diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index b8b41a232..d3ea3e7d5 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSVP_cycles-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSVP_cycles-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..045e37074 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSVP_cycles-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +--- +title: "RSVP cycles" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSVP_cycles" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:12.458299+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +RSVP cycles is a system of creative methodology for collaboration. It was developed by Lawrence Halprin and Anna Halprin. Lawrence Halprin presented the system in a 1969 book The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment.(Halprin 1970) + +The name is an initialism referring to its four components: + +Resources +Anything that can be used in the process, including time, physical materials, other people, ideas, limitations etc. +Score +Instructions for the work. This can be identified along a gradient scale of being an Open or a Closed score. +Valuaction +A process of dynamically responding to the work based on values. +Performance +Setting the work in motion. +Within each stage there is a micro-cycle, which includes all the other elements (e.g. scoring the resources, resourcing the performance, performing the score etc.). There is no set order in which stages should be completed, and one can jump from any element to any other element as long as there is consensus. + + +== References == + + +=== Cross-reference === + + +=== Sources used === + + +== Further reading == +Halprin, Lawrence (1970). The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment. G. Braziller. +Kupper, Eugene (June 1971). "Review Symposium : The RSVP Cycles: Creative Processes in the Human Environment. Lawrence Halprin. (New York: Braziller, 20 7 pp., $15. 00)". Urban Affairs Review. 6 (4): 495–498. doi:10.1177/107808747100600406. S2CID 154374548. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_synthesis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_synthesis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d065fd8c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_synthesis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Research synthesis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_synthesis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:07.893817+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Research synthesis or evidence synthesis is the process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative or qualitative research. Its general goals are to make the findings from multiple different studies more generalizable and applicable. +It aims to generate new knowledge by combining and comparing the results of multiple studies on a given topic. One approach is to use a systematic review method. + + +== Techniques == +Meta-analysis is the preferred technique of quantitative research synthesis in many fields, such as medical science. It is a statistical technique that combines measures of effect size from a number of studies to calculate an overall measure. This measure of effect has greater precision (less uncertainty) than the individual studies, but it may be biased by differences between the studies in study design, the type of evidence, or other key characteristics. +In qualitative research, methods of synthesis include narrative synthesis and meta-ethnography. Narrative synthesis allows researchers to address a wide range of questions in their review, while meta-ethnography aims to preserve the cultural context in which the original findings of the included studies were generated. The narrative synthesis approach has attracted criticism because of its potential for bias, with critics highlighting the subjective nature of the use of the method to draw conclusions. There is also evidence that reviews using the narrative synthesis approach often suffer from a lack of transparency. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +About Evidence Synthesis +Evidence Synthesis - What is it and why do we need it?, Cochrane \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_index-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_index-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2db184f99 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_index-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Retraction index" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_index" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:09.050292+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The retraction index is a measure of how likely an article published in a given academic journal will be retracted. It is calculated by multiplying the number of retracted articles in a journal during a given time period by 1,000, and then dividing the result by the total number of articles published in that journal during the same period. The term was coined in a 2011 editorial by Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall, the co-editors-in-chief of the journal Infection and Immunity. In their original editorial, Fang and Casadevall also showed a strong positive correlation between a journal's retraction index and its impact factor. Among the 17 journals they analyzed, the New England Journal of Medicine had the highest retraction index. The New England Journal of Medicine responded to the Feng and Casadevall editorial with a statement criticizing it for only considering papers with abstracts. The statement argued that because most articles published in each issue of the Journal do not have abstracts, the journal's retraction index appeared artificially high. They did not identify a mechanism for why this relationship might exist, but suggested that it might be because researchers are more willing to cut corners to get a paper published in a higher-impact journal. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Koh-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Koh-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77cf747ed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Koh-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Rod Koh" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Koh" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:11.314622+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Rod Koh or Rod Kohi (Persian: راد کوہ) is a form of irrigation system in Pakistan. Rod means channel and Koh means mountain in Persian. The Rod Kohi system based on Kulyat Riwajat (Fromulae and Traditions) which governed the irrigation system ever since the Pashtun tribes moved into Damaan. The British officers moved all these to writing during their Land Settlements in the later part of the nineteenth century. The Bolton Irrigation Notes of 1908 are still considered the Bible of Rod Kohi irrigation. Rod Koh is the main torrent bed which usually remains dry, when there is no flood, whereas Zam means the flow of perennial water coming out of springs. +The flood and perennial water of the Zam is used for irrigation and drinking purpose. Zam water is classified into two categories: Buga Pani (flood water) and Kala Pani (perennial water). +Rod Koh (torrent-spate-irrigation) systems go back at least as early as 330 BC and provided economic basis for some of the early civilisations. Alexander the Great, according to Arrian, sailed down the river Jhelum to its junction with Indus River. His land forces marched in two bodies on either side of the river. They noticed some form of torrent agriculture although in a very poor state in a few locations of the Sulaiman piedmont. Heavy rains in the catchments, which extend up to Balochistan region, Afghanistan, Sulaiman Range, Shirani Hills and Bhattani Range result in water rushing intotorrents in the foothill plains, named as Daman area, where torrent agriculture (Rod Kohi) is practised. + + +== See also == +Zam System +Spring (hydrosphere) +Pakistan Agricultural Research Council +Irrigation in alluvial fans#Khuzdar +Spate irrigation + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Library on spate irrigation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1956ece2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Scale (analytical tool)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(analytical_tool)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:13.738828+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In the study of complex systems and hierarchy theory, the concept of scale refers to the combination of (1) the level of analysis (for example, analyzing the whole or a specific component of the system); and (2) the level of observation (for example, observing a system as an external viewer or as an internal participant). The scale of analysis encompasses both the analytical choice of how to observe a given system or object of study, and the role of the observer in determining the identity of the system. This analytical tool is central to multi-scale analysis (see for example, MuSIASEM, land-use analysis). +For example, on at the scale of analysis of a given population of zebras, the number of predators (e.g. lions) determines the number of prey that survives after hunting, while at the scale of analysis of the ecosystem, the availability of prey determines how many predators can survive in a given area. The semantic categories of "prey" and "predator" are not given, but are defined by the observer. + + +== See also == +Overview effect +Scale (social sciences) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Hack_Day-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Hack_Day-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f88365805 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Hack_Day-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Science Hack Day" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Hack_Day" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:17.327276+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science Hack Day is a hack day specifically for "making weird, silly or serious things with science". The first was organized by Jeremy Keith and held at the London offices of The Guardian newspaper over the weekend 19/20 June 2010. +The event was attended by around 100 participants who had 24 hours to build new hacks. Many stayed overnight at the venue and over 25 hacks were built, submitted and demo'ed by the end of the weekend. +Soon thereafter a second Science Hack Day was organized by Ariel Waldman in San Francisco, and several years since, often filling up with a waitlist. Since that first year, more than 50 Science Hack Day events have taken place around the world, including a recent 2020 March Science Hack Day Dublin. +The events are attended by a diverse range of science enthusiasts. + + +== Further reading == +2010-06-21 Science Hack Day at the Guardian (The Guardian) +2013-12-03 200 Geeks, 24 Hours: Science Hack Day in San Francisco (KQED Science) + + +== External links == + +Science Hack Day official site + + +== See also == +Science Foo Camp + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Asia-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Asia-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a21b16511 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Asia-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +--- +title: "Science and technology in Asia" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Asia" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:16.009537+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Science and technology in Asia is varied depending on the country and time. In the past, among Asian civilizations considered particularly notable for their contributions to science and technology were India, China and the West Asian civilizations. Countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are recently known for technology, while China and India are also major contributors to science and technology. Other countries are also notable in other scientific fields such as chemical and physical achievements. For the science and technology of various Asian countries and civilizations, see: + + +== East Asia == +History of science and technology in China +Science and technology of the Han dynasty +Science and technology of the Song