm and Peat further propose to a spectrum of order, with causal laws and statistical laws representing limiting cases of a more general range of possibilities.
4 The Generate Order and the Implicate Order
This chapter introduces the notions of generative order and implicate order, citing examples from, among others, mathematics (fractal order as proposed by Benoit Mandelbrot, Fourier series, and touching upon Goethe's notion of an Urpflanze and the morphology of plants) art (from schemata changing from Renaissance painting to the vortex-like order of J. M. W. Turner to the use of light by Claude Monet and the exploration of composition and structure by Paul Cézanne), science (holography, the Green's function and its relation to Feynman diagrams and the Huygens principle, as well as Bohm's implicit order, superimplicate order and holomovement in an infinite extension). The implicate and generative orders are emphasized as ground for all experience, accessible to direct experience by perception of well-defined forms, for instance the reverberation of earlier notes of music, or the viewing of a scene of a film as a whole, or various resonances of words and images in poetry. Explicate orders, in contrast, are emphasized by society in so far as they are considered absolutely necessary for its survival, and suitable for large-scale organization and technology.
5 Generative Order in Science, Society, and Consciousness
These considerations are carried further, citing among others the works of Conrad Hal Waddington, Stephen Jay Gould, Brian Goodwin and Rupert Sheldrake towards a generative order that lies beyond both Lamarckism and Darwinism. This chapter further provides a view of the role of human creativity, when attention is allowed to move freely, for putting forth "new sensory orders and structures that form into new perceptions".
6 Creativity in the Whole of Life
The individual, cosmic and social dimensions are considered. It is held that creativity blockages can be overcome and that "'loosening' rigidly held intellectual content in the tacit infrastructure of consciousness" plays a main role for awakening creative intelligence.
7 The Order Between and Beyond
Examples of the development of various orders are provided. To solve problems faced by society, there is need to find not merely "orders in between" (as a form of compromise between other orders) but rather to creatively extend to richer "orders beyond" which encompass different orders together in another form. As one of the examples for a search for "an order beyond", the authors cite the work of Bohm and his colleague Basil Hiley towards finding an underlying pre-space which would allow the incompatibilities of quantum theory and relativity to be addressed. The authors emphasize that creativity, including the search for "orders beyond", contributes to make it possible to "move towards a new consciousness".
== Reception ==
The book has been cited in the fields of education and science education, and knowledge management, among many others. Referencing this book, in the framework of his concept of a Total human ecosystem, Zev Naveh has also referred to implicate orders as "very important" for multifunctional landscapes in landscape ecology.
== References ==
David Bohm, F. David Peat: Science, Order and Creativity, 1987, Routledge, 2nd ed. 2000 (transferred to digital printing 2008, Routledge): ISBN 0-415-17182-2
== Further reading ==
Book review of Science, Order, and Creativity by Detlef Dürr

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title: "Science Fictions"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fictions"
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Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth is a 2020 non-fiction book on issues undermining scientific research by Scottish psychologist Stuart J. Ritchie. It was published by Metropolitan Books on July 14, 2020 and is Ritchie's second book. Science Fictions was nominated for the £25,000 Royal Society Prize for Science Books but lost out to Merlin Sheldrake's Entangled Life.
== Summary ==
In Science Fictions, Ritchie argues that modern scientific research suffers from a number of issues including outright fraud; publication bias and human bias; negligence and error; and sensationalism through media hype that undermine its ability to be objective and accurate. He describes methodological issues involved in the replication crisis, such as p-hacking, as well as broader systemic issues, such as perverse incentives in the peer review process and the problem of null results being difficult or impossible to publish, leading to under-reporting of many important findings. He also details the ways in which technology such as Photoshop has made it easier for researchers to commit subtle but serious fraud.
Throughout the book, Ritchie offers examples of egregious fraud in scientific research, such as the misleading studies on trachea replacement published by Paolo Macchiarini that led to his patients dying and was covered up for years by the institutions supporting the research. But he also points out less obvious, pervasive fraud for example, a survey that found evidence of manipulated images in 4% of the 20,000 scientific papers analyzed. He argues that even well-intentioned researchers can be tempted to over-hype their results or repeat experiments until they receive the result they wanted simply by the desire to gain fame or advance their career. In the final chapter, Ritchie offers possible solutions for improving the methodology, incentives, and outcomes of scientific research, such as encouraging researchers to pre-register their work to avoid the temptation to alter their conclusions to fit the outcome, and using technology to identify common errors that can creep into and distort statistical analysis.
== Reception ==
The book received largely positive reviews. Kirkus Reviews called it a "timely, hair-raising must-read." Christie Aschwanden of Wired praised the book for being "a highly readable and competent description of the problems facing researchers in the 21st century" and "an excellent primer for anyone who wants to understand why and how science is failing to live up to its ideals." In 2021, the book was short-listed for the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books.
Fiona Fidler, writing in Nature, praised the book's call to action to the scientific community to reckon with the issues Ritchie raises, but argued that the book "rests too heavily on the idea that there were once golden days when science was a pure truth-seeking enterprise."
== References ==

