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Science Centre AHHAA (Estonian: Teaduskeskus AHHAA) is a science centre located in Tartu, Estonia, and is currently the largest science centre in the Baltic states. AHHAA was established to promote science and technology using interactive exhibits.
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Since 7 May 2011, Science Centre AHHAA has been in the building located in the centre of Tartu.
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== History ==
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AHHAA was established as a project of the University of Tartu on 1 September 1997. Since 12.03.2004, it has operated as a foundation constituted by the city of Tartu and the University of Tartu. The activities of the Science Centre AHHAA Foundation are coordinated by a committee composed of Katrin Pihor, Hannes Astok, Aune Valk, Reno Laidre, Jaanika Anderson and Sulev Valner. Additionally, the practical aspects of the activities of the foundation are appraised by a science committee composed of experts consisting of Jaan Kikas, Peeter Saari, Jaak Jaaniste, Mart Noorma, Arko Olesk, Toivo Maimets, Priit Põdra and Margit Timakov. AHHAA is governed by the board consisting of two members. Tiiu Sild was the head of the board until 2012. She was followed by Andres Juur (head of board since 2012). The second board member is Pilvi Kolk (member of board since 2005).
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In 2008, the AHHAA 4D Adventure Cinema opened in the Lõunakeskus shopping centre located in Tartu (the cinema was closed at the end of 2017). In 2009, a branch office of Science Centre AHHAA opened in Tallinn at the Freedom Square (the Tallinn branch was closed at the end of 2013). On 7 May 2011, Science Centre AHHAA in Tartu opened the doors of its new, 11,156 m2 building engineered by architects Vilen Künnapu and Ain Padrik.
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== Planetarium ==
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Science Centre AHHAA houses a fully spherical hybrid planetarium (which means there is a possibility to show the skies with optical and digital projection, which can be displayed separately or together).
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The planetarium design includes a glass floor which allows the projection images to extend under the floor.
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=== General ===
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The planetarium is 9 meters in diameter
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It contains 20+5 seats
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It is the first planetarium in Europe to use the MEGASTAR projector
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It is also the first hybrid-planetarium (multiple projector system) in the Baltic states
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The AHHAA Planetarium belongs to two organisations:
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The Nordic Planetarium Association
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The International Planetarium Society
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== 4D Adventure Cinema ==
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Science Centre AHHAA had a 4D Adventure Cinema, located in the Lõunakeskus shopping centre on the southern edge of Tartu. The cinema was open from 18 July 2008 to 31 December 2017.
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== Events ==
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The Science Centre AHHAA Foundation regularly organizes special events. Some of the most notable events are listed below:
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The annual Researchers' Night Festival – organized all over Estonia in the end of September and consisting of different events promoting a scientific approach to matters (such as Science Cafés, science theatre shows, tours in laboratories, workshops etc.).
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== International representation ==
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The Science Centre AHHAA Foundation participates in science festivals and fairs both in Estonia and abroad, its main choice being the science theatre shows and various workshops. Among the places where Science Centre AHHAA has been represented are the Festival della Scienza and Perugia Science Fest in Italy, Korea Science Festival in South Korea, Moscow Science Festival in Russia, Science Picnic in Poland and Science Festival Belgrade in Serbia.
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== Acknowledgements ==
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Science Centre AHHAA has been awarded with numerous prizes both for the building as well as for its intellectual achievements.
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At the TourEst2012 fair held on February 17–19, 2012 Science Centre AHHAA in Tartu was chosen to be the best tourism destination in 2011 by the Union of Estonian Enterprises of Tourism.
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On February 16, 2012, the Tartu City Council posthumously awarded Tiiu Sild, Creator and leader of AHHAA, with the title of the Honorary Citizen of Tartu.
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On December 19, 2011, Tiiu Sild, the head of Science Centre AHHAA received an award of courtesy for the year 2011, given out by a family magazine “Pere ja Kodu”.
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On December 7, 2011, Science Centre AHHAA in Tartu was awarded with the title “The Best Tourism Destination in 2011” by the Foundation South Estonian Tourism.
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On November 28, 2011, Science Centre AHHAA in Tartu won the competition of the Achievement of the Year.
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On November 11, 2011, during the scientific media conference called “MIDA?!” the head of Science Centre AHHAA, Tiiu Sild, was announced to have been awarded the lifetime achievement award for popularising science.
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Between November 2 and 5, 2011 at the IFD Congress held in Dublin, Ireland, the roof of Science Centre AHHAA constructed by Nordecon, presided over by Peeter Voovere, was announced the World's Best-Built Roof in 2010–2011 in the category of metal roofs.
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On October 7, 2011, the footprints of Tiiu Sild, the head of the Science Centre AHHAA, were permanently paved into the alley of famous and influential citizens of Tartu.
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On March 4, 2011, Science Centre AHHAA won the title of “The Best Building in Tartu 2010” in the category of other new buildings.
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== Donors and sponsors ==
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The activities of the Science Centre AHHAA Foundation are in co-operation with:
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The Estonian Ministry of Education and Research
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The City of Tartu, the University of Tartu
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Linde
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The Environmental Investment Centre
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The Rakvere Meat Factory
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A.Le Coq Tartu Brewery
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== See also ==
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List of science centers#Europe
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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Official website
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title: "Asia Pacific Network of Science and Technology Centres"
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Network_of_Science_and_Technology_Centres"
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The Asia Pacific Network of Science & Technology Centres (ASPAC), is a not-for-profit association initiated in 1997.
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It was formed to facilitate communication and cooperation among Science Centres and Museums and other organisations that use interactive approaches for learning and public understanding of science and technology in the Asia-Pacific region. The network hosts annual conferences where members exchange the latest updates on science exhibitions, educational advancements, and upcoming events.
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ASPAC has over 50 members from 20 countries (2022). Members include different forms of organisations, like science centres, science museums, children’s museums, exhibit design and fabrication firms.
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== See also ==
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List of science centers
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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ASPAC website
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title: "Association of Science and Technology Centers"
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The Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC) is a non-profit, global organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States, that provides professional support for science centers, museums, and related institutions. ASTC's goal is to increase awareness of the contributions its members make to their communities and the field of informal STEM learning.
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Founded in 1973, ASTC represents nearly 700 members in almost 50 countries, including not only science centers and museums, but also nature centers, aquariums, planetariums, zoos, botanical gardens, and natural history and children's museums, as well as companies, consultants, and other organizations that share an interest in informal science education.
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== Member programs ==
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=== Passport Program ===
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ASTC member institutions can participate in ASTC's Passport Program, allowing members of participating institutions to visit other participating institutions for free, provided the member is visiting an institution more than 90 miles from their home institution. More than 300 institutions in over a dozen countries participate in the Passport Program.
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=== Annual conference ===
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Each year, nearly 2,000 individuals representing science centers and museums from across the world, informal science educators, and companies collaborating with the museum field gather for ASTC's annual conference.
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=== Professional development ===
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ASTC provides professional development opportunities for those who work in science centers and other institutions of informal learning. ASTC's professional development services include Communities of Practice (CoP), which provides informal science education professionals with resources and support for connecting with colleagues, convening meetings, and organizing workshops, among other activities.
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=== ExhibitFiles ===
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ExhibitFiles is an online community of exhibit practitioners building a shared collection of exhibition records and reviews. Community members can connect with colleagues, find out about exhibits, and share their experiences. ExhibitFiles was developed to preserve and share experiences and materials that are often unrecorded, temporary, and hard to locate. Visitors to the site can also search for, and post exhibitions rentals and sales.
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=== Dimensions ===
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ASTC publishes Dimensions, which features in-depth analysis of news and trends in the science center and museum field, in addition to articles about noteworthy events and resources. Dimensions readers include directors and staff of ASTC-member institutions around the world, as well as those with an interest in informal science education. Until 2020, Dimensions was a bimonthly print and online magazine; since mid-2020, it is an exclusively online publication that publishes continuously.
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=== Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education ===
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ASTC was home to the Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education (CAISE). CAISE supported the informal science education (ISE) community by creating and disseminating resources, as well as encouraging collaboration across the ISE field—including film and broadcast media, science centers and museums, zoos and aquariums, botanical gardens and nature centers, digital media and gaming, science journalism, and youth, community, and after-school programs. Founded in 2007 with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Advancing Informal STEM Learning (AISL) program, CAISE was a partnership among ASTC and several co-principal investigators. CAISE managed the InformalScience.org website, which is a repository of project descriptions, evaluation reports and tools, and research papers and products that are collected and curated to provide informal STEM Learning practitioners with knowledge that can be used when developing new work and seeking potential collaborators.
