diff --git a/_index.db b/_index.db index 7b84b1f4d..7a2647100 100644 Binary files a/_index.db and b/_index.db differ diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31eb4cbfb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:08.981618+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B. Soil and Plant Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists. It covers environmental sciences, botany, earth sciences, physical geography, ecology, and the soil sciences of relevance to agriculture. +Before the 1992 split into section B (soil and plant science) and section A (animal science), the journal was published by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry from 1950 to 1955. It was then published from 1973 to 1991 by the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists. +The editor-in-chief is Anna Mårtensson (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +This journal is abstracted and indexed by: + +Science Citation Index +Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences +BIOSIS Previews +Chemical Abstracts Service +Current Awareness in Biological Sciences +According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.694. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea71ceb24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:10.215706+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated (ASSSI) was founded in 1955 to "advance soil science in the professional, academic, and technical fields". The Society consists of a federation of branches operating the 'umbrella' of the ASSSI Federal Council. + + +== Branches == +Current branches are: New South Wales, Queensland, Riverina, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia. The Society currently has approximately 800 members. All financial Ordinary members of ASSSI automatically become members of the International Union of Soil Sciences. +The ASSSI offers members an opportunity to gain accreditation under the Certified Professional Soil Scientist (CPSS) Scheme. + + +== Conferences == +Every second year, the ASSSI Federal Council organises a national soils conference in conjunction with the branch hosting the conference. The 2010 ASSSI conference was held in conjunction with the 19th World Congress of Soil Science (WCSS) in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated +IUSS Official Website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-richness-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-richness-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b10e0f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-richness-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: "Base-richness" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-richness" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:11.540818+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +In ecology, base-richness is the level of chemical bases in water or soil, such as calcium, potassium or magnesium ions. Bases are known as ions that react with the positively charged hydrogen in an acid and work to neutralize one another. In soils, bases are often essential nutrients to plants' development and can stabilize soil pH. Many organisms prefer base-rich environments as they are often supportive of life processes and cellular function. +Chemical bases are alkalis or alkaline earth metals, hence base-rich environments are either neutral or alkaline (pH>7). Acid-rich environments have few bases, they are dominated by environmental acids, usually organic acids or cations such as aluminum and hydrogen. There is a positive correlation between base-richness and calcium (Ca), magnesium(Mg), and carbonates (HCO3), and a negative correlation with pH, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Aluminum (Al). +Base-rich terrestrial environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are limestone. Seawater is also base-rich, so maritime and marine environments are themselves base-rich. Base-poor environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are sandstone or granite, or where the water is derived directly from rainfall (ombrotrophic). +There is no correlation between base-richness and availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These three nutrients are the primary macronutrients required for plant growth and are often monitored in soil. + + +=== Base-richness and Soil Properties === +Soil properties, such as cation exchange capacity (CEC) and anion exchange capacity (AEC) impact how ions are held by the soil. Soils mainly have a net negative charge due to the presence of clays and organic matter which attracts positively charged ions, known as cations. A higher CEC means there is a greater holding capacity of cations that can work to influence the presence of bases in the soil profile. Sandy soils or those with a lower organic matter content have lower CEC and higher nutrient leaching. +Soils parent material greatly influence the presence of basic ions in soil as well. Limestone a sedimentary rock, composed of mainly calcium carbonate ( + + + + + + CaCO + + 3 + + + + + + + + + {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3}}} + +) and may contain magnesium carbonate as well. As the limestone is weathered these materials enter the soil profile and can become part of the bases present. Lime is also commonly used as a soil additive to help decrease acidity. + + +=== Roles of Base Cations in Soils === +Calcium (Ca2+) is a secondary nutrient that helps with stabilizing cell walls, root permeability and increasing enzyme activity. +Magnesium (Mg2+) is another secondary or meso nutrient and is a component of chlorophyll, required for photosynthesis. This nutrient also allows plants to perform multiple metabolic processes including protein synthesis and energy transfer. It is found in primary and secondary minerals, attached to soil colloins or moving freely in the soil solution as it is a mobile nutrient. +Potassium ( + + + + + + K + + + + + + + + + {\displaystyle {\ce {K+}}} + +) is another base commonly found in soils. Potassium is a primary nutrient and is required for regulating gas exchange and translocation. + + +== Examples of base-rich environments == +Calcareous grassland +Fen +Limestone pavement +Maquis shrubland +Yew woodland + + +== Examples of base-poor environments == +Bog +Heath (habitat) +Poor fen +Moorland +Pine woodland +Tundra + + +== See also == +Soil +Calcicole +Calcifuge +Total boron + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_Fibre_Matrix-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_Fibre_Matrix-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ade8090c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_Fibre_Matrix-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Bonded Fibre Matrix" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonded_Fibre_Matrix" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:12.778634+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Bonded Fibre Matrix (BFM) mulch is a type of hydroseeding erosion control product. +The matrix is a continuous layer of elongated fibre strands held together by a water-resistant bonding agent. It keeps raindrops from hitting the soil because it has no holes larger than one millimetre. It allows no gaps between the product and the soil. It has a high water-holding capacity. It will not form a water-insensitive crust that can inhibit plant growth. It biodegrades into materials that help plant growth. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciorthid-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciorthid-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e625c1b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciorthid-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Calciorthid" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciorthid" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:14.084676+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Calciorthid is the taxonomic classification of soils possessing the following properties: + +Yellowish to grey colour. (The overall grey colour reflects the deficiency of organic matter) +Poor in nitrogen, phosphorus and potash +Is alkaline, with pH ranging from 7.8 to 8.5. +Are sandy loam to silt in mixture +In the U.S. Soil Taxonomy, they fall under the Aridisols (dry soils) and are distinguished by a calcic horizon where calcium carbonate has accumulated. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Soil_Science-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Soil_Science-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f8f8929f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Soil_Science-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Canadian Journal of Soil Science" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Soil_Science" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:15.268142+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Canadian Journal of Soil Science (French: Revue canadienne de la science du sol) is a Canadian quarterly academic journal which publishes research on the nature and management of soils. It was established in 1957, and it is published both in print and online. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39b78edc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Chrome (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:16.551455+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Chrome series is a well-drained, medium-textured soil which has developed on weathered residues of ultramafic rock, such as serpentinite, in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland. Because it is a residual soil, the underlying bedrock is of dominating importance in determining the soil's characteristics. +As a consequence of the ultramafic bedrock, the Chrome series supports pine-prairie vegetation which is stunted by comparison with the mixed hardwood forests on surrounding non-ultramafic bedrock. Virginia pine is invasive in some areas. The Chrome series is one of the most common soils in the Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..172deb3ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: "Cid (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:17.805253+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Cid soil series is the name given to a soil which has developed from argillite or fine-grained metavolcanic rock in the Piedmont region of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. It is moderately well or somewhat poorly drained, and moderately deep. Acidity ranges from strong to extreme except where lime has been applied. Cultivated soils in this series grow corn, soybeans, small grains and hay; otherwise, mixed forests with numerous species of pine and oak are dominant. + + +== Official profile description == + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplerite-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplerite-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e46b383b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplerite-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Dopplerite" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopplerite" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:19.070870+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Dopplerite is a naturally occurring organic substance found in amorphous, elastic or jelly-like masses, of brownish-black color, in peat beds in Styria and in Switzerland. It is tasteless, insoluble in alcohol and ether, and is described by James Dwight Dana as an acid substance, or mixture of different acids, related to humic acid. It is named after the physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler. + + +== Notes == + + +== External links == +http://www.suprahumic.unina.it/ Archived 2021-02-26 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downer_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downer_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af37dec10 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downer_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Downer (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downer_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:20.339301+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Downer is the New Jersey state soil. The Downer has four soil horizons: + +Surface layer: dark grayish brown loamy sand +Subsurface layer: grayish brown sandy loam +Subsoil - upper: yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam +Subsoil - lower: yellowish brown sand and coarse sand +The Downer Series was established in 1960 in Gloucester County. Downer soils are formed in fluviomarine deposits in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plains. + + +== See also == +Pedology (soil study) +List of U.S. state soils + + +== References == + +USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service State Soils New Jersey (PDF) Archived 2017-05-07 at the Wayback Machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64f5f16dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Drummer (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:21.681550+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Drummer soil series is the state soil of Illinois. + +It was established in Ford County, Illinois, in 1929. Drummer Soil was named for Drummer Creek in Drummer Township. It consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in 40 to 60 inches (1.5 m) of loess or other silty material and in the underlying stratified, loamy glacial drift. These soils formed under prairie vegetation. +Drummer soil is the most abundant and extensive soil in Illinois. It occurs over more than 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2) in the state. It is the most productive soil in the state. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops grown in Drummer soil. +The average annual precipitation in areas of Drummer soil ranges from 32 to 40 inches (1,000 mm). The average annual air temperature ranges from 48 to 54 °F (12 °C). +Drummer is a fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll. This taxonomic classification is characteristic of the wet, dark-colored, prairie-derived soils of Illinois. + + +== See also == +Pedology (soil study) +Soil types +List of U.S. state soils + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duricrust-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duricrust-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..427471e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duricrust-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Duricrust" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duricrust" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:22.952349+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Duricrust is a hard layer on or near the surface of soil. Duricrusts can range in thickness from a few millimeters or centimeters to several meters. +It is a general term (not to be confused with duripan) for a zone of chemical precipitation and hardening formed at or near the surface of sedimentary bodies through pedogenic or non-pedogenic processes. It is typically formed by the accumulation of soluble minerals deposited by mineral-bearing waters that move upward, downward, or laterally by capillary action. It is commonly assisted in arid settings by evaporation. There are different types of duricrusts, each distinguished by a dominant mineralogy. For example, ferricrete (laterite) is dominated by sesquioxides of iron; alcrete (bauxite) is dominated by sesquioxides of aluminum; silcrete by silica; calcrete (caliche) by calcium carbonate, and gypcrete (gypcrust) by gypsum. +Duricrust is often studied during missions to Mars because it may help prove that the planet once had more water. Duricrust was found on Mars at the Viking 2 landing site, and a similar structure, nicknamed "Snow Queen", was found under the Phoenix landing site. Phoenix's duricrust was later confirmed to be water-based. + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +DILL, H.G., WEBER, B. and BOTZ, R. (2013) Metalliferous duricrusts (“orecretes”) - markers of weathering: A mineralogical and climatic-geomorphological approach to supergene Pb-Zn-Cu-Sb-P mineralization on different parent materials.- Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 190: 123-195 + + +== External links == +Description +NASA: The Sands of Mars \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELFE-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELFE-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37773a050 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELFE-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "ELFE" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELFE" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:24.136455+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Greek Fertilizers and Chemicals ELFE SA (Greek: Ελληνικά Λιπάσματα και Χημικά ELFE Α.