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title: "Science In Society"
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Science In Society: An Introduction to Social Studies of Science (ISBN 0415321999) is a 2004 book by Massimiano Bucchi. The book explains how science works, what sociologists find to be of interest, and how scientific knowledge is produced. There are chapters on the relevance of science to contemporary life, Kuhn's work and its modern relevance, as well as the role of scientific communication.
== See also ==
List of books about the politics of science
== References ==

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title: "Science book"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_book"
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A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (A Short History of Nearly Everything). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training, as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have, and are therefore referred to as popular science. As such, they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to
people who are totally new to the subject, and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing. In the UK, the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing. In the US, the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s, but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction.
There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books. A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy, Jared Diamond on geography, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes.
The roots of popular science writing can be traced back to the didactic poetry of Greek and Roman antiquity. During the Age of Enlightenment, many books were written that spread the new science to both experts and the educated public, but Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (first edition 1834) was arguably the first book in the modern genre of popular science.
== Notable examples ==
The Best American Science and Nature Writing book series
The Best American Science Writing book series
== See also ==
List of science magazines
== References ==
== External links ==
The Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books

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title: "Science in Action (book)"
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Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (ISBN 0-674-79291-2) is a seminal book by French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist Bruno Latour first published in 1987. It is written in a textbook style, proposes an approach to the empirical study of science and technology, and is considered a canonical application of actor-network theory. It also entertains ontological conceptions and theoretical discussions making it a research monograph and not a methodological handbook per se.
In the introduction, Latour develops the methodological dictum that science and technology must be studied "in action", or "in the making". Because scientific discoveries turn esoteric and difficult to understand, it has to be studied where discoveries are made in practice. For example, Latour turns back time in the case of the discovery of the "double helix". Going back in time, deconstructing statements, machines and articles, it is possible to arrive at a point where scientific discovery could have chosen to take many other directions (contingency). Also the concept of "black box" is introduced. A black box is a metaphor borrowed from cybernetics denoting a piece of machinery that "runs by itself". That is, when a series of instructions are too complicated to be repeated all the time, a black box is drawn around it, allowing it to function only by giving it "input" and "output" data. For example, a CPU inside a computer is a black box. Its inner complexity doesn't have to be known; one only needs to use it in his/her daily activities.
Henning Schmidgen describes Science in Action as an anthropology of science, a manual where the main purpose is “a trip through the unfamiliar territory of 'technoscience'”. Similarly Science in Action has been described as "A guide that explains how to account for processes of making knowledge, facts, or truths. A guide designed to be used on site, while observing the negotiations and struggles that precede ready-made science".
== Criticism ==
Latour's work, including Science in Action, has been extremely influential on the field of Science and technology studies having been taught at preeminent institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology. However one critic, Olga Amsterdamska, stated in a book review: "Somehow, the ideal of a social science whose only goal is to tell inconsistent, false, and incoherent stories about nothing in particular does not strike me as very appealing or sufficiently ambitious." Despite this harsh rejoinder, her criticism had little impact on the field.
== See also ==
Laboratory Life (with Steve Woolgar)
Politics of Nature
We Have Never Been Modern
== References ==