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== See also ==
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List of science centers
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== References ==
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== External links ==
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Official website
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The Baghdad Planetarium (Arabic: القبة الفلكية البغدادي) was a green-domed astronomical Planetarium based in al-Zawra'a Park located diagonally across from the Baghdad Central Railway Station in Baghdad, Iraq.
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== Biography ==
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=== Historical background ===
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Plans to construct a planetarium in Baghdad can be traced back to the Kingdom of Iraq period in which plans for a Greater Baghdad were outlined. Among the people invited for the plans by King Faisal II was American architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright who designed several cultural buildings as part of the project, one of these was a planetarium next to a civic auditorium located below several vast ramps for east access to the planetarium. The planetarium was supposed to be located on an island alongside an Opera House, a grand Islamic bazaar, and a monument of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid. However, these plans were never implemented due to the 1958 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and killed King Faisal II, and lack of interest upon the new Iraqi government established by Abd al-Karim Qasim to continue the project.
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=== Establishment ===
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The Planetarium was built and opened in 1979 under the leadership of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. It is considered one of Iraq's most important scientific and astronomical tributaries, and a landmark of Baghdad in its design, location, and cognitive role. It was the first Planetarium in the Middle East. It became a hotspot for school field trip visits to the planetarium, especially for specialists, and those interested in astronomy, stars, and horoscopes. The building included many astronomical devices and equipment before it was looted and stolen in the events of the first Gulf War in 1991 before it was rehabilitated and became active again. That was until the US Invasion of Iraq in 2003 when it was subjected to the largest vandalism and looting of its laser devices, cameras, and cooling devices that it has seen in its existence. Moreover, the building and its equipment were burned, causing it to close its doors and remain abandoned. Nevertheless, a project to rehabilitate the Planetarium was launched by the Ministry of Youth and Sports in 2011 although no update on the project has been given as of 2023. Despite that, many former visitors of the Planetarium expressed their hope that the dome would be rehabilitated to open its doors again to students and those interested in astronomy.
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== See also ==
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Zeiss-Planetarium Jena
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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
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Astrolabe
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Astronomical clock
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List of planetariums
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== References ==
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A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden with a documented collection of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. Plants in larger gardens are often labelled with their botanical names and additional information. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, or plants from particular parts of the world. There may be glasshouses or shadehouses with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants that are not native to the local region.
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Most are at least partly open to the public, and may offer guided tours, public programming such as workshops, courses, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment.
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Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and usually have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. In principle, their role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display, and education, although this will depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each particular garden. The staff will normally include botanists as well as gardeners.
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Many botanical gardens offer diploma or certificate programs in horticulture, botany and taxonomy. There are many internship opportunities offered to aspiring horticulturists, as well as opportunities for students and researchers to use the collection for their studies.
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== Definitions ==
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The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening (1999) points out that among the various kinds of organizations known as botanical gardens, there are many that are in modern times public gardens with little scientific activity. It cited a tighter definition published by the World Wildlife Fund and IUCN when launching the "Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy" in 1989: "A botanic garden is a garden containing scientifically ordered and maintained collections of plants, usually documented and labelled, and open to the public for the purposes of recreation, education and research."
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This has been refined by Botanic Gardens Conservation International to the following definition which "encompasses the spirit of a true botanic garden": "A botanic garden is an institution holding documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education."
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The following definition was produced by staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University in 1976. It covers in some detail the many functions and activities generally associated with botanical gardens:
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A botanical garden is a controlled and staffed institution for the maintenance of a living collection of plants under scientific management for purposes of education and research, together with such libraries, herbaria, laboratories, and museums as are essential to its particular undertakings. Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test grounds, an herbarium, an arboretum, and other departments. It maintains a scientific as well as a horticultural staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression.
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This broad outline is then expanded:
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The botanic garden may be an independent institution, a governmental operation, or affiliated to a college or university. If a department of an educational institution, it may be related to a teaching program. In any case, it exists for scientific ends and is not to be restricted or diverted by other demands. It is not merely a landscaped or ornamental garden, although it may be artistic, nor is it an experiment station or yet a park with labels on the plants. The essential element is the intention of the enterprise, which is the acquisition and dissemination of botanical knowledge.
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=== Role and functions ===
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All botanical gardens have their own special interests. In a paper on the role of botanical gardens, Ferdinand von Mueller (1825–1896), the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (1852–1873), stated, "in all cases the objects [of a botanical garden] must be mainly scientific and predominantly instructive". He detailed many of the objectives being pursued by the world's botanical gardens in the middle of the 19th century, when European gardens were at their height. Many of these are listed below to give a sense of the scope of botanical gardens' activities at that time, and the ways in which they differed from parks or what he called "public pleasure gardens":
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Historically, botanical gardens have responded to the interests and values of the day. If a single function were to be chosen from the early literature on botanical gardens, it would be their scientific endeavour and, flowing from this, their instructional value. In their formative years, botanical gardens were gardens for physicians and botanists, but they became more associated with ornamental horticulture and the needs of the general public. The scientific reputation of a botanical garden is judged by the publications coming out of herbaria and similar facilities, not by its living collections. Their focus has been on creating an awareness of the threat to the Earth's ecosystems from human populations and the consequent need for biological and physical resources. Botanical gardens provide an excellent medium for communication between the world of botanical science and the general public. Education programs can help the public develop greater environmental awareness by understanding the meaning and importance of ideas like conservation and sustainability.
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=== Worldwide network ===
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Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries (mostly in temperate regions) of which about 550 are in Europe (150 of which are in Russia), 200 in North America, and an increasing number in East Asia. These gardens attract about 300 million visitors a year.
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Historically, botanical gardens exchanged plants through the publication of seed lists (called Latin: Indices Seminum in the 18th century). This was a means of transferring both plants and information between botanical gardens. This system continues today, though with attention to the risks of genetic piracy and transmission of invasive species.
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The International Association of Botanic Gardens was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences. More recently, coordination has also been provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which has the mission "To mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet".
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Regional coordination is seen in the United States with the American Public Gardens Association (formerly the American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta), while in Australasia there is the Botanic Gardens of Australia and New Zealand (BGANZ).
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== History ==
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The history of botanical gardens is closely linked to the history of botany itself. The botanical gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries were medicinal gardens, but the idea of a botanical garden changed to encompass displays of the beautiful, strange, new, and sometimes economically important plant trophies being returned from the European colonies and other distant lands. In the 18th century, they became more educational in function, demonstrating the latest plant classification systems devised by botanists working in the associated herbaria as they tried to order these new treasures. Then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the trend was towards a combination of specialist and eclectic collections demonstrating aspects of both horticulture and botany.
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=== Precursors ===
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The idea of "scientific" gardens used specifically for the study of plants dates back to antiquity. The origin of modern botanical gardens is generally traced to the appointment of botany professors to the medical faculties of universities in 16th-century Renaissance Italy, which entailed curating a medicinal garden. However, the objectives, content, and audience of today's botanic gardens more closely resemble that of the grandiose gardens of antiquity and the educational garden of Theophrastus in the Lyceum of ancient Athens.
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==== Grand gardens of ancient history ====
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Near-Eastern royal gardens, set aside for economic use or display and containing at least some plants gained by special collecting trips or military campaigns abroad, are known from the second millennium BCE in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, Mexico and China. In about 2800 BCE, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung sent collectors to distant regions searching for plants with economic or medicinal value. It has also been suggested that the Spanish colonization of Mesoamerica influenced the history of the botanical garden. Gardens in Tenochtitlan, established by king Nezahualcoyotl, as well as gardens in Chalco (altépetl) and elsewhere, greatly impressed the Spanish invaders, not only with their appearance, but also because the indigenous Aztecs employed many more medicinal plants than did the classical world of Europe.