dynasty +Science and technology of the Tang dynasty +History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China +Science and technology in contemporary China +Science and technology in Japan +History of science and technology in Japan +Science and technology in South Korea +History of science and technology in Korea + + +== South Asia == +History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent +Science and technology in India +Science and technology in Bangladesh +Science and technology in Pakistan + + +== Middle East == +Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world +Science in the medieval Islamic world +Arab Agricultural Revolution +List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world +Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire +Science and technology in Turkey +Science and technology in Iran +Science and technology in Israel + + +== South-east Asia == +Science and technology in Malaysia +Science and technology in the Philippines + + +== North Asia == +Science and technology in Russia + + +== See also == + +Science and technology in Africa +Science and technology in Europe + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_communication-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_communication-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..608b5846c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_communication-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Scientific communication" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_communication" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:18.604699+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scientific communication is a part of information science and the sociology of science which study researchers' use of formal and informal information channels, their communicative roles (e.g., "gatekeepers"), the utilization of the formal publication system and similar issues. + + +== Literature == +Björk, B.C. (2005). A lifecycle model of the scientific communication process. LEARNED PUBLISHING, 18(3), 165–176. +Fjordback Søndergaard, Trine; Andersen, Jack & Hjørland, Birger (2003). Documents and the communication of scientific and scholarly information. Revising and updating the UNISIST model. +Hurd, J. M. (2000). The transformation of scientific communication: A model for 2020. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(14), 1279–1283. +Kling, R. & McKim, G. (2000). Not just a matter of time: Field differences and the shaping of electronic media in supporting scientific communication. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE, 51(14), 1306–1320. +Nelson, C. E. & Pollock, D. K. (Eds.). (1970). Communication Among Scientists and Engineers. Lexington, Massachusetts: Health Lexington Books. +Meadows, A. J. (1974). Communication in Science. London: Butterworths. +Meadows, A. J. (1998). Communicating Research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. +Mogull, S. A. (2017). Scientific and Medical Communication: A Guide for Effective Practice. New York: Routledge. +Vickery, B. (2000). Scientific Communication in History. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. +Wojick, D. E.; Warnick, W. L.; Carroll, B. C. & Crowe, J. (2006). The Digital Road to Scientific Knowledge Diffusion. A Faster, Better Way to Scientific Progress? + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_demonstration-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_demonstration-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f72dd9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_demonstration-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Scientific demonstration" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_demonstration" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:19.850797+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A scientific demonstration is a procedure carried out for the purposes of demonstrating scientific principles, rather than for hypothesis testing or knowledge gathering (although they may originally have been carried out for these purposes). +Most scientific demonstrations are simple laboratory demonstrations intended to demonstrate physical principles, often in a surprising or entertaining way. They are carried out in schools and universities, and sometimes in public demonstrations in popular science lectures and TV programs aimed at the public. Many scientific demonstrations are chosen for their combination of educational merit and entertainment value, which is often provided by dramatic phenomena such as explosions. +Public scientific demonstrations were a common occurrence in the Age of Enlightenment, and have long been a feature of the British Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, which date back to 1825. In the television era, scientific demonstrations have featured in science-related entertainment shows such as MythBusters and Brainiac: Science Abuse. +Many scientific demonstrations are potentially dangerous, and should not be attempted without considerable laboratory experience and appropriate safety precautions. Many older well-known scientific demonstrations, once mainstays of science education, are now effectively impossible to demonstrate to an audience without breaking health and safety laws. Some older demonstrations, such as allowing the audience to play with liquid mercury, are sufficiently dangerous that they should not be attempted by anyone under any circumstances. + + +== See also == +Demonstration (teaching) +List of scientific demonstrations +Physics Instructional Resource Association +Science in the Age of Enlightenment +Technology demonstration + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_lacuna-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_lacuna-0.md index a34539f42..4439452a1 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_lacuna-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_lacuna-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_lacuna" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:23:30.486703+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:54:21.080093+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" ---