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title: "Scientific Memoirs"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Memoirs"
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Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of science and Learned Societies and from Foreign Journals was a series of books edited and published by Richard Taylor (17811858) in London between 1837 and 1852.
After 1852 the publication continued in two series: Natural Philosophy, edited by J. Tyndall and William Francis; and, Natural history, edited by Arthur Henfrey and Thomas Henry Huxley.
Volume 3 (1843) is noteworthy because it contained Ada Lovelace's notes appended to her translation of Luigi Federico Menabrea's article. Both are available on Wikisource.
The Menebrea article
The notes by Ada Lovelace.
Some volumes have been reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corp. New York in 1966.
== Further reading ==
Richard Taylor, 17811858 at the Darwin Correspondence Online Database
Niels Bohr Library Book Catalog
Scientific memoirs, selected from the transactions of foreign academies of science, and from foreign journals. Natural history at WorldCat
Volumes 1-4 on Wikisource
== References ==

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title: "Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens"
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Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens (Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge) is a 1934 book published by Anastasius Nordenholz, in which he defines the term "Scientologie" or "Eidologie" as a science of knowing or knowledge and discusses the philosophical implications of the concept.
The book has been cited by some as a possible source of inspiration for L. Ron Hubbard and his better-known conception of Scientology, though this interpretation is disputed.
== Summary of the book ==
Nordenholz highlights the problem of isolating knowledge as "a particular appearance of the world." He asks:
"What is Knowing? What IS Knowledge? What can we know, what must we know about Knowledge/Knowing, to do justice to and to justify the world? The question is thus nothing less than self-knowing, determination of the nature of self, and also of self-realization and self-understanding of Knowledge/Knowing. Is this possible? If possible, how can the systemization of Knowledge/Knowing itself be accomplished? How can a Science of Knowledge/Knowing be produced?"
After establishing a number of definitions, he concludes that
"the world is nothing but knowledge, merely an extraction from knowing....Only out of the equally valued mutual operation of Knowledge/Knowing as shaper & creator, and world as created & shaped, is it possible to arrive at the true science of the world....Out of this circumstance comes the right of Scientologie to treat the world as belonging to its counterpart, as an appendage of the consciousness."
He goes on to assert that human consciousness can be raised to a position of independence, or isolation, but notes that "The consciousness, which always remains a part and particular creation of the world, is incompetent to create from a nothingness because of this very worldliness. In order for the consciousness to be able to create, it has to first find a fountainhead source out of which it can create, and this Something is a Beingness."
Nordenholz next introduces the concept of a number of axioms and systems which "stand of their
own power and dignity, as if they were capable of, but do not need, a verification or confirmation from another source." He defines the structure of Scientologie:
1. In axioms: exposition of the axioms and the axiom systems of consciousness.
2. In systems: erection of the forming or moulding system of the consciousnesses, the comprehension system of the reason, all form the axiom system.
3. In demonstration: justification of the produced comprehension systems and with that, working back to the underlying basis of the axiom systems.
4. In study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of knowledge: establishment of the Total-system of sciences from the foundation of Scientologie systems of knowledge and comprehension.
Nordenholz held that the most important axiom was the Axiom of Mediation:
"The consciousness, nominated as the creator of the world, presupposes a wellspring, a source, out of which it can scoop; a Being, which somehow and in some measure can be reached thru consciousness, but which exists there by itself BEFORE and independent from the consciousness. The assumption of a creator activity of the consciousness is dependent upon the Standing Orders of self-primordial, free, detached, absolute Beings, the By-Itself-Being(s)."
== Relationship to Scientology ==
George Malko in his 1970 book Scientology: The Now Religion evaluated whether Nordenholz's concept of Scientologie had any connection to Scientology, which was created in the early 1950s by L. Ron Hubbard. Although Malko notes some similarities between the ideas expounded by Nordenholz and Hubbard, he also notes that Hubbard never mentioned Nordenholz even though Hubbard frequently mentioned other writers as influencing his work leading to Scientology. In the end, Malko leaves it up to the reader to decide if Hubbard had "known of the Nordenholz book and borrowed freely".
Roy Wallis in his 1977 book The Road to Total Freedom casts doubt on the perceived similarities, noting that Malko had used an English translation produced in 1968 by a former Scientologist which, he speculated, could have affected the translation. When Wallis commissioned a new translation of several pages, he noted that the similarities between Nordenholz and Hubbard were much less evident. Wallis also noted that he found no evidence that Hubbard could read German.
The Free Zone association of independent scientologists considered the parallels in content sufficiently valid to obtain the copyrights to the Scientologie book from Nordenholz's heirs, and republish it online "in its original context".
== Scientologie.org domain name dispute ==
In 1995, a German Free Zone organization, Freie Zone e.V. (FZ), obtained the copyrights to Nordenholz's book, and registered the domain name scientologie.org to promote the book and its concepts. Religious Technology Center (RTC), which controls the Church of Scientology's trademarks, objected because RTC had registered the mark Scientologie in several countries as early as 1984. When the scientologie.org domain was suspended, FZ used scientologie.de instead, while retaining ownership of the disputed scientologie.org. In a 2000 decision by the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, RTC's claim was denied primarily because the domain was intended to promote the book authored decades before any use of the word "scientology" by Scientology's founder L. Ron Hubbard. In fact, the earliest documented usage of the word "scientology" is considered to be by Allen Upward in his 1907 book The New Word.
== Notes ==
== References ==
== External links ==
Did L.Ron Hubbard plagarize (sic) Scientology? (The More You Know). The original 1934 translation by McPheeters, some scanned pages.
Table of Contents and first two chapters (The Problem and Axiomatics)
Scientologie.de