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Early medieval gardens in Islamic Spain resembled later botanic gardens, an example being the 11th-century Huerta del Rey garden of physician and author Ibn Wafid (999–1075 CE) in Toledo. This was taken over by garden chronicler Ibn Bassal (fl. 1085 CE) until the Christian conquest in 1085 CE. Ibn Bassal then founded a garden in Seville, most of its plants being collected on a botanical expedition that included Morocco, Persia, Sicily, and Egypt. The medical school of Montpellier was also founded by Spanish Arab physicians, and by 1250 CE, it included a physic garden, but the site was not given botanic garden status until 1593.
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==== Physic gardens ====
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Botanical gardens developed from physic gardens, whose main purpose was to cultivate herbs for medical use as well as research and experimentation. Such gardens have a long history. In Europe, for example, Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) is said to have had a physic garden in the Lyceum at Athens, which was used for educational purposes and for the study of botany. This was inherited, or possibly set up, by his pupil Theophrastus, the "Father of Botany". There is some debate among science historians whether this garden was ordered and scientific enough to be considered "botanical"; instead, they attribute the earliest known botanical garden in Europe to the botanist and pharmacologist Antonius Castor, mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century.
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The forerunners of modern botanical gardens are generally regarded as being the medieval monastic physic gardens that originated after the decline of the Roman Empire at the time of Emperor Charlemagne (742–789 CE). These contained a hortus, a garden used mostly for vegetables, and another section set aside for specially labelled medicinal plants; this was called the herbularis or hortus medicus—more generally known as a physic garden—and a viridarium or orchard. Such gardens were given impetus by Charlemagne's Capitulary de Villis, which listed 73 herbs to be used in the physic gardens of his dominions. Many of these had already been introduced to British gardens. Pope Nicholas V set aside part of the Vatican grounds in 1447 for a garden of medicinal plants that were used to promote the teaching of botany, and this was a forerunner to the University gardens at Padua and Pisa established in the 1540s. Certainly, the founding of many early botanic gardens was instigated by members of the medical profession.
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=== 16th- and 17th-century European gardens ===
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source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:29:01.074157+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
In the 17th century, botanical gardens began their contribution to a deeper scientific curiosity about plants. If a botanical garden is defined by its scientific or academic connection, then the first true botanical gardens were established with the revival of learning that occurred in the European Renaissance. These were secular gardens attached to universities and medical schools, used as resources for teaching and research. The superintendents of these gardens were often professors of botany with international reputations, a factor that probably contributed to the creation of botany as an independent discipline rather than a descriptive adjunct to medicine.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Origins in the Italian Renaissance ====
|
||||
The botanical gardens of Southern Europe were associated with university faculties of medicine and were founded in Italy at Orto botanico di Pisa (1544), Orto botanico di Padova (1545), Orto Botanico di Firenze (1545), Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia (1558) and Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna (1568). Here the physicians (known in English as apothecaries) delivered lectures on the Mediterranean "simples" or "officinals" that were being cultivated in the grounds. Student education was no doubt stimulated by the relatively recent advent of printing and the publication of the first herbals.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Europe ====
|
||||
The tradition of these Italian gardens spread across Europe, with early examples including:
|
||||
|
||||
Leipzig Botanical Garden, Germany (1543)
|
||||
Botanical Garden of Valencia, Spain (1567)
|
||||
Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Netherlands (1590)
|
||||
Jardin des plantes de Montpellier, France (1593)
|
||||
University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden, Denmark (1600)
|
||||
University of Oxford Botanic Garden, England (1621)
|
||||
Jardin des Plantes, Paris (1635)
|
||||
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam), Netherlands (1638)
|
||||
Uppsala University, Sweden (1655)
|
||||
Chelsea Physic Garden, England (1673)
|
||||
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland (1670)
|
||||
|
||||
==== Beginnings of botanical science ====
|
||||
|
||||
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the first plants were being imported to these major Western European gardens from Eastern Europe and nearby Asia (which provided many bulbs), and these found a place in the new gardens, where they could be conveniently studied by the plant experts of the day. For example, Asian introductions were described by Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), who was director, in turn, of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna and Hortus Botanicus Leiden. Many plants were being collected from the Near East, especially bulbous plants from Turkey. Clusius laid the foundations of Dutch tulip breeding and the bulb industry, and he helped create one of the earliest formal botanical gardens of Europe at Leyden where his detailed planting lists have made it possible to recreate this garden near its original site. The hortus medicus of Leyden in 1601 was a perfect square divided into quarters for the four continents, but by 1720, though, it was a rambling system of beds, struggling to contain the novelties rushing in, and it became better known as the hortus academicus. His Exoticorum libri decem (1605) is an important survey of exotic plants and animals that is still consulted today.
|
||||
In the mid to late 17th century, the Paris Jardin des Plantes was a centre of interest with the greatest number of new introductions to attract the public. In England, the Chelsea Physic Garden was founded in 1673 as the "Garden of the Society of Apothecaries". The Chelsea garden had heated greenhouses, and in 1723 appointed Philip Miller (1691–1771) as head gardener. He had a wide influence on both botany and horticulture, as plants poured into it from around the world. The garden's golden age came in the 18th century, when it became the world's most richly stocked botanical garden. Its seed-exchange programme was established in 1682 and still continues today.
|
||||
|
||||
=== 18th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Gardens and orangeries ====
|
||||
|
||||
With the increase in maritime trade, ever more plants were brought back to Europe as trophies from distant lands, and these were triumphantly displayed in the private estates of the wealthy, in commercial nurseries, and in the public botanical gardens. Heated conservatories called "orangeries" became a feature of many botanical gardens.
|
||||
|
||||
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, was founded in 1759, initially as part of the Royal Garden set aside as a physic garden. William Aiton (1741–1793), the first curator, was taught by garden chronicler Philip Miller of the Chelsea Physic Garden, whose son Charles became the first curator of the original Cambridge Botanic Garden (1762). In 1759, the "Physick Garden" was planted, and by 1767, it was claimed that "the Exotick Garden is by far the richest in Europe". Gardens such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1759), the Orotava Acclimatization Garden (in Spanish) in Tenerife (1788), and the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (1755) were set up to cultivate new species returned from expeditions to the tropics; they also helped found new tropical botanical gardens. From the 1770s, following the example of the French and Spanish, amateur collectors were supplemented by official horticultural and botanical plant hunters. These botanical gardens were boosted by the flora being sent back to Europe from various European colonies around the globe.
|
||||
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|
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
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|
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|
||||
At this time, British horticulturalists were importing many woody plants from Britain's colonies in North America, and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of Sir William Jackson Hooker and his keen interest in economic botany. At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending out collectors to the South African Cape, Australia, Chile, China, Ceylon, Brazil, and elsewhere, and acting as "the great botanical exchange house of the British Empire". From its earliest days to the present, Kew has in many ways exemplified botanic garden ideals, and is respected worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture.
|
||||
In 1728, John Bartram founded Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia, one of the continent's first botanical gardens. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Plant classification ====
|
||||
|
||||
The large number of plants needing description were listed in garden catalogues; and from 1753 Carl Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature which greatly facilitated the listing process. Names of plants were authenticated by dried plant specimens mounted on card (a hortus siccus or garden of dried plants) that were stored in buildings called herbaria. These taxonomic research institutions were frequently associated with the botanical gardens, many of which by then had "order beds" to display the classification systems being developed by botanists in the gardens' museums and herbaria. Botanical gardens became scientific collections, as botanists published their descriptions of the new exotic plants, and these were recorded for posterity in detail by superb botanical illustrations. Botanical gardens effectively dropped their medicinal function in favour of scientific and aesthetic priorities, and the term "botanic garden" came to be more closely associated with the herbarium, library, and laboratories housed there than with the living collections—on which little research was undertaken.
|
||||
|
||||
=== 19th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by the establishment of tropical botanical gardens as a tool of colonial expansion (for trade and commerce and, secondarily, science) mainly by the British and Dutch, in India, South-east Asia, and the Caribbean. This was also the time of Sir Joseph Banks's botanical collections during Captain James Cook's circumnavigations of the planet and his explorations of Oceania, with plant introductions on a grand scale.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Tropical ====
|
||||
There are currently about 230 tropical botanical gardens, many of them in southern and south-eastern Asia. The first botanical garden founded in the tropics was the Pamplemousses Botanical Garden in Mauritius, established in 1735 to provide food for ships using the port, but later trialling and distributing many plants of economic importance. This was followed by the West Indies (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens, 1764) and in 1786 by the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanical Garden in Calcutta, India, founded during a period of prosperity when the city was a trading centre for the Dutch East India Company. Other gardens were constructed in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, 1808), Sri Lanka (Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya, 1821, on a site dating back to 1371), Indonesia (Bogor Botanical Gardens, 1817 and Kebun Raya Cibodas, 1852), and Singapore (Singapore Botanical Gardens, 1822). These had a profound effect on the economy of the countries, especially in relation to the foods and medicines introduced. The importation of rubber trees to the Singapore Botanic Garden initiated the important rubber industry of the Malay Peninsula. At this time also, teak and tea were introduced to India, and breadfruit, pepper, and starfruit to the Caribbean.