Β.Ε.Ε.) is a fertilizer company operating in Greece. The company's offices are located in Athens. +The Phosphate Fertilizer Industry was established in 1961 as a subsidiary of the Emporiki Bank Group of Greece. The fertilizer factory southwest of Nea Karvali began operations in 1965. Then, in 2000, a merger of the company with the company Chemical Industries of Northern Greece SA was carried out. The merged entity was acquired in 2009 by ELFE SA and has since been named the Greek Fertilizers and Chemicals ELFE SA (Greek ELFE Fertilizers). +The fertilizer factory is located southwest of Nea Karvali, in Kavala, near the commercial port of Philip II. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fech_fech-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fech_fech-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6d68d469 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fech_fech-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Fech fech" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fech_fech" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:25.415448+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Fech fech (Arabic: فش فش) is a very fine powder caused by the erosion of clay-limestone terrain and it is most commonly found in deserts. It consists of a surface horizon of pulverized soil with low particle cohesion protected under a thin crust. Fech fech is derived from ancient lake muds or on certain argillaceous rocks and is one of the desert surfaces that produces dust. It is not determinable from the surface and can therefore pose a significant transportation hazard acting as a surprise "trap" as the ground collapses beneath a vehicle, miring it in a quicksand-like substance. + +Fech-fech is classified into two types: + +Fech-fech that developed during the Holocene, in lake mud or fluvio-lacustrine sediments. +Fech-fech that developed from shale. +Fech fech is common in the Qattara Depression in Egypt, making that portion of the Sahara Desert impassable by most vehicles. + + +== See also == +Dry quicksand +Bulldust +Asian Dust + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrallitisation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrallitisation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc790bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrallitisation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "Ferrallitisation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrallitisation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:26.713541+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ferrallitisation is the process in which rock is changed into a soil consisting of clay (kaolinite) and sesquioxides, in the form of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium. In humid tropical areas, with consistently high temperatures and rainfall for all or most of the year, chemical weathering rapidly breaks down the rock. This at first produces clays which later also break down to form silica. The silica is removed by leaching and the sesquioxides of iron and aluminium remain, giving the characteristic red colour of many tropical soils. Ferrallitisation is the reverse of podsolisation, where silica remains and the iron and aluminum are removed. In tropical rain forests with rain throughout the year, ferrallitic soils develop. In savanna areas, with altering dry and wet climates, ferruginous soils occur. + + +== Further reading == +Lavelle, P.; Spain, A. (28 February 2002). Soil Ecology. Springer. p. 190. ISBN 9780792371236. Retrieved 28 October 2013. +Kolay, A.K. (July 10, 2007). Soil Genesis, Classification Survey and Evaluation, Volume 1. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. pp. 191ff. ISBN 9788126908028. Retrieved 28 October 2013. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bf817a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Greenwich (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:27.992844+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Greenwich is the official state soil of Delaware. According to the Natural Resources Conservation Service, "The Greenwich series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in sandy marine and old alluvial sediments overlain by a thin mantle of sediments that have a high content of silt." + + +== See also == +Pedology +Soil types +List of U.S. state soils + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Australian_Soils-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Australian_Soils-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae133307 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Australian_Soils-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Handbook of Australian Soils" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Australian_Soils" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:29.246416+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Handbook of Australian Soils is a soil classification system developed for Australian soils. The first edition was published in 1968 and is based on the great soil group classification system published by J. A. Prescott in 1931. It has since been superseded by the Australian Soil Classification. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplocambids-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplocambids-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..232c7ede2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplocambids-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Haplocambids" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplocambids" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:30.529660+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Haplocambids are a type of Aridisol soil which are taxonomically identified as a suborder of Cambid soils. Haplocambids are the most commonly occurring Cambids and are characterized by minimal horizon expression. Soil with 0-5 slopes over 5 °C temperature and loam soil structure is Haplocambids. Almost cold condition and high altitude soil classified into this group. These soil types are the most commonly occurring of the Cambids. The soils are characterized by minimal horizon expression. Most Haplocambids have a redistribution of carbonates below the cambic horizon. The amount of carbonates, however, is insufficient to meet the definition of a calcic horizon, or the upper boundary is more than 100 cm below the soil surface. These soils occur on a variety of landscapes, commonly on those that are younger than late Pleistocene in age. +Haplocambids are divided into 22 suborders. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Global Soil Science Educators & Knowledge Managers : Soil Taxonomy: Subgroups +USA agricultural department -USA soil taxonomy-Soil Regions Map of Afghanistan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06381d708 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Hume (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:31.829723+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hume is a soil type that is well drained and slowly permeable. Hume is formed from the erosion of shale and sandstone. Hume soils occur naturally on slopes and alluvial fans. + + +== See also == +Loam + + +== Notes and references == +Hume series description \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropedology-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropedology-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01beb2456 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropedology-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Hydropedology" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropedology" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:34.299845+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Hydropedology is an emerging field formed from the intertwining branches of soil science and hydrology. Similar to hydrogeology, hydroclimatology, and ecohydrology, the emphasis is connections between hydrology and other of the earth's spheres. In this case, hydropedology focuses on the interface between the hydrosphere and the pedosphere. + + +== References == +Hydropedology, Geotimes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md index e5e7d8ada..27bae5b9c 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humic_Substances_Society" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:22:45.635436+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:35.733582+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d85080d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Journal of Soil and Water Conservation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:37.012631+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Journal of Soil and Water Conservation is a bimonthly peer-reviewed journal of conservation science, practice, and policy. The journal is published by the Soil and Water Conservation Society. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resources_Inventory-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resources_Inventory-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7fc75881 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resources_Inventory-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "National Resources Inventory" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resources_Inventory" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:38.334982+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The National Resources Inventory (NRI) is a periodic assessment of the status and changing conditions of the soil, water, and related resources on private land conducted by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The survey has been conducted at 5-year intervals since 1977, most recently in 2017. NRCS released initial results from the 1997 survey in late 1999. Each updated report includes comparison of the data relative to 1982. +Summary pages exist for soil erosion, land use status and trends, development of non-federal rural land, and rangeland. + + +== External links == +NRI website (contains results from the 2010 survey, as well as archived results from 1997. + + +== References == + This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_probe-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_probe-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d419cb4b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_probe-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Neutron probe" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_probe" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:39.591130+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A neutron probe is a device used to measure the quantity of water present in soil. +A typical neutron probe contains a pellet of americium-241 and beryllium. The alpha particles emitted by the decay of the americium collide with the light beryllium nuclei, producing fast neutrons. When these fast neutrons collide with hydrogen nuclei present in the soil being studied, they lose much of their energy. The detection of slow neutrons returning to the probe allows an estimate of the amount of hydrogen present. Since water contains two atoms of hydrogen per molecule, this therefore gives a measure of soil moisture. + + +== See also == +Frequency domain sensor +Time-domain reflectometer +Neutron detection + + +== References == +Morgenschweiss, G.; Luft, G. (1981), "Einrichtung von Bodenfeuchtemesstellen, Kalibrierung einer Neutronensonde am Beispiel der Wallingfordsonde Typ IH11", Deutsche Gewässerkundliche Mitteilungen (in German), 25: 84–92, OCLC 1633497: Google Translate: "Establishment of soil moisture measurement points, calibration of a neutron probe at the instance of the type Wallingfordsonde iH11" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithic-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithic-0.md index c5683f2cd..73950293d 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithic-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithic-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralithic" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T07:22:06.822156+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:41.024296+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedocal-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedocal-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9689bbe98 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedocal-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Pedocal" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedocal" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:42.302139+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pedocal is a subdivision of the zonal soil order. It is a class of soil which forms in semiarid and arid regions. It is rich in calcium carbonate and has low soil organic matter. With only a thin A horizon (topsoil), and intermittent precipitation calcite, other soluble minerals ordinarily removed by water may build up in the B horizon (subsoil) forming a cemented layer known as caliche. It is not used in the current United States system of soil classification but the term commonly shows up in college geology texts. + + +== See also == +Pedalfer +USDA soil taxonomy + + +== References == +Baldwin, M.; C.E. Kellogg; J. Thorp (1938). "Soil Classification". Soils and Men: Yearbook of Agriculture 1938. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 979–1001. +Brevik, Eric C. (November 2002). "Soil Classification in Geology Textbooks" (PDF). Journal of Geoscience Education. 50 (5): 539–543. doi:10.5408/1089-9995-50.5.539. S2CID 116487861. Retrieved 2006-04-06. +Marshak, Stephen (2004). Essentials of Geology ((First Edition) ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-92411-4. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedotope-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedotope-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d06bafd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedotope-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Pedotope" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedotope" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:43.678182+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pedotope is the total soil component of the abiotic matrix present in an ecotope. The pedotope is not one particular kind of soil, nor even the dominant kind of soil available in a location, but rather the total soil component (of all varieties) available in the location. + + +== References == +Kratochwil, Anselm. Biodiversity in Ecosystems: Principles and Case Studies of Different Complexity Levels. Series: Tasks for Vegetation Science, XXXIV. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. ISBN 0-7923-5717-5. + + +== See also == +Ecological land classification \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_and_Soil-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_and_Soil-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93a5017ea --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_and_Soil-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Plant and Soil" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:44.983585+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Plant and Soil is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the relationships between plants and soil, such as relationships and interactions of plants with minerals, water and microbes, the anatomy and morphology of roots, soil biology and ecology, etc. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Royal Netherlands Society of Agricultural Science (Koninklijke Landbouwkundige Vereniging). +The editor-in-chief is Hans Lambers (The University of Western Australia and China Agricultural University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.192. The journal is indexed in Scopus and SCImago. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Koninklijke Landbouwkundige Vereniging \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinthosol-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinthosol-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae8aec39f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinthosol-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +--- +title: "Plinthosol" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinthosol" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:46.256459+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Plinthosols are a reference soil group in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). They are characterized by the presence of plinthite, petroplinthite, or pisoliths—concretions formed through pedogenic processes involving the accumulation of iron oxides. A key diagnostic feature of these soils is the plinthic horizon, which begins within 50 cm of the soil surface, or 100 cm if it lies beneath an albic horizon or a horizon with stagnic properties. Plinthosols typically form in tropical environments with alternating wet and dry conditions, where fluctuating water tables promote the transformation of iron and clay minerals. Plinthite, a red, clay-rich material, hardens irreversibly into ironstone when exposed to repeated moisture cycles. Though it may resemble a mineral when hardened, plinthite is a soil-forming (pedogenic) material rather than a true mineral. + +Two main processes contribute to plinthite development. First, iron and aluminum accumulate through removing silica and base cations by hydrolysis and leaching, resulting in quartz–kaolinite mineral assemblage or through enrichment from external sources. Second, alternating reduction and oxidation cycles lead to iron segregation within the soil. Under saturated conditions, iron is reduced and becomes mobile in its ferrous form. Upon drying, it oxidizes and precipitates as ferric oxides and hydroxides. Over time, repeated wetting and drying cause these iron compounds to accumulate in mottled patterns, often appearing as platy, polygonal, or reticulate structures. This segregation and accumulation of iron are central to the development of plinthite and, ultimately, to the formation of Plinthosols + + +== Characteristics of Plinthosols == + + +=== Morphological Characteristics === +Differentiating plinthite from typical mottled clay or ironstone gravel can be challenging, as these materials often transition gradually into one another. In the field, plinthite is recognized by several key features: the red mottles are notably firm or very firm when moist and become hard or very hard upon drying. They can be cut with a knife, but not easily. Plinthite has well-defined boundaries, does not readily stain the fingers when rubbed, and does not disintegrate or slake in water. + + +=== Mineralogical Characteristics === +Plinthite and petroplinthite are rich in hydrated iron and aluminium oxides, with iron oxide content occasionally exceeding 80%, though some units may contain about equal parts of each. Iron is primarily present in the form of oxide minerals such as lepidocrocite (FeOOH), goethite (FeOOH), and hematite (Fe2O3), while aluminium occurs as gibbsite (Al2O3·3H2O) and/or boehmite (Al2O3·H2O). Older ironstone crusts generally contain more hematite and boehmite than plinthite but lower overall sesquioxide content. Quartz is often found as inherited silica from the parent material, while easily weathered primary minerals are typically absent. The dominant clay mineral is well-crystallized kaolinite. + + +=== Hydrological Characteristics === +Plinthosols containing soft plinthite are typically found in bottomlands of regions where annual precipitation exceeds evaporation. These soils often show signs of eluviation, including an albic horizon beneath an umbric surface layer. Due to poor drainage, such soils frequently develop gleyic or stagnic properties. + + +== Management Use == +Plinthosols pose significant challenges for land management. Their natural fertility is low, and they are prone to waterlogging in bottomlands and drought in shallow or skeletal areas. In many regions outside the wet tropics, shallow petroplinthite restricts root growth, making the land unsuitable for conventional agriculture; such areas are often relegated to low-intensity grazing. Stoniness is another limiting factor, particularly in Skeletic Plinthosols with high pisolith content (up to 80%). Despite these constraints, some are still used for cultivating food and tree crops, such as cocoa in West Africa or cashew in India, though yields may be affected by seasonal drought. + + +== Geographical Distribution == + +These soils commonly occur in moist tropical regions, especially in low-lying landscapes such as valley bottoms, foot slopes, and drainage plains. They are typically found where iron from surrounding upland soils accumulates due to lateral and vertical water movement. Soils containing plinthite are estimated to cover around 60 million hectares globally. Soft plinthite is most commonly found in humid tropical regions, particularly in the eastern Amazon Basin, the central Congo Basin, and parts of Southeast Asia. In drier tropical zones, such as the Sudano-Sahelian region, hardened plinthite (petroplinthite) forms extensive surface caps on exposed or elevated landforms. Similar soils are also present in the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, and drier areas of Southeast Asia. + + +== See also == +Laterite – Product of rock weathering in wet tropical climates rich in iron and aluminium + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 10.3.2. ISBN 978-3-540-30460-9 + + +== External links == +profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage +Profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvovedenie-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvovedenie-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d52147e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvovedenie-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "Pochvovedenie" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochvovedenie" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:47.569838+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Pochvovedenie (Russian: Почвоведение) is a Russian journal of soil science. The first issue was published in 1899. +The English translation is called Eurasian Soil Science. The journal headquarters is in Moscow. + + +== Bibliography == +Editorial Board. 2009. 110 years to the journal Pochvovedenie. Eurasian Soil Science 42 (1) 1–3. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsolisation-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsolisation-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0924e4ada --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsolisation-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Podsolisation" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsolisation" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:48.826053+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Podsolisation is an extreme form of leaching which causes the eluviation of iron and aluminium sesquioxides. +The process generally occurs in areas where precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration. The minerals are removed by a process known as leaching. +When organic material is broken down nutrients are released, but at the same time organic acids are released. These organic acids are known as chelating agents. Many podsol soils form underneath coniferous forests, the fact that pine trees are evergreen causes a very thin litter layer inhibiting the production of humus. As a result, an acidic (pH 4.5) mor humus is produced which provides a greater amount of chelating agents. + + +== The A Horizon == +In podsolisation, chelating agents break down clay and release minerals such as iron and aluminium. When iron and aluminium are hydrated they become sesquioxides. The sesquioxides are translocated from the A Horizon, a zone of out-washing, to the B Horizon, a zone of illuviation. Many bases such as calcium and potassium are also leached from the zone along with organic matter and silica. Often minerals like quartz and silica are left behind in the A horizon. What is significantly different about podsols in comparison to other soils is that the bottom of A horizon is known as the AE horizon, which is an eluviated area which has lost sesquioxides. It tends to be an ash gray colour. + + +== The B Horizon == +The B Horizon has dark layer where minerals, organic matter and bases are being illuviated (washed in/accumulated). Below this is a red/orange layer of iron and aluminium sesquioxides deposit. Some bases remain in the soil, though others may be lost by throughflow. In many podsols, Iron Pans are created. This can cause water logging which may then saturate the A horizon leading to mottling or a gleyed podsol. +Also useful: soil chemistry + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(microbiology)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(microbiology)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fb7f8984 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(microbiology)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +--- +title: "Priming (microbiology)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(microbiology)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:50.194119+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Priming or a "priming effect" is said to occur when something that is added to soil or compost affects the rate of decomposition occurring on the soil organic matter (SOM), either positively or negatively. Organic matter is made up mostly of carbon and nitrogen, so adding a substrate containing certain ratios of these nutrients to soil may affect the microbes that are mineralizing SOM. Fertilizers, plant litter, detritus, and carbohydrate exudates from living roots, can potentially positively or negatively prime SOM decomposition. + + +== See also == +Soil carbon +Nutrient cycle +Soil chemistry +Soil biology +Environmental microbiology +Microbial biodegradation + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_condition-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_condition-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef16d1147 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_condition-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Quick condition" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_condition" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:51.428427+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The quick condition of soil is the condition when the upward water pressure gradient and water flow reduce the effective stress, i.e., cohesiveness of the soil. Sandy soils may lose their shear strength, and the soil may behave as a fluid‌. Cohesive soils may produce cracks with water seepage. + + +== See also == +Quicksand + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranker_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranker_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..891142354 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranker_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Ranker (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranker_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:52.658352+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Ranker is soil developed over non-calcareous material, usually rock. It is regarded in some soil classifications as lithomorphic, a group which also includes rendzina, similar soil over calcareous material. It is often called A/C soil, as the topsoil, or A horizon, is immediately over a C horizon (unaltered parent material). + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_column_test-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_column_test-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a8989d6c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_column_test-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Resonant column test" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_column_test" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:53.905034+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The resonant column test is used to determine the shear or elastic modulus and damping characteristics of soils based on the theory of wave propagation in prismatic rods. Details on this theory can be found in Richart et al. (1970)(chapter 3). Both solid and hollow specimens can be used with this equipment. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Drnevich Long-Tor Apparatus in University of British Columbia, Canada \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizotron-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizotron-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f70fb0c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizotron-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Rhizotron" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizotron" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:55.268279+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A Rhizotron (from rhizóō, "root" as a verb – see wikt:rhizo-) is a laboratory constructed underground in order to study the soil and its interactions with plants and animals. Rhizotrons are typically equipped with a central corridor with viewing windows into the soil profiles on either side. On the outside, separate bays are constructed to enable specific experiments to be carried out by varying the soil composition and the plant and animals contained therein. +Rhizotrons are in use at Kew Gardens, at the USDA Northern Research Station at Houghton, Michigan, at Treborth Botanic Garden, near Bangor, Gwynedd, U.K. and at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNNS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNNS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fd98d5ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNNS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "SNNS" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNNS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:03.485064+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SNNS (Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator) is a neural network simulator originally developed at the University of Stuttgart. While it was originally built for X11 under Unix, there are Windows ports. Its successor JavaNNS never reached the same popularity. + + +== Features == +SNNS is written around a simulation kernel to which user written activation functions, learning procedures and output functions can be added. It has support for arbitrary network topologies and the standard release contains support for a number of standard neural network architectures and training algorithms. + + +== Status == +There is currently no ongoing active development of SNNS. In July 2008 the license was changed to the GNU LGPL. + + +== See also == + +Artificial neural network +Neural network software + + +== External links == +SNNS homepage +Patches with bugfixes and a Python interface to the SNNS kernel \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSURGO-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSURGO-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a39b41efd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSURGO-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "SSURGO" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSURGO" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:04.185336+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SSURGO (Soil Survey Geographic database) refers to digital soils data produced and distributed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) - National Cartography and Geospatial Center (NCGC) in the United States. +The database has information on soil types and their distribution. The information covers soil characteristics, soil properties, and addresses limits, risks and suitability for various uses. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +NRCS's SSURGO page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scobey_(soil)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scobey_(soil)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f87ff07e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scobey_(soil)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Scobey (soil)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scobey_(soil)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:56.574091+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Scobey soil is the state soil of Montana. It is named for the town of Scobey, and although Scobey is in far northeast Montana, the soil type is found in the Golden Triangle of North-Central Montana, bounded by Great Falls, Havre, and Shelby, along the Interstate 15, US 87, and US 2 corridors. +Scobey soil consists of very deep, well drained soils on till plains, hills, and moraines. It is known for its productivity for farming wheat. Former Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer wrote his master's dissertation on Scobey soil series in which he found that, at the same site, wheat planted on Scobey soil plots consistently produced higher yields than wheat grown on Kevin soil series plots. + + +== See also == +Pedology (soil study) +List of U.S. state soils + + +== References == + + +== External links == +usda.gov +https://web.archive.org/web/20070527180603/http://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/soils/mtsoils/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..245cc8be7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +title: "Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:01.653145+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere. Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour. As water vapour transpires out of the leaf, further water molecules evaporate off the surface of mesophyll cells to replace the lost molecules since water in the air inside leaves is maintained at saturation vapour pressure. Water lost at the surface of cells is replaced by water from the xylem, which due to the cohesion-tension properties of water in the xylem of plants pulls additional water molecules through the xylem from the roots toward the leaf. + + +== Components == +The transport of water along this pathway occurs in components, variously defined among scientific disciplines: + +Soil physics characterizes water in soil in terms of tension, +Physiology of plants and animals characterizes water in organisms in terms of diffusion pressure deficit, and +Meteorology uses vapour pressure or relative humidity to characterize atmospheric water. +SPAC integrates these components and is defined as a: + +...concept recognising that the field with all its components (soil, plant, animals and the ambient atmosphere taken together) constitutes a physically integrated, dynamic system in which the various flow processes involving energy and matter occur simultaneously and independently like links in the chain. + +This characterises the state of water in different components of the SPAC as expressions of the energy level or water potential of each. Modelling of water transport between components relies on SPAC, as do studies of water potential gradients between segments. + + +== See also == +Ecohydrology +Evapotranspiration +Hydraulic redistribution; a parameter now being considered in the soil-plant-atmosphere modeling community +Transpiration stream + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76953fb36 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Soil Biology and Biochemistry" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:57.807485+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Soil Biology and Biochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1969 and published by Elsevier. It focuses on research papers that explain biological processes in soil. The founding editor-in-chief was John Saville Waid, and the current editors-in-chief are Karl Ritz from the University of Nottingham and Josh Schimel from the University of California Santa Barbara, who have been in position since 2020. +The journal covers a broad range of topics within soil biology, including microbial and faunal activities, biogeochemical cycles, and ecosystem processes. It is recognized for its contributions to understanding soil health, fertility, and the role of soil organisms in maintaining ecological balance. + + +== Abstracting and Indexing == +Soil Biology and Biochemistry is indexed in several major databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. It has a significant impact factor, which has consistently increased over the years, indicating its relevance and influence in the field of soil science. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had an impact factor of 9.8 in 2023, reflecting its high citation rate. + + +== Notable research and contributions == +The journal has published pioneering studies on soil microbial ecology, nutrient cycling, and the impact of environmental changes on soil processes. It serves as a critical resource for researchers, agronomists, and environmental scientists. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_loss_tolerance-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_loss_tolerance-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2368be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_loss_tolerance-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +title: "Soil loss tolerance" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_loss_tolerance" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:59.077884+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Soil loss tolerance for a specific soil, also known as the T value, is the maximum average annual soil loss expressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. It is calculated with the formula + + + + T + = + υ + Q + ρ + C + + + R + ( + 1 + − + C + ) + + + {\displaystyle T=\upsilon Q\rho C+R(1-C)} + +. T values range from 1 to 5 tons per acre per year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture's National Resource Conservation Service, in 2007 in the US, 99 million acres (28% of all cropland) were eroding above soil loss tolerance (T) rates. This was compared to 169 million acres (40% of cropland) in 1982. T-value's validity is questionable since T-values are spatially heterogeneous. + + +== History == + + +=== In the United States === +The idea of soil loss tolerance was initially devised by the Soil Conservation Service (known presently as the NRCS). It is based on the minimum soil loss rate required to reduce organic content and harm crop productivity in agricultural contexts. In early stages of development, soil loss tolerance rates were inconsistent because they were obtained based on rough estimates. From 1961 to 1962, several groups of soil in the United States were designated with T values ranging from 2 to 6 tons per acre per year. The rate was subsequently adjusted to 1 to 5 tons per acre per year. The value was adapted for use in conservation management beginning in the mid-1960s. + + +== Validity == +The soil loss tolerance equation may not be universally applicable, especially in regions with high amounts of soluble carbonate minerals, such as Karst formations. It is argued that T values should not be the only factor considered, and that real soil loss and the ratio between real loss and soil loss tolerance should be used to accurately assess the risk that soil loss poses. T values are also spatially heterogeneous, meaning that a single T value given to a region may not reflect the diversity of soil characteristics present, and may misrepresent erosion risks in certain areas. + + +== References == + +Womach, Jasper. "Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2012. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_zone-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_zone-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a36aa8fd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_zone-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Soil moisture zone" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_zone" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:00.348759+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The soil moisture zone is the depth of soil from which plant roots extract water. + + +== References == + This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarsoft-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarsoft-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c6b08a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarsoft-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "Solarsoft" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarsoft" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:04.735418+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Solarsoft is a collaborative software development system created at Lockheed-Martin to support solar data analysis and spacecraft operation activities. It is widely recognized in the solar physics community as having revolutionized solar data analysis starting in the early 1990s. Solarsoft is in active development and use by research groups on all seven continents. +Solarsoft is a store-and-forward system that makes use of rsync, csh and other UNIX tools to distribute the software to a wide variety of platforms. Solarsoft predates CVS and most other collaborative development systems; hence, it does not provide direct support for many features that today would be considered necessary, such as software versioning. The use of Solarsoft has grown to include calibration data and even complete catalog indices for some instruments, as well as the scientific software. +Most of the software in the Solarsoft tree pertains to either solar data analysis or specific space missions or observatories such as Yohkoh or SOHO. The vast majority is written in IDL, the most commonly used analysis platform in the solar physics community, though some C, ana, and PDL modules are also available. + + +== External links == +Solarsoft @ LMSAL +Solarsoft @ NASA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterml-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterml-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b5b9b78a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterml-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Soterml" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterml" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:02.908796+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +SoTerML (Soil and Terrain Markup Language) is a XML-based markup language for storing and exchanging soil and terrain related data. SoTerML development is being done within The e-SoTer Platform. GEOSS plans a global Earth Observation System and, within this framework, the e-SOTER project addresses the felt need for a global soil and terrain database. +The Centre for Geospatial Science (Currently Nottingham Geospatial Institute) at the University of Nottingham has initiated the development since January 2009. Further development and maintenance is currently handled in National Soil Resources Institute (NSRI) at Cranfield University, UK. The role of CGS is within the development of the e-SOTER dissemination platform, which is based on INSPIRE principles. The SoTerML development included: +1. Development of a data dictionary for nomenclatures and various data sources (data and metadata). +2. Development of an exchange format/procedures from the World Reference Base 2006. + + +== External links == +e-SOTER project website +ISRIC website +e-SOTER page at Nottingham Geospatial Institute, the Universìty of Nottingham +NSRI at Cranfield University \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Data_Analysis_System-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Data_Analysis_System-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb309775b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Data_Analysis_System-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Data_Analysis_System" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:05.959055+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System (STSDAS) is an IRAF-based suite of astronomical software for reducing and analyzing astronomical data. It contains general purpose tools and packages for processing data from the Hubble Space Telescope. STSDAS is produced by Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The STSDAS software is generally in the public domain, however some routines were taken from the Numerical Recipes and other books and cannot freely distributed. +In 2018, STScI stopped support of IRAF and STSDAS and suggested migrating to Astropy. For the support of the Gemini IRAF legacy pipeline, selected tasks of STSDAS are still maintained by NOIRLab in the st4gem package. + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== External links == +STSDAS Home Page +Git repository for the Open Source portion of STSDAS +Git repository for ST4GEM \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_modeling_synthesis-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_modeling_synthesis-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e443d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_modeling_synthesis-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Spectral modeling synthesis" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_modeling_synthesis" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:07.182903+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Spectral modeling synthesis (SMS) is an acoustic modeling approach for speech and other signals. +SMS considers sounds as a combination of harmonic content and noise content. Harmonic components are identified based on peaks in the frequency spectrum of the signal, normally as found by the short-time Fourier transform. The signal that remains following removal of the spectral components, sometimes referred to as the residual, is then modeled as white noise passed through a time-varying filter. The output of the model, then, are the frequencies and levels of the detected harmonic components and the coefficients of the time-varying filter. +Intuitively, the model can be applied to many types of audio signals. Speech signals, for example, include slowly changing harmonic sounds caused by vibration of the vocal cords plus wideband, noise-like sounds caused by the lips and mouth. Musical instruments also produce sounds containing both harmonic components and percussive, noise-like sounds when the notes are struck or changed. + + +== See also == +Speech coding +CELP +Source–filter model of speech production +FM synthesis +Sound synthesis +SPEAR - Sinusoidal Partial Editing Analysis and Resynthesis + + +== References == +Serra, Xavier (2003). "Spectral Modeling Synthesis: Past and Present" (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved May 11, 2010. +Serra, Xavier. "Spectral Modeling Synthesis Tools". Retrieved May 11, 2010. +Smith III, Julius O. (28 December 2005). "Spectral Modeling". Retrieved April 19, 2008. +Roads, Curtis (1996). "Figure 4.23: Overview of spectrum modeling synthesis. ...". The Computer Music Tutorial. MIT Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-262-68082-0. +Bonada, J.; Loscos, A.; Cano, P.; Serra, X.; Kenmochi, H. (2001). "Spectral Approach to the Modeling of the Singing Voice". In Proc. of the 111th AES Convention. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.75.2357. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_Cord_Toolbox-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_Cord_Toolbox-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a0cf1a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_Cord_Toolbox-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Spinal Cord Toolbox" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_Cord_Toolbox" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:08.373348+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT) is a suite of analysis tools optimized for spinal cord images acquired with magnetic resonance imaging. Main features include segmentation, registration and calculation of anatomical metrics. + + +== Features == +Propseg Automatic spinal cord segmentation. +The PAM50 template is an anatomical template of the spinal cord that covers the full spinal cord and brainstem and is available for T1-, T2- and T2*-weighted MRI contrasts. The PAM50 template includes probabilistic segmentation of white matter, gray matter, CSF as well as probabilistic atlases of gray matter subregions and white matter pathways. The template also include segmentation of spinal levels for automatic assessment of metrics at specific locations. +A White Matter atlas including 29 partial volume masks of which matter tracts. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md index 66b298d82..4f5e6cacb 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge@Home" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:13:54.660926+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:09.677906+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatPlus-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatPlus-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..275cfd584 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatPlus-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "StatPlus" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatPlus" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:10.917965+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +StatPlus is a software product developed by AnalystSoft for basic univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (MANOVA, GLM, Latin squares), as well as time series analysis, nonparametric statistics, survival analysis and statistical charts including control charts. +It was originally developed for use in biomedical sciences and known as BioStat. It is nowadays mostly used in biomedicine and natural sciences. +The software has a version for the Mac OS X known as StatPlus:mac. +This version may also be used as an add-on (software) to Microsoft Excel, similar to Microsoft's Analysis Toolpak on Windows. + + +== References == + + +=== General references === +"StatPlus homepage". AnalystSoft. Retrieved 2008-06-15. +"StatPlus:mac homepage". AnalystSoft. Retrieved 2008-06-15. + + +== External links == +AnalystSoft home page +Review at Informacní Bulletin,České Statistické Společnosti číslo 3, ročník 18, listopad 2007 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatXact-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatXact-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..470780b0a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatXact-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "StatXact" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatXact" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:12.163309+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +StatXact is a statistical software package for analyzing data using exact statistics. It calculates exact p-values and confidence intervals for contingency tables and non-parametric procedures. It is marketed by Cytel Inc. + + +== References == +Mehta, Cyrus R. (1991). "StatXact: A Statistical Package for Exact Nonparametric Inference". The American Statistician. 45 (1): 74–75. doi:10.2307/2685246. JSTOR 2685246. + + +== External links == +StatXact homepage at Cytel Inc. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamer_(software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamer_(software)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90b501154 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamer_(software)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Streamer (software)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamer_(software)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:13.392316+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Streamer is a radiative transfer code (Key and Schweiger, 1988) to calculate radiances (intensities) or irradiances in the atmosphere. +The code uses N-stream approximation to the radiative transfer equations (Stamnes et al. 1988) and allows for flexible choice of bands. The code can be used both for satellite radiance applications and estimates of heating rates in both cloudy and non-cloudy atmosphere. One can specify surface reflectivity. Streamer is written in FORTRAN. + + +== FluxNet == +FluxNet, the neural network version of Streamer, calculates upwelling and downwelling surface flux in either shortwave or longwave. It is less flexible than Streamer but is two to four times faster. + + +== See also == +List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes +Atmospheric radiative transfer codes +DISORT + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Streamer home page +FluxNet home page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_(journal)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_(journal)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea483031 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_(journal)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "Suo (journal)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_(journal)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:05.452713+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Suo is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal that publishes research articles on all aspects of mire and peat research, conservation and utilisation. It is published by Suoseura, the Finnish Peatland Society. The current editor-in-chief is Sakari Sarkkola. + + +== Abstracting and indexing == +The journal is abstracted and indexed in: + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Evolver-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Evolver-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd489155a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Evolver-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +--- +title: "Surface Evolver" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Evolver" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:14.923174+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Surface Evolver is an interactive program for the study of surfaces shaped by surface tension and other energies, and subject to various constraints. A surface is implemented as a simplicial complex. The user defines an initial surface in a datafile. The Evolver evolves the surface toward minimal energy by a gradient descent method. The aim can be to find a minimal energy surface, or to model the process of evolution by mean curvature. The energy in the Evolver can be a combination of surface tension, gravitational energy, squared mean curvature, user-defined surface integrals, or knot energies. The Evolver can handle arbitrary topology, volume constraints, boundary constraints, boundary contact angles, prescribed mean curvature, crystalline integrands, gravity, and constraints expressed as surface integrals. The surface can be in an ambient space of arbitrary dimension, which can have a Riemannian metric, and the ambient space can be a quotient space under a group action. +Evolver was written at The Geometry Center, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, Enterprise Minnesota, and the University of Minnesota. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_leaching_(decontamination)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_leaching_(decontamination)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2b8c4041 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_leaching_(decontamination)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Surfactant leaching (decontamination)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_leaching_(decontamination)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:06.697733+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Surfactant leaching is a method of water and soil decontamination, e.g., for oil recovery in petroleum industry. It involves mixing of contaminated water or soil with surfactants with the subsequent leaching of emulsified contaminants. In oil recovery, most common surfactant types are ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated nonylphenols, sulphates, sulphonates, and biosurfactants. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Organism_Designer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Organism_Designer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86c0d489 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Organism_Designer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Synthetic Organism Designer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Organism_Designer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:16.164723+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Synthetic Organism Designer is a piece of software created by Craig Venter's team for designing organisms. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysquake-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysquake-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..350bb292e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysquake-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +title: "Sysquake" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysquake" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:17.346871+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Sysquake is a numerical computing environment and a programming language mostly-compatible with MATLAB. It offers facilities for interactive graphics which give insights into the problems being analyzed. It is used in teaching, research, and engineering. +Sysquake supports two kinds of codes: libraries (collections of related functions which extend Sysquake capabilities), and SQ files, applications with interactive graphics which can have their own menus. Sysquake Pro can also be extended with plugins. + + +== Code == +Several applications share a large part of Sysquake code: + +Sysquake Application Builder +program which creates stand-alone executable applications (bundled with Sysquake Pro) +Sysquake for LaTeX +Sysquake's language and graphics directly in LaTeX (package file and compiled application) +Libraries are usually compatible with all these applications. + + +== History == +Sysquake 3 supported MySQL and SQLite databases, TCP/IP and audio input and output. + + +== See also == +List of numerical analysis software + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The Sysquake product page at Calerga +Using lpsolve from Sysquake at mit.edu \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Improved_Numerical_Differential_Analyzer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Improved_Numerical_Differential_Analyzer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6914d5bd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Improved_Numerical_Differential_Analyzer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Systems Improved Numerical Differential Analyzer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Improved_Numerical_Differential_Analyzer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:18.536555+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The Systems Improved Numerical Differential Analyzer (acronym SINDA) is a commercially available software system developed by C&R Technologies that solves resistor-capacitor (R-C) network representations of physical problems governed by diffusion equations. The software was originally designed as a general thermal analyzer for the spacecraft and launch vehicle thermal community and is currently an integral part of the Thermal Desktop plugin for AutoCAD. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cec297c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +title: "T2 Temporal Prover" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:19.726352+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +T2 Temporal Prover is an automated program analyzer developed in the Terminator research project at Microsoft Research. + + +== Overview == +T2 aims to find whether a program can run infinitely (called a termination analysis). It supports nested loops and recursive functions, pointers and side-effects, and function-pointers as well as concurrent programs. Like all programs for termination analysis it tries to solve the halting problem for particular cases, since the general problem is undecidable. It provides a solution which is sound, meaning that when it states that a program does always terminate, the result is dependable. +The source code is licensed under MIT License and hosted on GitHub. + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Marc Brockschmidt; Byron Cook; Samin Ishtiaq; Heidy Khlaaf; Nir Piterman (2016). "T2: Temporal Property Verification". Proceedings of TACAS'16. Springer. arXiv:1512.08689. + + +== External links == +T2 Temporal Logic Prover on GitHub +T2: Temporal Property Verification publication at Microsoft Research +Terminator Research Project at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2013) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_InterActive!-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_InterActive!-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a728b3b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_InterActive!-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "TI InterActive!" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_InterActive!" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:27.107212+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TI InterActive! was a Texas Instruments computer program which combined the functionality of all of the TI graphing calculators with extra features into a text editor which allowed users to save equations, graphs, tables, spreadsheets, and text onto a document. TI InterActive! also included a web browser, but it was just an embedded version of Internet Explorer. It also worked with TI Connect to share data with the TI Graphing Calculators. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACE_(computer_program)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACE_(computer_program)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f24f626ce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACE_(computer_program)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "TRACE (computer program)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACE_(computer_program)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:30.740488+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TRACE is a high-precision orbit determination and orbit propagation program. It was developed by The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. An early version ran on the IBM 7090 computer in 1964. The Fortran source code can be compiled for any platform with a Fortran compiler. +When Satellite Tool Kit's high-precision orbit propagator and parameter and coordinate frame transformations underwent an Independent Verification and Validation effort in 2000, TRACE v2.4.9 was the standard against which STK was compared. +As of 2013, TRACE is still used by the U.S. Government and some of its technical contractors. + + +== See also == +List of aerospace engineering software + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAMO-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAMO-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6159579dd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAMO-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +--- +title: "TRAMO" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAMO" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:33.217712+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TRAMO ("Time Series Regression with ARIMA Noise, Missing Observations and Outliers") (Gómez y Maravall, 1996) is a program for estimation, forecasting, and interpolation of regression models with missing values and ARIMA errors, in the presence of possibly several types of outliers (no restriction is imposed on the location of the missing observations in the series). The program can be run in an entirely automatic manner. + + +== External links == +TRAMO/SEATS page at the Bank of Spain +Programs TRAMO and SEATS instructions for user \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_2D-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_2D-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046b85cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_2D-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "TableCurve 2D" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_2D" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:20.944912+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TableCurve 2D is a linear d non-linear curve fitting software package for engineers and scientists that automates the curve fitting process and in a single processing step instantly fits and ranks 3,600+ built-in frequently encountered equations enabling users to easily find the ideal model to their 2D data within seconds. +Once the user has selected the best fit equation, they can output high-quality function and test programming codes or generate comprehensive reports and publication quality graphs. +TableCurve 2D was originally developed by Ron Brown of AISN Software. The first version of TableCurve 2D was released in 1989 for MS-DOS. The first Windows version was introduced in the last quarter of 1992. +It was distributed by Jandel Scientific Software. By January 2004, Systat Software acquired the exclusive worldwide rights from SPSS, Inc. to distribute SigmaPlot and other Sigma Series products. Systat Software is now based in San Jose, California. + + +== Related links == +SYSTAT +PeakFit +TableCurve 3D + + +== External links == +Systat Webpage +TableCurve 2D Support Webpage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_3D-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_3D-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66df48ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_3D-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "TableCurve 3D" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TableCurve_3D" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:22.185824+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TableCurve 3D is a linear and non-linear surface fitting software package for engineers and scientists that automates the surface fitting process and in a single processing step, fits and ranks about 36,000 out of over 450 million built-in frequently encountered equations, enabling users to find the ideal model to their 3D data. +Once the user has selected the best