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title: "Sekka Zusetsu"
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Sekka Zusetsu (雪華図説) is a figure collection written by Doi Toshitsura, the fourth daimyō of Koga Domain in 1832.
== Overview ==
Koga Domain was located at the center of the Kantō Plain. Due to heavy snowfall, the Koga Domain was a good place to observe snowflakes.
Doi Toshitsura, the fourth daimyō of Koga Domain started observing snowflakes as his hobby with his own microscope which was imported from the Netherlands, and he drew pictures and studies about snowflakes in the book. This figure collection of his is highly valued today in Japan as the first Japanese figure collection of snowflakes.
It's said that Toshitsura had many difficulties observing snowflake properly because snowflakes need 10 to 15 Celsius degrees temperature to hold their correct shapes. So Toshitsura had to observe them under very cold temperatures.
This book was written for him and his family (the Doi clan, 土井氏), but it had great influence on Japanese textile-patterns also. As soon as he wrote the book, snowflake patterns (雪華模様) became popular among ordinary people in Edo.
== Observation method ==
Putting a black cloth outside at night when it seems cold enough to snow
Receiving snowflakes with the cloth
If snowflakes received, picking them up carefully and putting into a black cup
Being careful not to breathe on them, and observing them with a microscope.
== References ==
== External links ==
Scanned facsimile of entire Sekka Zusetsu online