|
||||
|
||||
Included in the charter of these gardens was the investigation of the local flora for its economic potential to both the colonists and the local people. Many crop plants were introduced by or through these gardens—often in association with European botanical gardens such as Kew or Amsterdam—and included cloves, tea, coffee, breadfruit, cinchona, sugar, cotton, palm oil, and Theobroma cacao (for chocolate). During these times, the rubber plant was introduced to Singapore. Especially in the tropics, the larger gardens were frequently associated with a herbarium and museum of economy. The Botanical Garden of Peradeniya had considerable influence on the development of agriculture in Ceylon where the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) was introduced from Kew, which had itself imported the plant from South America. Other examples include cotton from the Chelsea Physic Garden to the Province of Georgia in 1732 and tea into India by the Calcutta Botanic Garden. The transfer of germplasm between the temperate and tropical botanical gardens was undoubtedly responsible for the range of agricultural crops currently used in several regions of the tropics.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Temperate ====
|
||||
|
||||
The first botanical gardens in Australia were founded early in the 19th century: the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 1816; the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, 1818; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1845; Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 1854; and Brisbane Botanic Gardens, 1855. These were established essentially as colonial gardens of economic botany and acclimatisation.
|
||||
South Africa has 10 national botanical gardens, all overseen by the South African National Biodiversity Institute. The oldest in South Africa is the 1851 Durban Botanic Gardens. The Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden is the most famous and developed garden in the country, established in 1913 on a site dating to 1848. It covers 36 hectares, with an additional 528 hectares of mountainside wilderness forming part of the garden. Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden is South Africa's oldest university botanical garden; it was established in 1922. Also in the country is the Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden, founded in 1921 and relocated in 1945. Elsewhere in Africa, Orman Garden at Giza in Egypt was founded in 1875.
|
||||
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|
||||
title: "Botanical garden"
|
||||
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|
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||||
category: "reference"
|
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tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:29:01.074157+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, all experienced farmers, shared the dream of a national botanic garden, leading to the founding in 1820 of the United States Botanic Garden, next to the Capitol in Washington DC. In 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden was founded at St Louis, Missouri; it is one of the world's leading gardens specializing in tropical plants.
|
||||
Russia's botanical gardens include Moscow University Botanic Garden ('the Apothecary Garden'), founded in 1706 by Tsar Peter the Great, and the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, (1714).
|
||||
|
||||
=== 20th century ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Civic and municipal botanical gardens ====
|
||||
A large number of civic or municipal botanical gardens were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. These did not develop scientific facilities or programmes, but the horticultural aspects were strong and the plants often labelled. They were botanical gardens in the sense of building up collections of plants and exchanging seeds with other gardens around the world, although their collection policies were determined by those in day-to-day charge of them. They tended to become little more than beautifully maintained parks and were, indeed, often under general parks administrations.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Community engagement ====
|
||||
The second half of the 20th century saw increasingly sophisticated educational, visitor service, and interpretation services. Botanical gardens started to cater for many interests and their displays reflected this, often including botanical exhibits on themes of evolution, ecology or taxonomy, horticultural displays of attractive flowerbeds and herbaceous borders, plants from different parts of the world, special collections of plant groups such as bamboos or roses, and specialist glasshouse collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, cacti and orchids, as well as the traditional herb gardens and medicinal plants. Specialised gardens like the Palmengarten in Frankfurt, Germany (1869), one of the world's leading orchid and succulent plant collections, have been very popular. With decreasing financial support from governments, revenue-raising public entertainment increased, including music, art exhibitions, special botanical exhibitions, theatre and film, this being supplemented by the advent of "Friends" organisations and the use of volunteer guides.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Plant conservation ====
|
||||
Plant conservation and the heritage value of exceptional historic landscapes were treated with a growing sense of urgency through the 20th century. Specialist gardens were sometimes given a separate or adjoining site to display native and indigenous plants. In the 1970s, gardens became focused on plant conservation. The Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat was established by the IUCN and the World Conservation Union in 1987 with the aim of coordinating the plant conservation efforts of botanical gardens around the world. It maintains a database of rare and endangered species in botanical gardens' living collections. Many gardens hold ex situ conservation collections that preserve genetic variation. These may be held as seeds dried and stored at low temperature, or in tissue culture (such as the Kew Millennium Seedbank); as living plants, including those that are of special horticultural, historical or scientific interest (such as those in the National Plant Collection in the United Kingdom); or by managing and preserving areas of natural vegetation. Collections are often held and cultivated with the intention of reintroduction to their original habitats.
|
||||
|
||||
=== 21st century ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== New gardens ====
|
||||
|
||||
Botanical gardens have continued to be built in the 21st century, such as the first botanical garden in Oman, which is planned to be one of the largest gardens in the world, with the first large-scale cloud forest in a huge glasshouse. Development of botanical gardens in China over recent years has been remarkable, including the Hainan Botanical Garden of Tropical Economic Plants at Guangzhou, South China Botanical Garden, the Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden of Tropical Plants, and the Xiamen Botanic Garden. In developed countries, on the other hand, many have closed for lack of financial support, especially those attached to universities. The Palestine Museum of Natural History has a botanic garden, which has been described as a site of nation-building and resistance by Silvia Hassouna.
|
||||
|
||||
==== Missions and strategy ====
|
||||
The Center for Plant Conservation at St Louis, Missouri, coordinates the conservation of native North American species. The 2006 North American Botanic Garden Strategy for Plant Conservation sets out its goals to document and conserve plant diversity, to use that diversity sustainably, to educate the public about plant diversity, build conservation capacity, and to build support for the strategy itself.
|
||||
A 2024 review in a special issue of the Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens on the sustainability of botanic gardens noted their increasing roles in conservation and research, and the many new gardens created since 1950. In its view, the gardens are being "reinvent[ed]" to serve the goals of conservation, sustainability, and social engagement. It observes that historically, the gardens emerged in an era that saw both the growth of modern science and the colonial era. In response, the gardens have engaged in decolonising and in "new socio-environmental missions". Finally, it attempts to view the gardens on a global scale.
|
||||
A 2023 historical review by Chinese botanists similarly notes the long history of botanical gardens from the medicinal gardens of the first universities in Renaissance Europe, and from China's ancient Shennong herbal garden tradition. The gardens have in its view continuously adapted to new demands in a changing environment, coming to serve the "core mission of ex situ conservation".
|
||||
Botanical gardens must find a compromise between the need for peace and seclusion, while at the same time satisfying the public need for information and visitor services that include restaurants, information centres and sales areas that bring with them rubbish, noise, and crowding. Attractive landscaping and planting design sometimes compete with scientific interests—with science now often taking second place. Some gardens are now heritage landscapes that are subject to constant demand for new exhibits and exemplary environmental management.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
Herb farm
|
||||
List of botanical gardens
|
||||
Plant collecting
|
||||
National Public Gardens Day
|
||||
Botanical and horticultural library
|
||||
|
||||
== Footnotes ==
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Bibliography ==
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Interactive world-map with botanical gardens, arboretum, plant nurseries and seed-banks.
|
||||
218
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||||
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|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 1/7
|
||||
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|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of natural history museums whose exhibits focus on the subject of natural history, including such topics as animals, plants, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, and climatology.
|
||||
Some museums feature natural-history collections in addition to other collections, such as ones related to history, art and science. In addition, nature centers often include natural history exhibits.