fit equation, they can output function and test programming codes or generate reports and publication quality graphs. +TableCurve 3D was developed by Ron Brown of AISN Software. TableCurve 3D 1.0 was introduced to the scientific market in September 1993. Version 1.0 was a Windows based 16-bit product. In February 1995, the 32-bit version 2.0 was released. +It was initially distributed by Jandel Scientific Software but by January 2004, Systat Software acquired the exclusive worldwide rights from SPSS, Inc. to distribute SigmaPlot and other Sigma Series products. SYSTAT Software is now based in San Jose, California. + + +== Related links == +SYSTAT +PeakFit +TableCurve 2D + + +== External links == +Systat webpage +TableCurve 3D support webpage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaveRNA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaveRNA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f41a1dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaveRNA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "TaveRNA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaveRNA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:23.390327+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +taveRNA is a software suite for RNA/DNA secondary structure. It is developed in the laboratories for computational biology of the School of Computing Science at the Simon Fraser University. The suite is composed by alteRNA, for RNA density fold computing, inteRNA, for RNA-RNA interaction prediction, piRNA, for predicting the joint partition function, equilibrium concentration, ensemble energy, and melting temperature for two RNA sequences, pRuNA, a sequence based pruning RNA interaction search engine, and smyRNA, a platform independent C program novel ab initio ncRNA finder. +taveRNA is not related to the bioinformatics workflow system Apache Taverna. + + +== References == + + +== External links == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4e689aca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Tensiometer (soil science)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:08.012142+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +A tensiometer in soil science is a measuring instrument used to determine the matric water potential ( + + + + + Ψ + + m + + + + + {\displaystyle \Psi _{m}} + +) (soil moisture tension) in the vadose zone. This device typically consists of a glass or plastic tube with a porous ceramic cup and is filled with water. The top of the tube has either a built-in vacuum gauge or a rubber cap used with a portable puncture tensiometer instrument, which uses a hypodermic needle to measure the pressure inside the tensiometer. The tensiometer is buried in the soil, and a hand pump is used to pull a partial vacuum. As water is pulled out of the soil by plants and evaporation, the vacuum inside the tube increases. When the soil is wetted flow can also occur in the reverse direction: as water is added to the soil, the vacuum inside the tube pulls moisture from the soil and decreases. When the water pressure in the tensiometer is determined to be in equilibrium with the water pressure in the soil, the tensiometer gauge reading represents the matric potential of the soil. +Such tensiometers are used in irrigation scheduling to help farmers and other irrigation managers to determine when to water. In conjunction with a water retention curve, tensiometers can be used to determine how much to water. With practice, a tensiometer can be a useful tool for these purposes. Soil tensiometers can also be used in the scientific study of soils and plants. + + +== References == +Rawls, W.J., Ahuja, L.R., Brakensiek, D.L., and Shirmohammadi, A. 1993. Infiltration and soil water movement, in Maidment, D.R., Ed., Handbook of hydrology, New York, NY, USA, McGraw-Hill, p. 5.1–5.51. + + +== External links == +The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Soil matric potential - tensiometer (T4) +The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Soil matric potential - tensiometer (T5) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepetate-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepetate-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ff54697d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepetate-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "Tepetate" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepetate" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:09.384825+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tepetate (Spanish tepetate; Nahuatl tepetlatl) is a Mexican term for a geological horizon, hardened by compaction or cementation, found in Mexican volcanic regions. Tepetates at the surface are problematic for agriculture, because of their hardness, poor drainage, and poor fertility. When tepetates lie under the soil, they present a risk for erosion and landslides, because water runs off laterally, rather than being absorbed. + + +== See also == +Caliche (mineral) + + +== References == + +Williams, Barbara J. (1972). "Tepetate in the Valley of Mexico". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 62 (4): 618–626. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1972.tb00890.x. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terramechanics-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terramechanics-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0deaaa52 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terramechanics-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +title: "Terramechanics" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terramechanics" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:10.637874+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Terramechanics Terramechanics is the study of soil properties, specifically the interaction of wheeled or tracked vehicles on various surfaces. +The rolling resistance of a tire on soft soil consists mainly of the following components: + +soil compaction +the bulldozing effect +displacement of soil particles +sidewall friction + + +== See also == +Mieczysław G. Bekker +Jo Y. Wong +Bevameter + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Journal of Terramechanics +The International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TetGen-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TetGen-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae37c089 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TetGen-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "TetGen" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TetGen" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:24.600560+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TetGen is a mesh generator developed by Hang Si which is designed to partition any 3D geometry into tetrahedrons by employing a form of Delaunay triangulation whose algorithm was developed by the author. +TetGen has since been incorporated into other software packages such as Mathematica and Gmsh. +Some improvements by speed in quality in Version 1.6 were introduced. + + +== See also == +Gmsh +Salome (software) + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Weierstrass Institute: Hang Si's personal homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(software)-0.md index facfd0a04..da7c1c626 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(software)-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(software)-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theano_(software)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:14:00.110578+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:25.868381+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96ed36941 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +--- +title: "Tile Map Service" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_Map_Service" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:28.303620+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Tile Map Service or TMS, is a specification for tiled web maps, developed by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. The definition generally requires a URI structure which attempts to fulfill REST principles. The TMS protocol fills a gap between the very simple standard used by OpenStreetMap and the complexity of the Web Map Service standard, providing simple urls to tiles while also supporting alternate spatial referencing system. + + +== Support == +TMS is most widely supported by web mapping clients and servers; although there is some desktop support, the Web Map Service protocol is more widespread for enterprise mapping applications. The OpenLayers JavaScript library supports TMS natively, while the Google Maps API allows URL templating, which makes support possible for developers. TileCache is one of the most popular supporting servers, while other servers like mod tile and TileLite focus on the de facto OpenStreetMap standard. + + +== WMTS == +TMS served as the basis for the OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service OGC standard. + + +== See also == +Tiled web map + + +== References == + + +== External links == +TMS Specification, OSGeo-Wiki +Free software server implementation of the TMS specification: + +TileCache +MapProxy +R \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToFeT-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToFeT-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7449050db --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToFeT-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +title: "ToFeT" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToFeT" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:29.532196+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ToFeT is a kinetic Monte Carlo electronic model of molecular films, able to simulate the time-of-flight experiment (ToF), field-effect transistors (FeTs). As its input, ToFeT takes a description of the film at a molecular level: a description of the position of all molecules and the interactions between them. As its output, ToFeT produces electrical characteristics such as mobilities, JV curves, and transient photocurrents. ToFeT thus allows the microscopic properties of a film to be related to its macroscopic electronic properties. +ToFeT is an open-source project, used by academic and industrial groups around the world. The current focus in ToFeT's development is to treat a wider range of materials systems, and reproduce a wider range of experimental measurements. +In Hebrew, the word "Tofet" stands for "inferno, scene of horror; hell", thus providing a fitting indication to the complexity of the module. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +ToFeT home-page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TracenPoche-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TracenPoche-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62330674d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TracenPoche-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "TracenPoche" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TracenPoche" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:31.963191+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TracenPoche (TeP) is a free interactive geometry software, written in Adobe Flash language. It is very light weight. + + +== Features == +It is widely used in French secondary schools in the framework of the fr:MathenPoche exerciser suite developed by the French association of mathematics teachers fr:Sésamath. + + +== External links == +(in French)TracenPoche official website +(in French)Sésamath association +TracenPoche belongs to the Inter2Geo European project aiming at interoperability between interactive geometry software. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriber-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriber-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb74b5158 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriber-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "Transcriber" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriber" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:34.404291+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Transcriber is an open-source software tool for the transcription and annotation of speech signals for linguistic research. It supports multiple hierarchical layers of segmentation, named entity annotation, speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping speakers. Two views of the sound pressure waveform at different resolutions may be viewed simultaneously. Various character encodings, including Unicode, are supported. +Annotations from Transcriber may be exported in XML. OASIS' Cover Pages publishes the open DTD used by Transcriber. +Transcriber is written in Tcl/Tk with the Snack audio library and is therefore available on most major platforms. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License. Transcriber has been superseded by TranscriberAG. + + +== References == + + +== Bibliography == +C. Barras; E. Geoffrois; Z. Wu & M. Liberman (January 2000). "Transcriber: development and use of a tool for assisting speech corpora production". Speech Communication. 33 (1–2). +E. Geoffrois; C. Barras; S. Bird & Z. Wu (May–June 2000). "Transcribing with Annotation Graphs". Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC): 1517–1521. +C. Barras; E. Geoffrois; Z. Wu & M. Liberman (May 1998). "Transcriber: a Free Tool for Segmenting, Labeling and Transcribing Speech" (PDF). First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC): 1373–1376. + + +== External links == +Transcriber home page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-Puzzle-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-Puzzle-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e72c77f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-Puzzle-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Tree-Puzzle" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree-Puzzle" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:35.675398+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +TREE-PUZZLE is a computer program used to construct phylogenetic trees from sequence data by maximum likelihood analysis. Branch lengths can be calculated with and without the molecular clock hypothesis. +The software also implemented likelihood mapping, a method to visualize phylogenetic information in datasets, as well as several tests to assess if the likelihoods of trees are significantly worse than those of other trees. +The program's successor is IQ-TREE. + + +== See also == +Computational phylogenetics + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDig-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDig-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45648f4ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDig-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "UDig" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDig" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:36.913412+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +uDig is a GIS software program produced by a community led by Canadian-based consulting company Refractions Research. +uDig is based on the Eclipse platform and features full layered Open Source GIS. It is written in Java and released under EPL and BSD licences (formerly under GNU LGPL). +The Software has a walkthrough in Flash and also quick start directions for those who wish to complete a full version build to write plug-ins or contribute to the main build. +uDig can use GRASS for complex vector operations and also embeds JGRASS and specialized hydrology tools from the Horton Machine. It supports shapefiles, PostGIS, WMS, and many other data sources natively. +uDig is commonly used as a framework for building other GIS platforms and applications. Such applications include DIVA-GIS and DEWS – Distant Early Warning System for tsunamis. + + +== External links == +uDig homepage +uDig release page +Refractions Research homepage + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udic_moisture_regime-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udic_moisture_regime-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88086c804 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udic_moisture_regime-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Udic moisture regime" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udic_moisture_regime" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:20:11.868674+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The udic moisture regime is common to soils of humid climates which have well-distributed rainfall, or which have enough rain in summer so that the amount of stored moisture plus rainfall is approximately equal to, or exceeds, the amount of evapotranspiration. Water moves down through the soil at some time in most years. +Some soil suborders, like udalf (alfisol) and udept (inceptisol), have an udic moisture regime. + + +== See also == +Pedogenesis +Pedology (soil study) +Soil classification +Soil science +Soil type +USDA soil taxonomy +Ustic (Soil Moisture Regime) + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipept-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipept-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e46313021 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipept-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +title: "Unipept" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipept" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:38.113272+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Unipept is an open source research tool for biodiversity analysis of metaproteomics samples. It also contains a tool to select peptides to use as biomarker and a tool to compare the genome of organisms based on their protein content. The software is developed at Ghent University. +Unipept consists of a web application and a stand-alone command line tool. The web application uses interactive data visualizations to explore datasets. The command line tool contains the same functionality, but is designed for use in automated data processing pipelines. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Unipept home page +Unipept command line tool +Unipept open source project \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAPOR_(software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAPOR_(software)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781d9b771 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAPOR_(software)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "VAPOR (software)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAPOR_(software)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:39.365806+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +VAPOR (Visualization and Analysis Platform for Ocean, Atmosphere, and Solar Researchers) is a software package developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in collaboration with U.C. Davis and Ohio State University. It can produce images and movies from very large mesh-based datasets, such as wind velocity and other physical fields in two and three dimensions. VAPOR has its own input file format, VDF, but it supports conversion from other formats, such as NetCDF, in particular the files output by Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). + + +== References == +K. Gruchalla, M. Rast, E. Bradley, J. Clyne, P. Mininni, Visualization-Driven Structural and Statistical Analysis of Turbulent Flows, Procs. IDA 2009, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5772, pp 321-332, Springer, 2009 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03915-7_28 ISBN 978-3-642-03914-0 + + +== External links == +Home page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISQ-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISQ-0.md index 617de0dd4..5245f9bd4 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISQ-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISQ-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISQ" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T06:57:53.166010+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:41.990608+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VXL-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VXL-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f8cb174a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VXL-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +title: "VXL" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VXL" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:43.212922+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +VXL, the Vision-something-Library, is a large collection of open source C++ libraries for computer vision. The idea of the naming is to replace X with one of many letters to obtain the smaller library names, i.e. G (VGL) is a geometry library, N (VNL) is a numerics library, I (VIL) is an image processing library, etc. These libraries can be used for general scientific computing as well as computer vision. Some examples of usage can be seen online. +VXL is a larger-scale software engineering project with roots dating back to traditional computer vision environments from the 1990s, having libraries at multiple levels of complexities, many of them listing OpenCV as one of many dependencies. A similar approach at an even larger scale is taken by Kitware's KWIVER. +VXL core libraries are extremely stable and have been used in larger projects, both public and within companies, notably ITK. + + +== See also == +OpenCV + + +== References == + + +== External links == +VXL Home Page +VXD: extension of VXL with development/experimental code. +Hacking VXL: notes on programming with VXL on Mac OS and Linux. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViEWER-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViEWER-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3287a4566 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViEWER-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "ViEWER" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViEWER" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:40.626028+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ViEWER, the Virtual Environment Workbench for Education and Research, is a proprietary, freeware computer program for Microsoft Windows written by researchers at the University of Idaho for the study of visual perception and complex immersive three-dimensional environments. +It was created using C++ and OpenGL, and has been used by Dr. Brian Dyre, Dr. Steffen Werner, Dr. Ernesto Bustamante, Dr. Ben Barton, and their undergraduate and graduate researchers in visual perception, signal detection, and child-safety experiments. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website , Archived \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMIT-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMIT-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cd5372c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMIT-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "WAMIT" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMIT" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:44.490441+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WAMIT is a computer program for computing wave loads and motions of offshore structures in waves. It is based on the linear and second-order potential theory. The velocity potential is solved by means of boundary integral equation method, also known as panel method. WAMIT has the capability of representing the geometry of the structure by a higher-order method, whereby the potential is represented by continuous B-splines. +WAMIT was developed by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, hence the acronym WaveAnalysisMIT. Its first version was launched in 1987. In 1999, WAMIT, Inc. was founded by Chang-Ho Lee and J. Nicholas Newman. Consortiums are held annually to discuss applications and new capabilities of the program. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +WAMIT, Inc. web site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAsP-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAsP-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6d6608d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAsP-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +--- +title: "WAsP" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAsP" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:45.720929+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) is a Windows program for predicting wind climates, wind resources, and energy yields from wind turbines and wind farms. An application of the software is determining good locations to develop wind farms. +The predictions are based on wind data measured at meteorological stations in the same region, or on generalised wind climates derived from mesoscale model results. The program includes a complex terrain flow model, a roughness change model, a model for sheltering obstacles, a wind turbine wake model and a model for the average atmospheric stability conditions at the site. The software package further contains a Climate Analyst for creating the wind-climatological inputs, a Map Editor for creating and editing the topographical inputs, and a Turbine Editor for creating the wind turbine inputs to WAsP. The fundamentals of WAsP and the wind atlas methodology are described in the European Wind Atlas. WAsP is developed and distributed by DTU Wind and Energy Systems at the Technical University of Denmark, Denmark. Current version is WAsP 12.7. +WAsP is used for: + +Wind farm production +Wind farm efficiency +Micro-siting of wind turbines +Power production calculations +Wind resource mapping +Wind climate estimation +Wind atlas generation +Wind data analysis +A special implementation of the WAsP software has been used to map the wind climate of the entire world with a resolution of 250 m, see the Global Wind Atlas. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The official site of WAsP +The Global Wind Atlas +Department of Wind and Energy Systems, DTU \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEN2k-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEN2k-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f2ee550e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEN2k-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "WIEN2k" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEN2k" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:50.790297+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +The WIEN2k package is a computer program written in Fortran that performs quantum mechanical calculations on periodic solids. It uses the full-potential (linearized) augmented plane-wave and local-orbitals [FP-(L)APW+lo] basis set to solve the Kohn–Sham equations of density functional theory. +WIEN2k was originally developed by Peter Blaha and Karlheinz Schwarz from the Institute of Materials Chemistry of the Vienna University of Technology. The first public release of the code was done in 1990. Then, the next releases were WIEN93, WIEN97, and WIEN2k. The latest version WIEN2k_24.1 was released in August 2024. It has been licensed by more than 3400 user groups and has about 16000 citations on Google scholar (Blaha WIEN2k). +WIEN2k uses density functional theory to calculate the electronic structure of a solid. It is based on the most accurate scheme for the calculation of the bond structure-the full potential energy (linear) augmented plane wave ((L) APW) + local orbit (lo) method. WIEN2k uses an all-electronic solution, including relativistic terms. + + +== Features and calculated properties == +WIEN2k works with both centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric lattices, with 230 built-in space groups. It supports a variety of functionals including local-density approximation (LDA), many different generalized gradient approximations (GGA), Hubbard models, on-site hybrids, meta-GGA and full hybrids, and can also include spin-orbit coupling and Van der Waals terms. It can be used for structure optimization, both unit cell dimensions and internal atomic positions. For the latter an adaptive fixed-point iteration is used which simultaneously solves for atomic positions and the electron density. The code supports both OpenMP and MPI parallelization, which can be used efficiently in combination. It also supports parallelization by dispatching parts of the calculations to different computers. +A number of different properties can be calculated using the densities, many of these in packages which have been contributed by users over the years. WIEN2K can be used to calculate: + +Density of states +Electron and spin density +Bader charges and critical points +Wannier functions +Total energies and energy differences +Fermi surfaces +Optical properties +X-ray structure factors +Atomic forces, from which phonon and elastic properties can be extracted +Electric field gradients +Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra +X-ray emission and X-ray absorption spectra +Electron energy loss spectra +Berry phase and related topological properties. + + +== See also == +List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software + + +== References == + + +== External links == +WIEN2k homepage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHU_(software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHU_(software)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bebd782b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHU_(software)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "WUHU (software)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHU_(software)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:54.623406+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Weather Underground / HeavyWeather Uploader, commonly WUHU, is a free software package for Microsoft Windows which allows users with Personal Weather Stations to contribute weather data to one of several networks, including: + +Weather Underground (wunderground.com) +Citizen Weather Observer Program (also known as CWOP) +WeatherBug +YoWindow +Australian Weather Network +UK Weather Net +It can collect data from multiple models of weather stations from La Crosse Technology, Davis Instruments, and Oregon Scientific. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website +Yahoo! group \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hurt_(soil_scientist)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hurt_(soil_scientist)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c493ed547 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hurt_(soil_scientist)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Wade Hurt (soil scientist)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hurt_(soil_scientist)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:33.063927+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +G. Wade Hurt was a soil scientist in the United States and an authority on hydric soils. As of 2007, he was a position with the University of Florida's Soil and Water Science Department in Gainesville. +Hurt retired from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in 2007. He served as NRCS National Leader for Hydric Soils. Wade received his bachelor's degree from Mississippi State University. +Hurt died on August 13, 2021. + + +== Editor == +Wade Hurt served as editor for several editions of Field Indicators of Hydric Soils, a technical reference used to identify wetland areas that fall under US jurisdiction as defined by the Clean Water Act. + + +== Educator == +Wade Hurt taught hydric soils classes for soil science undergraduate and graduate students as well as environmental professionals. Classes teach theoretical, morphologic, and regulatory criteria used for delineating wetlands, siting septic drain fields, and identifying seasonal high water table elevation. + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)-0.md index 79ce162cb..033c68445 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:07:24.750689+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:47.031345+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveSurfer-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveSurfer-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc9e2443 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveSurfer-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +title: "WaveSurfer" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveSurfer" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:48.265085+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WaveSurfer is an audio editor widely used for studies of acoustic phonetics. It is a simple but fairly powerful program for interactive display of sound pressure waveforms, spectral sections, spectrograms, pitch tracks and transcriptions. It can read and write a number of transcription file formats used in industrial speech research including TIMIT. +WaveSurfer is free software, distributed under a permissive free software licence. + + +== Features == +Wavesurfer provides basic audio editing operations, such as excision, copying, pasting, zero-crossing adjustment, and effects such as fading, normalization, echo, inversion, reversal, replacement with silence, and DC-removal, but, in view of its scientific orientation, does not offer effects of interest to musicians such as flange. + + +== Development == +Wavesurfer is written in Tcl/Tk using the Snack audio library. It therefore runs on most platforms, including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, FreeBSD, and IRIX. It is scriptable and supports plugins. + + +== See also == +List of music software + + +== References == + + +== External links == + +Wavesurfer home page +Wavesurfer at sourceforge \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeBWorK-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeBWorK-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8829d798 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeBWorK-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: "WeBWorK" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeBWorK" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:49.527132+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +WeBWorK is an online homework delivery system primarily used for mathematics and science. It allows students to complete their homework over the web, and receive instantaneous feedback as to the correctness of their responses. WeBWorK uses a Perl-based language called PG to specify exercises, which allows instructors a great deal of flexibility in how exercises are presented. +WeBWorK was originally developed at the University of Rochester by professors Michael Gage and Arnold Pizer. It is now a free software project maintained by many contributors at several colleges and universities. It is made available under the Artistic License (the same license as Perl) and the GNU General Public License. WeBWorK is currently maintained by The WeBWorK Project. +WeBWorK is currently used by many universities and high-schools around the world. +WeBWorK is supported by the National Science Foundation and the Mathematical Association of America. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +WeBWorK Site +Original WeBWorK Site \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winmostar-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winmostar-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..501b1f22e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winmostar-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +--- +title: "Winmostar" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winmostar" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:52.012425+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Winmostar is a molecular modelling and visualisation software program that computes quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and solid physics. + + +== Development history == +2001 Winmostar V0.40 Windows +2008 Winmostar V3.71 +2012 Winmostar V4.00 +2014 Winmostar V5.00 +2015 Winmostar V6.00 +2016 Winmostar V7.00 +2017 Winmostar V8.00 +2019 Winmostar V9.00 +2020 Winmostar V10.00 + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Winmostar web page \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winplot-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winplot-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a01c6ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winplot-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +--- +title: "Winplot" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winplot" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:53.372443+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Winplot is a general-purpose plotting utility for Microsoft Windows that can draw (and animate) curves and surfaces presented in a variety of formats. +The final 2012 release of Winplot can run on Windows 95, 98, Me, 2000, XP, Vista, 7. It may also run on Windows 8, 10, and 11. It is a 32-bit application. It is released as freeware, with no source code available, as its author, Rick Parris, did not want to relinquish control of development, and felt his code was lengthy and badly documented. +Rick Parris died on October 23, 2012. He was 67. Some time after his death, Phillips Exeter Academy stopped hosting his official Winplot website, so an alternative link is provided. + + +== Features == +Winplot can generate both 2D and 3D plots of functions and sequences. It can also animate these plots using up to 23 variables and their corresponding sliders. Only one slider may be animated at a time. It also has various export options including EPS, SVG, PiCTeX, Metafile, and simple copying to the Windows clipboard. +Unlike most other free plotting software, Winplot can plot implicit functions, slope fields, and intrinsic curves, and perform several standard calculus operations on the functions, such as generating graphs of cross-sectional solids and solids of revolution, tracing trajectories on slope fields given an initial point, and calculating line and surface integrals. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dba4fd6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "X-PLOR" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:55.870609+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +X-PLOR is a computer software package for computational structural biology originally developed by Axel T. Brunger at Yale University. It was first published in 1987 as an offshoot of CHARMM - a similar program that ran on supercomputers made by Cray Inc. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (NMR) analysis. +X-PLOR is a highly sophisticated program that provides an interface between theoretical foundations and experimental data in structural biology, with specific emphasis on X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution of biological macro-molecules. It is intended mainly for researchers and students in the fields of computational chemistry, structural biology, and computational molecular biology. + + +== See also == +Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling +Molecular mechanics + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The program's reference manual hosted at Oxford University \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD-0.md index 0c57f3eba..a660be940 100644 --- a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD-0.md +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD-0.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ chunk: 1/1 source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMD" category: "reference" tags: "science, encyclopedia" -date_saved: "2026-05-05T10:14:30.458640+00:00" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:58.507853+00:00" instance: "kb-cron" --- diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNUMBERS-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNUMBERS-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b7d5ecb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNUMBERS-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +--- +title: "XNUMBERS" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNUMBERS" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:59.757851+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +XNUMBERS is a multi-precision floating point computing and numerical methods library for Microsoft Excel. Xnumbers claims to be an open source Excel addin (xla), the license however is not an open source license. XNUMBERS performs multi-precision floating point arithmetic from 15 up to 200 significant digits. The version 5.6 as of 2008 is compatible with Excel 2003/XP and consists of a set of more than 300 functions for arithmetic, complex, trigonometric, logarithm, exponential calculus. The Foxes team members (around Leonardo Volpi) stopped their development efforts in 2008. Recently, an American astronomer had his brother John Beyers make the Italian versions compatible to recent versions of Microsoft Excel/Windows/VisualBasic. Several forked versions are made available in the last section of the astronomer's homepage, entitled "Downloads and links". + + +== Screenshots == + + +== External links == +XNUMBERS 6.0.5.6 for Excel - John Beyers, last update 11 Dec 2013 +XNUMBERS 5.6 for Excel - Foxes Team \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPLOR-NIH-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPLOR-NIH-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d187dffb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPLOR-NIH-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +title: "XPLOR-NIH" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPLOR-NIH" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:00.996164+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Xplor-NIH is a highly sophisticated and flexible biomolecular structure determination program which includes an interface to the legacy X-PLOR program. The main developers are Charles Schwieters and Marius Clore of the National Institutes of Health. Xplor-NIH is based on a C++ framework with an extensive Python interface enabling very powerful and easy scripting of complex structure determination and refinement protocols. Restraints derived from all current solution and many solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray scattering experiments can be accommodated during structure calculations. Extensive facilities are also available for many types of ensemble calculations where the experimental data cannot be accounted for by a unique structure. Many of the structure calculation protocols involve the use of simulated annealing designed to overcome local minima on the path of the global minimum region of the target function. These calculations can be carried out using any combination of Cartesian, torsion angle and rigid body dynamics and minimization. Currently Xplor-NIH is the most versatile, comprehensive and widely used structure determination/refinement package in NMR structure determination. + + +== References == + + +== External links == +The home page for the software package. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xgraph-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xgraph-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dbcf3ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xgraph-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +title: "Xgraph" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xgraph" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:18:57.117970+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Xgraph is the name of at least two applications for 2-D interactive plotting, graphing and animation. + + +== Hein's XGRAPH == +In 1984, Carl Hein of Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Labs developed XGRAPH. Hein's XGRAPH is available in binary format for various platforms. + + +== Harrison's xgraph == +In 1989, David Harrison of the University of California, Berkeley, released xgraph for X11R3 of X Window. Various versions of Harrison's xgraph are available in source and binary format for various platforms. Harrison's xgraph is released under the BSD License. + + +== References == + +VINT release of xgraph. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XyMTeX-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XyMTeX-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a34c7e142 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XyMTeX-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: "XyMTeX" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XyMTeX" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:02.282997+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +ΧyMTeΧ is a macro package for TeX which renders high-quality chemical structure diagrams. Using the typesetting system, the name is styled as XϒMTeX. It was originally written by Shinsaku Fujita (藤田眞作, Fujita Shinsaku). Molecules are defined by TeX markup. + + +== Example == +The following code produces the image for corticosterone below. + + +== See also == +ppchTeX +Molecule editor +List of TeX extensions + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Shonan Institute of Chemoinformatics and Mathematical Chemistry +XyMTeX for Drawing Chemical Structures (in English) — Download of XyMTeX Version 5.01 (the latest version: 2013-09-01) and its manuals. +XyMTeX for Drawing Chemical Structures (in Japanese) — Download of XyMTeX Version 5.01 (the latest version: 2013-09-01) and its manuals. +The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) +The TeX Catalogue Online, Entry for XyMTeX, CTAN Edition (Version 4.06) +WikiTeX now includes support for XyMTeX directly in Wiki articles. +UPDATE 1: Original WikiTeX link (above) is not working. It's returning the error 403 Forbidden (tested in 2022-12-08) +UPDATE 2: There still exists a WikiTeX official website consisting of a single-page presentation at WikiTeX.org Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine but the download and repository's links are not working (tested in 2022-12-08) +OPTIONAL 1: Sourceforge: Project's version 1.1 beta 3 (last update in 2013-03-21) +OPTIONAL 2: GitHub: Forked from SourceForge (above link) in 2018-09-27 +TeX Users Group (TUG) +The PracTeX Journal +LaTeX Tools for Life Scientists (BioTeXniques?) — An article that discusses XyMTeX. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YASARA-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YASARA-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a196b13b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YASARA-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +--- +title: "YASARA" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YASARA" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:03.916474+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Yet Another Scientific Artificial Reality Application (YASARA) is a computer program for molecular visualising, modelling, and dynamics. It has many scientific uses, as expressed by the large number of scientific articles mentioning the software. The free version of YASARA is well suited to bioinformatics education. A series of freely available bioinformatics courses exist that use this software. See the Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI) education pages for a series of examples. +Krieger E, Koraimann G, Vriend G (May 2002). "Increasing the precision of comparative models with YASARA NOVA—a self-parameterizing force field". Proteins. 47 (3): 393–402. doi:10.1002/prot.10104. PMID 11948792. +Modelling:Krieger E, Vriend G (Feb 2002). "Models@Home: distributed computing in bioinformatics using a screensaver based approach". Bioinformatics. 18 (2): 315–8. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.2.315. PMID 11847079. +Dynamics:Krieger E, Darden T, Nabuurs SB, Finkelstein A, Vriend G (Dec 2004). "Making optimal use of empirical energy functions: force-field parameterization in crystal space". Proteins. 57 (4): 678–83. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.472.6529. doi:10.1002/prot.20251. PMID 15390263. + + +== See also == +List of molecular graphics systems +Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling +Molecular graphics +Molecular design software + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Official website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_(software)-0.md b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_(software)-0.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8caf4e4c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_(software)-0.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +--- +title: "Zeroth (software)" +chunk: 1/1 +source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_(software)" +category: "reference" +tags: "science, encyclopedia" +date_saved: "2026-05-05T12:19:05.113137+00:00" +instance: "kb-cron" +--- + +Zeroth is a platform for brain-inspired computing from Qualcomm. It is based around a neural processing unit (NPU) AI accelerator chip and a software API to interact with the platform. It makes a form of machine learning known as deep learning available to mobile devices. It is used for image and sound processing, including speech recognition. The software operates locally rather than as a cloud application. +Mobile chip maker Qualcomm announced in March 2015, that it would bundle the software with its next major mobile device chip, the Snapdragon 820 processor. + + +== Applications == +Qualcomm demonstrated that the system could recognize human faces and gestures that it had seen before and detect and then search for different types of photo scenes. +Another potential application is to extend battery life by analyzing phone usage and powering down all or part of its capabilities without affecting the user experience. + + +== See also == +Neuromorphic computing +SpiNNaker +TrueNorth +Vision processing unit, a class of processors aimed at machine vision (including convolutional neural networks, hence overlapping with 'neural processing units') + + +== References == \ No newline at end of file