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title: "The Sea Around Us"
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The Sea Around Us is a prize-winning and best-selling book by the American marine biologist Rachel Carson, first published as a whole by Oxford University Press in 1951. It reveals the science and poetry of the sea while ranging from its primeval beginnings to the latest scientific probings. Often described as "poetic," it was Carson's second published book and the one that launched her into the public eye and a second career as a writer and conservationist; in retrospect it is counted the second book of her so-called sea trilogy, including Under the Sea-Wind and The Edge of the Sea.
The Sea Around Us won both the 1952 National Book Award for Nonfiction
and a Burroughs Medal in nature writing. It remained on the New York Times Best Seller List for 86 weeks and it has been translated into 28 languages.
== History ==
Simon & Schuster had published her first book Under the Sea Wind in 1941; it was reviewed favorably but it sold poorly. Carson initially planned to call the sequel Return to the Sea, and began writing in 1948, just after hiring Marie Rodell as her literary agent. Carson began by writing a single chapter (what would be "The Birth of an Island") along with a detailed outline, which Rodell used to pitch the book to publishers. During research for the book, Carson met with a number of oceanographers to discuss current research. Carson and Rodell had little initial success with magazines as outlets for the islands chapter, nor for a second chapter titled "Another Beachhead." In April 1949, with about a third of the chapters complete, Rodell began trying to find a publisher for the entire book. By June she had arranged a contract with Oxford University Press that promised completion of the manuscript by March 1, 1950. Carson continued to write and research through 1949 and into 1950, despite unexpected health and financial difficulties. In part the research involved a trip aboard a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ship, Albatross III. After revising the completion date, Carson completed the manuscript in June 1950. By that time, several periodicals (The New Yorker, Science Digest, and The Yale Review) were interested in publishing some of the chapters.
Nine of fourteen chapters were serialized in The New Yorker beginning on June 2, 1951, and the book was published on July 2 by Oxford University Press. The serialization created a very large popular response, and the book was the subject of the feature review in The New York Times Book Review the day before publication. One chapter ("The Birth of an Island") was published in The Yale Review; it won the George Westinghouse Science Writing prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
== Critical reception ==
After the book's release, Carson was inundated with an unexpected volume of fan mail and media attention. She was soon the object of attention from "the literary crowd," and because of a subsequent condensation in Reader's Digest, a broad general audience as well. The book sold more than 250,000 copies in 1951, in addition to the condensation and excerpts published elsewhere.
== Adaptations ==
A film version was filmed in 1952 and released in 1953; it won the 1953 Oscar for Best Documentary (though Carson was extremely disappointed with the script and would never sell film rights to her work again).
== See also ==
Sea Around Us Project
== References ==
=== Further reading ===
Lear, Linda. Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. Henry Holt and Company, New York: 1997. ISBN 0-8050-3427-7
== External links ==
The Sea Around Us at Faded Page (Canada)

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title: "The Shulgin Index"
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The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds is a 2011 book written by Alexander Shulgin, Tania Manning, and Paul F. Daley and published by Transform Press. It is about psychedelic substituted phenethylamines and related compounds and their chemistry and pharmacology. The book discusses 126 main compounds from this family as well as 1,300 compounds discussed in total. It followed the earlier books PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1991) and TiHKAL: The Continuation (1997) by Shulgin and his wife Ann Shulgin.
A second volume on substituted tryptamines was being prepared but was never completed due to Shulgin's death in 2014. According to the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) in 2014, the second volume would be finished in the "near future", but there have been no updates since.
== Compounds listed ==
== See also ==
Bibliography of Alexander Shulgin
List of psychedelic literature
PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved) (1991)
TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved) (1997)
The Simple Plant Isoquinolines (2002)
Substituted phenethylamine (PEA)
Substituted amphetamine (AMPH)
Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDxx)
Substituted methoxyphenethylamine
2C, DOx, 4C, scaline, 3C, Ψ-PEA, 25-NB, FLY
== References ==
== External links ==
The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds - Internet Archive (PDF)
The Shulgin Index: Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds - Erowid Library/Bookstore - Erowid
Shulgin Index Volume 2: Psychedelic tryptamines and related compounds (August 20, 2021) (update about The Shulgin Index, Volume 2) - Bluelight
Shulgin Index Volume 2: Psychedelic tryptamines and related compounds (December 22, 2022) (update about The Shulgin Index, Volume 2) - r/HamiltonMorris - Reddit
Shulgin Farm and the Future of Psychedelic Drug Development (Featuring: Paul F. Daley, Ph.D.) (2 April 2024) - Psychedelics Today