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Algeria ===
|
||||
Beni Abbes Museum (Musee de Beni-Abbes), Béni Abbès
|
||||
|
||||
=== Angola ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History of Angola (Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola), Luanda
|
||||
|
||||
=== Botswana ===
|
||||
Botswana National Museum, Gaborone
|
||||
|
||||
=== Egypt ===
|
||||
Egyptian Geological Museum, Cairo
|
||||
Alexandria Aquarium Museum, Alexandria
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ethiopia ===
|
||||
Zoological Natural History Museum, Addis Ababa
|
||||
|
||||
=== Kenya ===
|
||||
Kitale Museum, Kitale
|
||||
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mozambique ===
|
||||
Museu de História Natural de Moçambique, Maputo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Namibia ===
|
||||
National Earth Science Museum, Geological Survey of Namibia, Windhoek
|
||||
|
||||
=== Nigeria ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum, OAU, Ifẹ, located at the Obafemi Awolowo University
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Africa ===
|
||||
Albany Museum, Grahamstown
|
||||
Amathole Museum, King William's Town
|
||||
Bleloch Geological Museum, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
|
||||
Wits Life Sciences Museum, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
|
||||
CP Nel Museum, Oudtshoorn
|
||||
Natural Science Museum, Durban
|
||||
Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town
|
||||
McGregor Museum, Kimberley
|
||||
KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg
|
||||
National Museum, Bloemfontein
|
||||
Port Elizabeth Museum, Port Elizabeth
|
||||
Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria
|
||||
West Coast Fossil Park, Langebaanweg
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sudan ===
|
||||
Sudan Natural History Museum, Khartoum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tanzania ===
|
||||
Olduvai Gorge Museum, Ngorongoro Conservation Area
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tunisia ===
|
||||
Musée Océanographique de Salammbô, Carthage
|
||||
|
||||
=== Uganda ===
|
||||
Zoology Museum, Makarere University, Kampala
|
||||
Makerere University Herbarium, Makarere University, Kampala
|
||||
Uganda Museum, Kampala
|
||||
Herbarium, Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Kabale
|
||||
|
||||
=== Zimbabwe ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Armenia ===
|
||||
Geological Museum, Yerevan
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Yerevan
|
||||
|
||||
=== Azerbaijan ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum named after Hasanbey Zardabi, Baku
|
||||
Azerbaijan Geology Museum, Baku
|
||||
"Rinay" Malacofauna Museum, Baku
|
||||
|
||||
=== China ===
|
||||
Shanghai Natural History Museum, Shanghai
|
||||
Chongqing Natural History Museum, Chongqing
|
||||
Tianjin Natural History Museum, Tianjin
|
||||
Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing
|
||||
Bird Fossil National Geopark, Chaoyang
|
||||
Geological Museum of China, Beijing
|
||||
Geological Museum of Guizhou, Guiyang
|
||||
Dalian Natural History Museum, Dalian
|
||||
Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou
|
||||
Neimenggu Museum of Natural History, Huhhot
|
||||
Wuhan Museum of Natural History, Wuhan
|
||||
Guangxi Museum of Natural History, Nanning
|
||||
Shanxi Museum of Natural History, Xi'an
|
||||
Jilin Museum of Natural History, Changchun
|
||||
Tianyu Museum of Natural History, Pingyi
|
||||
Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hong Kong ===
|
||||
Stephen Hui Geological Museum, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
|
||||
|
||||
=== India ===
|
||||
Bengal Natural History Museum, Darjeeling
|
||||
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Museum of Western India, Mumbai
|
||||
Gass Forest Museum, Coimbatore
|
||||
Government Museum, Egmore, Chennai
|
||||
Indian Museum, Kolkata
|
||||
Napier Museum, Kerala
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi (1972–2016)
|
||||
Thar Natural History Fossil Museum Churu, Rajasthan
|
||||
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
|
||||
Thiruvananthapuram Natural History Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Indonesia ===
|
||||
Gedong Arca Museum, Bandung
|
||||
Bogor Zoology Museum, Bogor
|
||||
Bandung Geological Museum, Bandung
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iran ===
|
||||
Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Tehran
|
||||
Hamedan Museum of Natural History, Hamedan
|
||||
Museum of Natural History and Technology, Shiraz
|
||||
Natural History Museum, University of Zanjan, Zanjan
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Isfahan, Isfahan
|
||||
Iran Museum of Natural History and Wildlife, Tehran
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Institute of Botany and Plant Pests, Tehran
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar
|
||||
Tabriz Museum of Natural History, Tabriz
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iraq ===
|
||||
Iraq Natural History Museum, Baghdad
|
||||
|
||||
=== Israel ===
|
||||
Geological Museum, Jerusalem
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Jerusalem
|
||||
The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv
|
||||
Bloomfield Science Museum, Jerusalem
|
||||
Biblical Museum of Natural History, Beit Shemesh
|
||||
|
||||
=== Japan ===
|
||||
Abiko City Museum of Birds, Abiko, Chiba Prefecture
|
||||
Ashoro Museum of Paleontology, Ashoro, Hokkaidō Prefecture
|
||||
Chūrui Naumann Elephant Museum, Makubetsu, Hokkaido Prefecture
|
||||
Fukui City Museum of Natural History (in Japanese), Fukui, Fukui Prefecture
|
||||
Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture
|
||||
Geological Museum, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture
|
||||
Gunma Museum of Natural History (in Japanese), Tomioka, Gunma Prefecture
|
||||
Hiroshima City Ebayama Museum of Meteorology, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture
|
||||
Ibaraki Nature Museum, Bandō, Ibaraki Prefecture
|
||||
Itami City Museum of Insects, Itami, Hyogo Prefecture
|
||||
Iwaki City Coal & Fossil Museum, Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture
|
||||
Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History (in Japanese), Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture
|
||||
Kannonzaki Nature Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture
|
||||
Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture
|
||||
Kuji Amber Museum, Kuji, Iwate Prefecture
|
||||
Kyushu University Museum, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture
|
||||
Lake Nojiri Naumann Elephant Museum, Shinano, Nagano Prefecture
|
||||
Meguro Parasitological Museum, Meguro, Tokyo
|
||||
Museum of Natural History, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture
|
||||
Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, Hyōgo Prefecture
|
||||
National Hansen's Disease Museum, Higashimurayama, Tokyo
|
||||
National Museum of Nature and Science, Taitō, Tokyo
|
||||
Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture
|
||||
Natural History Museum and Zoological Park, Toyohashi, Aichi prefecture
|
||||
Natural History Museum Kutchan, Kutchan, Hokkaidō
|
||||
Nawa Insect Museum, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture
|
||||
Okhotsk Sea Ice Museum of Hokkaidō, Monbetsu, Hokkaidō
|
||||
Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture
|
||||
Pearl Museum, Mikimoto Pearl Island, Toba, Mie Prefecture
|
||||
Saitama Museum of Natural History, Nagatoro, Saitama Prefecture
|
||||
Shibetsu Salmon Science Museum, Shibetsu, Hokkaidō
|
||||
Tropical Medicine Museum, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture
|
||||
Tsuyama Museum of Science Education, Tsuyama, Okayama Prefecture
|
||||
|
||||
=== Jordan ===
|
||||
Pella Museum, Amman
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Korea ===
|
||||
Bandi Land Insect Museum, Muju County
|
||||
Ewha Womans University Natural History Museum, Seoul
|
||||
Gyeoryongsan Natural History Museum
|
||||
Seodaemun Museum of Natural History, Seoul
|
||||
|
||||
=== Kyrgyzstan ===
|
||||
Geological Museum and Mineralogical Museum, Bishkek
|
||||
|
||||
=== Malaysia ===
|
||||
Muzium Negara, Kuala Lumpur
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Putrajaya
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mongolia ===
|
||||
Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs, Ulaanbaatar
|
||||
Mongolian Natural History Museum, Ulaanbaatar
|
||||
|
||||
=== Oman ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Muscat, Muscat
|
||||
|
||||
=== Pakistan ===
|
||||
Pakistan Museum of Natural History
|
||||
|
||||
=== Palestine ===
|
||||
Palestine Museum of Natural History
|
||||
|
||||
=== Philippines ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Manila
|
||||
UPLB Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños
|
||||
|
||||
=== Qatar ===
|
||||
Qatar National Museum, Doha
|
||||
187
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-1.md
Normal file
187
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 2/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Singapore ===
|
||||
Science Centre Singapore
|
||||
Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Taiwan ===
|
||||
Insect Science Museum, Taipei
|
||||
National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung
|
||||
National Museum of Taiwan History, Tainan City
|
||||
National Taiwan Museum, Taipei City
|
||||
National Chiayi University Insect Museum, Chiayi City
|
||||
|
||||
=== Thailand ===
|
||||
Thailand National Science Museum, Pathum Thani
|
||||
Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, Bangkok
|
||||
Chulalongkorn University's Geological Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Chulalongkorn University's Traditional Medicine Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Mahidol University's Mollusk Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Mahidol University's Mosquito Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Mahidol University's Bio-Geo Path, Bangkok
|
||||
Rattanakosin Natural History Museum, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
|
||||
Veterinarical Anatomy Museum, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
|
||||
Pathology Museum, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
|
||||
Kasetsart University's Ant Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Kasetsart University's Zoological Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Kasetsart University Museum of Fisheries (Natural History), Bangkok
|
||||
Kasetsart University's 60th Anniversary Museum and Park of Insects, Bangkok
|
||||
Lichen Museum, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok
|
||||
Bangkok Butterfly and Insect Park, Bangkok
|
||||
Dusit Zoo Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Soil Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Geological Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Horn and Antler Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Biological Science Museum at Faculaty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
|
||||
Chiang Mai University's Geological Museum, Chiang Mai
|
||||
Museum of World Insects and Natural Heritages, Chiang Mai
|
||||
Lignite Learning Centre Museum, Lampang
|
||||
King Mongkut Memeorail Park of Science and Technology, Prachuap Khiri Khan
|
||||
Natural History Park, Ratchaburi
|
||||
Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum, Khon Kaen
|
||||
Sirindhorn Museum, Kalasin
|
||||
Thai Island and Sea Natural History Museum, Chonburi
|
||||
Chonlatassanasathan Museum, Chonburi
|
||||
Phuket Seashell Museum, Phuket
|
||||
Bangkok Seashell Museum, Bangkok
|
||||
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai
|
||||
Prince of Songkla University's Traditional Medicine Museum, Hat Yai
|
||||
Natural History Museum and Local Learning Networks, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani
|
||||
|
||||
=== Turkey ===
|
||||
Forestry Museum, also known as Watch Mansion, Bursa
|
||||
MTA Natural History Museum, Ankara
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Arab Emirates ===
|
||||
Sharjah Natural History Museum, Sharjah
|
||||
Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi
|
||||
|
||||
=== Uzbekistan ===
|
||||
Tabiat muzeyi, Tashkent
|
||||
|
||||
=== Vietnam ===
|
||||
Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi
|
||||
|
||||
== Central America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Belize ===
|
||||
Chaa Creek Natural History Museum, San Ignacio
|
||||
|
||||
=== Costa Rica ===
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales La Salle(La Salle Natural Sciences Museum)
|
||||
El Museo de Insectos de la Universidad de Costa Rica (MIUCR) (The Museum of Insects at the University of Costa Rica)
|
||||
Museo de Zoologia – Escuela de Biologia, University of Costa Rica
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Costa Rica(National Museum of Costa Rica), San José
|
||||
|
||||
=== Dominican Republic ===
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Santo Domingo
|
||||
Amber Museum, Puerto Plata
|
||||
Amber World Museum, Santo Domingo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Grenada ===
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias
|
||||
|
||||
=== Guatemala ===
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural "Jorge A. Ibarra"
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
|
||||
Museo de Paleontologia y Arqueologia Ing. Roberto Woolfolk Saravia, Estanzuela Zacapa
|
||||
|
||||
=== Honduras ===
|
||||
Butterfly and Insect Museum, La Ceiba
|
||||
|
||||
=== Nicaragua ===
|
||||
Museo Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Centroamericana, Managua
|
||||
Museo de Ometepe, Rivas
|
||||
Museo del Departamento de Malacología UCA, Managua
|
||||
Museo entomológico, León
|
||||
Museo Gemológico de la Concha y el Caracol, Managua
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico "El Hato", Managua
|
||||
Museos de Geología UNAN, Managua
|
||||
Museum Ecológico de Trópico Seco, Diriamba
|
||||
National Museum, Managua
|
||||
Sitio Paleontológico El Bosque, Estelí
|
||||
|
||||
=== Panama ===
|
||||
Centro de Exhibiciones Marinas de Punta Culebra, Panama City
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Panama, Panama City
|
||||
Museum of Biodiversity, Panama City
|
||||
Colección Zoológica Dr. Eustorgio Méndez, Panama City
|
||||
Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panamá, Panama City
|
||||
Museo de Invertebrados de la Universidad de Panamá, Panama City
|
||||
Museo de Malacología de la Universidad de Panamá, Panama City
|
||||
Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá, Panama City
|
||||
Herbario de la Universidad de Panamá, Panama City
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Albania ===
|
||||
Natural Science Museum, Tirana
|
||||
|
||||
=== Austria ===
|
||||
Bergbaumuseum Klagenfurt – Mining museum, mineralogy, palaeontology, Klagenfurt
|
||||
Burgenlandische Landesmuseum, Eisenstadt
|
||||
Haus der Natur, Salzburg
|
||||
inatura – Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn Province Vorarlberg (in German), Dornbirn
|
||||
Krahuletz-Museum Eggenburg Earth sciences and history (in German), Eggenburg
|
||||
Landesmuseum für Kärnten, Klagenfurt Regional museum for the province Carinthia (in German), Klagenfurt
|
||||
Landesmuseum Niederösterreichisches, St. Pölten Nature, history, culture, and art of Lower Austria (in German)
|
||||
Landschaftsmuseum im Schloss Trautenfels Natural and cultural history in upper Styria (German), Pürgg-Trautenfels
|
||||
Museum der Stadt Mödling Nature and history, Mödling
|
||||
Museum Schloss Lackenbach Man and nature, Lackenbach
|
||||
Nationalparkzentrum Bios Mallnitz, Mallnitz
|
||||
Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum – Biologiezentrum The natural history museum of Upper Austria, Linz
|
||||
Sternwarte Kremsmünster, Kremsmünster
|
||||
Styrassic Park An open air dinosaur park, Bad Gleichenberg
|
||||
Tyrolean State Museum, Innsbruck
|
||||
Universalmuseum Joanneum universal museum for natural and cultural history, Graz
|
||||
Vienna Museum of Natural History, Vienna
|
||||
Wienerwaldmuseum, Eichgraben
|
||||
|
||||
=== Belarus ===
|
||||
Museum of Boulders
|
||||
Museum of Nature, Belovezhskaya Pushcha Nature Reserve
|
||||
|
||||
=== Belgium ===
|
||||
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels
|
||||
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren
|
||||
Aquarium-Museum of Liège
|
||||
Museum of Natural History and Vivarium, Tournai
|
||||
Regional Museum of Natural Sciences, Mons
|
||||
Gents Universiteitsmuseum, Ghent
|
||||
Museum of Zoology Auguste Lameere, Brussels
|
||||
Museum of Natural History Boekenberg, Antwerp
|
||||
Museum of Zoology of KU Leuven, Leuven
|
||||
Museum of the Iguanodon, Bernissart
|
||||
MuseOs, Koksijde
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bosnia and Herzegovina ===
|
||||
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bulgaria ===
|
||||
Burgas Museum, Natural History Exposition, Burgas
|
||||
Earth and Man National Museum, Sofia
|
||||
Historical Museum – Karnobat, Karnobat
|
||||
History Museum – Panagyurishte, Panagyurishte
|
||||
Kardjali Museum, Kardjali
|
||||
Museum Collection of Natural Science "To Nature with Love", Byala Cherkva
|
||||
Museum of Speleology and Bulgarian Karst, Chepelare
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Bulgaria, Sofia
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Varna, Varna
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Ruse Ruse
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Cherni Osam Lovech
|
||||
Paleontological Museum, Asenovgrad
|
||||
Regional Historical Museum in Pleven, Pleven
|
||||
University of Mining & Geology Museum of Mineralogy, Petrography and Minerals, St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canary Islands ===
|
||||
(belongs politically to Spain)
|
||||
|
||||
Museum of Nature and Archeology (Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología), Tenerife
|
||||
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-2.md
Normal file
186
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-2.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 3/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Croatia ===
|
||||
Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb (Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej)
|
||||
Dubrovnik Natural History Museum, Dubrovnik
|
||||
Hunting Museum, Zagreb
|
||||
Karlovac Municipal Museum, Karlovac
|
||||
Museum of Evolution and Prehistoric Human Habitation, Krapina
|
||||
Museum of Slavonia, Osijek
|
||||
Mushroom Museum, Zagreb
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Rijeka
|
||||
Natural History Museum and Zoo, Split
|
||||
Ornithological Collection, Metković
|
||||
Senj City Museum, Senj
|
||||
Varazdin Municipal Museum: The Herzer Palace, Varaždin
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Baranja – Kopačevo, Baranja – Kopačevo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Czech Republic ===
|
||||
Moravian Museum, Brno
|
||||
National Museum (Prague), Prague
|
||||
Chlupáč's Museum of the History of Earth, Prague
|
||||
Městské muzeum Čáslav, Čáslav
|
||||
|
||||
=== Denmark ===
|
||||
Copenhagen Amber Museum, Copenhagen
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen
|
||||
Fossil and Mo-clay Museum, near Sejerslev (northern Mors Island)
|
||||
Fur Museum, Nederby (on Fur Island)
|
||||
GeoCenter Møns Klint, Borre (eastern Møn)
|
||||
Gram Natural History Museum, Gram
|
||||
Museum of Evolution at Knuthenborg Safaripark, Bandholm
|
||||
NaturBornholm, Aakirkeby
|
||||
Naturhistorisk Museum, Aarhus
|
||||
Naturama, Svendborg
|
||||
Stevns Klint Experience, Rødvig
|
||||
Wadden Sea Centre, Vester Vedsted (near Ribe)
|
||||
|
||||
=== Estonia ===
|
||||
|
||||
Estonian Museum of Natural History, Tallinn
|
||||
Ice Age Centre, Tartu
|
||||
University of Tartu Natural History Museum, Tartu
|
||||
|
||||
=== Finland ===
|
||||
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki
|
||||
Geological Museum, University of Oulu, Oulu
|
||||
Mineralogical Museum of the Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo
|
||||
Tampere Mineral Museum, Tampere
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Tampere
|
||||
|
||||
=== France ===
|
||||
Aquarium Museum, Nancy
|
||||
Citadel of Besançon, Besançon
|
||||
Dinosauria, Espéraza
|
||||
Micropolis (La Cité des Insectes), Millau
|
||||
Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Histoire Naturelle Châteaudun, Châteaudun
|
||||
Musée des Confluences, Lyon
|
||||
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille, Lille
|
||||
Musée de Vendôme, Vendôme
|
||||
Musée Géologique, Vernet-les-Bains
|
||||
Musée Requien, Avignon
|
||||
Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
|
||||
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence
|
||||
Muséum d'histoire naturelle d'Angers, Angers
|
||||
Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille, Marseille
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Blois, Blois
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Bourges, Bourges
|
||||
Muséum d'histoire naturelle d'archéologie et d'ethnographie, Cherbourg-Octeville
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble, Grenoble
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre, Le Havre
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Nantes
|
||||
Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Nice
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Rouen, Rouen
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, Toulouse
|
||||
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Tours, Tours
|
||||
Muséum des Sciences Naturelles et de la Préhistoire de Chartres, Chartres
|
||||
Muséum des Sciences Naturelles d'Orléans, Orléans
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Paris
|
||||
|
||||
=== Georgia ===
|
||||
"Animal World" – Nature Museum, Tbilisi
|
||||
Georgian National Museum, Institute of Palaeobiology
|
||||
Museum of Georgian Geophysical Sciences History, Tbilisi
|
||||
|
||||
=== Germany ===
|
||||
Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum Düsseldorf
|
||||
Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg
|
||||
Botanisches Museum, Berlin
|
||||
Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum, Solnhofen
|
||||
Deutsches Meeresmuseum, Stralsund
|
||||
Geologisches Museum München, Munich
|
||||
Haus der Natur, Cismar
|
||||
Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt
|
||||
Jura Museum, Eichstätt
|
||||
Lower Saxony State Museum (German: Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover), Hanover
|
||||
Mineralogisches Museum, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg
|
||||
Mineralogical Museum, Bonn
|
||||
Museum der Natur Gotha, Thuringia
|
||||
Müritzeum, Waren (Müritz)
|
||||
Museum der Natur Gotha, Gotha
|
||||
Museum für Natur und Umwelt, Lübeck
|
||||
Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin
|
||||
Museum für Naturkunde Chemnitz, Chemnitz
|
||||
Museum für Naturkunde Magdeburg, Magdeburg
|
||||
Museum Heineanum Halberstadt
|
||||
Museum Koenig, Bonn
|
||||
Museum of Man and Nature (German Museum Mensch und Natur), Munich
|
||||
Museum of Natural History in the Ottoneum, Official site in German, Kassel
|
||||
Museum Wiesbaden, Natural History Collections – MWNH, Wiesbaden
|
||||
Museum Witt, Munich
|
||||
Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt
|
||||
Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum, Braunschweig
|
||||
Naturhistorisches Museum, Mainz
|
||||
Naturkundemuseum Coburg, Coburg
|
||||
Naturkunde Museum, Bamberg
|
||||
Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Thuringia
|
||||
Naturkundemuseum Leipzig, Leipzig
|
||||
Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann
|
||||
Paläontologisches Museum München, Munich
|
||||
Palatine Museum of Natural History (Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde), Bad Dürkheim
|
||||
Phyletisches Museum, Jena
|
||||
Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg
|
||||
Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde, Görlitz
|
||||
State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe (German: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde), Karlsruhe
|
||||
State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (German: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde), Stuttgart
|
||||
State Museum of Zoology (German: Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen), Dresden
|
||||
Südostbayerisches Naturkunde- und Mammut-Museum, Siegsdorf
|
||||
Übersee-Museum Bremen, Bremen
|
||||
Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Hauff Museum of the Prehistoric World), Holzmaden
|
||||
Westfälisches Museum für Naturkunde, Münster
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Kiel University, Kiel
|
||||
Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greece ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Meteora and Mushroom Museum, Kalampaka, Trikala
|
||||
Cretan Aquarium, Heraklion
|
||||
Goulandris Natural History Museum, Athens
|
||||
Volos Natural History Museum, Volos
|
||||
Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion, Athens
|
||||
Museum of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Athens
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Crete
|
||||
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest, Lesvos
|
||||
Rhodes Aquarium, Rhodes
|
||||
Zoological Museum of the University of Athens
|
||||
Museum of Mineralogy & Paleontology Stamatiadis, Ialysos, Rhodes
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greenland ===
|
||||
Greenland National Museum and Archives, Nuuk
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hungary ===
|
||||
Danube Museum (Duna Múzeum), Esztergom
|
||||
Deri Museum, Official site in Hungarian, Debrecen
|
||||
Exhibition of Natural Science, Janus Pannonius Múzeum Természettudományi Osztálya, Pécs
|
||||
Geological Museum of Hungary, Budapest
|
||||
Hungarian Geographical Museum, Magyar Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Múzeum "Duna Múzeum", Esztergom
|
||||
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest
|
||||
Jazygian Museum (Jász Múzeum), Jászberény
|
||||
Kazinczy Ferenc Múzeum, Sátoraljaújhely
|
||||
Komlo Natural Science Collection (Komlói Természettudományi Gyűjtemény), Komló
|
||||
Mátra Múzeum, Gyöngyös
|
||||
Mihály Munkácsy Museum, Békéscsaba
|
||||
Móra Ferenc Múzeum, Szeged
|
||||
Museum of Natural Sciences of Bakony (Bakonyi Természettudományi Múzeum), Zirc
|
||||
Ottó Herman Museum, Miskolc
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iceland ===
|
||||
Arctic Fox Centre, Súðavík
|
||||
Höfn Glacier Museum, Höfn
|
||||
Húsavík Whale Museum, Húsavík
|
||||
Icelandic Phallological Museum, Reykjavík
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Kópavogur, Kópavogur
|
||||
Volcano House, Reykjavík
|
||||
Whales of Iceland, Reykjavík
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ireland ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Dublin
|
||||
Trinity College Dublin Zoological Museum
|
||||
James Mitchell Geological Museum, National University of Ireland, Galway
|
||||
185
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-3.md
Normal file
185
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-3.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 4/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Italy ===
|
||||
Museo Civico Scienze Naturali Enrico Caffi, Bergamo
|
||||
University Museums, University of Bologna, Bologna
|
||||
Museo della Preistoria Luigi Donini, San Lazzaro di Savena, Bologna
|
||||
Museo del Fossile del Monte Baldo, Brentonico, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Carmagnola, Piedmont
|
||||
Museo Civico Comunale di Comiso, Sicily
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Ferrara
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, University of Florence, Florence
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, Genoa
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma, Grosseto
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo, Livorno
|
||||
Museo di Scienze Naturali, Lodi, Lombardy
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milan
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Naples, Naples
|
||||
Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia, University of Padua, Padua
|
||||
Museo per la Storia dell'Università, University of Pavia, Pavia
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale, University of Pavia, Pavia
|
||||
Museo di Archeologia, University of Pavia, Pavia
|
||||
Museo di Mineralogia, University of Pavia, Pavia
|
||||
Natural History Museum, Pisa
|
||||
Museo Geologico delle Dolomiti, Predazzo, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
|
||||
Museo Civico di Zoologia di Roma, Rome
|
||||
Geological Museum, Rome
|
||||
Museo Civico Rovereto, Rovereto
|
||||
Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Saint-Pierre
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale, Sulmona
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale Bios Taras, Taranto
|
||||
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, Trieste
|
||||
Turin Museum of Natural History, Turin
|
||||
Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Venice
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona
|
||||
|
||||
=== Latvia ===
|
||||
Latvian National Museum of Natural History
|
||||
|
||||
=== Liechtenstein ===
|
||||
Liechtenstein National Museum, Vaduz
|
||||
|
||||
=== Lithuania ===
|
||||
Palanga Amber Museum, Palanga
|
||||
Tadas Ivanauskas Zoological Museum, Kaunas
|
||||
|
||||
=== Luxembourg ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History Luxembourg, Luxembourg City
|
||||
|
||||
=== Macedonia ===
|
||||
Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje
|
||||
|
||||
=== Malta ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Mdina
|
||||
|
||||
=== Moldova ===
|
||||
National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History, Chișinău
|
||||
|
||||
=== Monaco ===
|
||||
Oceanographic Museum, Monaco-Ville
|
||||
|
||||
=== Montenegro ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Montenegro, Podgorica
|
||||
|
||||
=== The Netherlands ===
|
||||
Naturalis (or National Museum of Natural History), Leiden
|
||||
Natuurmuseum Brabant, Tilburg
|
||||
Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, Maastricht
|
||||
Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, Rotterdam
|
||||
Oertijdmuseum, Boxtel
|
||||
Teylers Museum, Haarlem
|
||||
Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam, Amsterdam
|
||||
Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht, Utrecht
|
||||
Universiteitsmuseum Groningen, Groningen
|
||||
Museon, The Hague
|
||||
Natuurhistorisch Museum Natura Docet, Denekamp
|
||||
Natuurhistorisch en Volkenkundig Museum Oudenbosch, Oudenbosch
|
||||
Gelders Geologisch Museum, Velp
|
||||
Natuurmuseum Nijmegen, Nijmegen
|
||||
Schelpenmuseum paal 14, Schiermonnikoog
|
||||
Ecomare, Texel
|
||||
Natuurmuseum Fyslan, Leeuwarden
|
||||
|
||||
=== Norway ===
|
||||
Agder Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, Kristiansand
|
||||
Bergen Museum, Bergen
|
||||
Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo (Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo), Oslo
|
||||
NTNU University Museum, Trondheim
|
||||
Paleontologisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo (Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo), Oslo
|
||||
Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø
|
||||
|
||||
=== Poland ===
|
||||
Museum of Evolution Warsaw, Warsaw
|
||||
Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Wrocław
|
||||
Natural History Museum of the Białowieża National Park, Białowieża Forest
|
||||
Upper Silesian Museum (Muzeum Górnośląskie w Bytomiu), Bytom
|
||||
Museum of the Earth Warsaw, Warsaw
|
||||
Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
|
||||
Muzeum Przyrodnicze Instytutu Systematyki i Ewolucji Zwierząt PAN, Kraków
|
||||
|
||||
=== Portugal ===
|
||||
Museu Oceanográfico "Prof. Luiz Saldanha" do Portinho da Arrábida, Azeitão
|
||||
Museu Botânico da Escola Superior Agrária de Beja, Beja
|
||||
Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra
|
||||
Museu de História Natural do Funchal, Funchal, Madeira Island
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon, Lisbon
|
||||
Museu Geológico – Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Lisbon
|
||||
Museu Maynense – Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Lisbon
|
||||
Museu da Lourinhã, Lourinhã
|
||||
Museu Aquário Vasco da Gama, Oeiras
|
||||
Museu Carlos Machado, Ponta Delgada
|
||||
Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto, Porto
|
||||
Sintra Natural History Museum, Sintra
|
||||
Museu de Geologia "Fernando Real" da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real
|
||||
|
||||
=== Romania ===
|
||||
Bucegi Natural Park Museum, Sinaia
|
||||
Colți Museum of Amber
|
||||
Constantin Gruescu Iron Aesthetic Mineralogy Museum, Ocna de Fier
|
||||
County Museum of Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti Múzeum), Satu Mare
|
||||
Danube Delta Natural Sciences Museum, Tulcea
|
||||
Haaz Rezső Múzeum, Odorheiu Secuiesc
|
||||
Ion Borcea Museum Complex of Natural Sciences, Bacău
|
||||
Mihai Băcescu Waters Museum, Fălticeni
|
||||
Mineralogical Museum and Zoological Museum of the Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
|
||||
Museum of Banat, Natural Sciences Department, Timișoara
|
||||
Museum of Brăila, Department of Natural Sciences, also, Brăila
|
||||
Museum of Gold, Brad
|
||||
Museum of Natural Science (Muzeul de Științe Naturale), Aiud
|
||||
Museum of Oltenia, Craiova
|
||||
Muzeul Banatului (Banat Museum), Timișoara
|
||||
Muzeul de Istorie Naturală – Iași, Iași
|
||||
Muzeul de Științe ale Naturii Piatra Neamț; see also Iași, Romania Museums, Iași
|
||||
Muzeul de Științele Naturii Roman, Roman
|
||||
Muzeul Național de Istorie Naturală Grigore Antipa (Grigore Antipa Natural History Museum), Bucharest
|
||||
Muzeul Țării Crișurilor, Oradea
|
||||
Muzeul Tarisznyás Márton, English description, Gheorgheni
|
||||
National Geology Museum, Bucharest
|
||||
Natural History Museum Sibiu, Sibiu
|
||||
Natural Sciences and Hunting Museum, Vatra Dornei
|
||||
Natural Sciences Museum Dorohoi
|
||||
Natural Sciences Museum Complex, Constanța
|
||||
Natural Sciences Museum Complex Galați, Galați
|
||||
Paleontological and Stratighraphical Museum of the Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
|
||||
Prahova County Natural Sciences Museum, Ploiești
|
||||
Sediul Muzeului de Științele Naturii (Mureș County Museum, Natural History Department), Târgu Mureș
|
||||
Székely National Museum (Székely Nemzeti Múzeum), Sfântu Gheorghe
|
||||
Szekler Museum of Ciuc (Csíky Székely Múzeum), Miercurea-Ciuc
|
||||
Vrancea Museum, Natural Sciences Department, Focșani
|
||||
|
||||
=== Russia ===
|
||||
Earth History Museum, Vernadsky State Geological Museum, Moscow
|
||||
Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Moscow University
|
||||
Geological Museum, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
|
||||
Siberian Zoological Museum
|
||||
Kotelnich Palaeontological Museum, Kirov Oblast
|
||||
Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
Orlov Museum, also Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
|
||||
State Darwin Museum, Moscow
|
||||
Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
St. Petersburg University Museum of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology
|
||||
Paleontological Museum of Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
Mineralogical Museum of Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
Petrographical Museum of Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
|
||||
=== Serbia ===
|
||||
Museum of Natural History (Prirodnjački muzej), Belgrade
|
||||
Museum of Vojvodina, Novi Sad
|
||||
Museum of Natural History, Novi Sad
|
||||
|
||||
=== Slovenia ===
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Slovenia (Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije), Ljubljana
|
||||
|
||||
=== Slovakia ===
|
||||
East Slovakia Museum, Košice
|
||||
Slovak National Museum, Bratislava
|
||||
189
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-4.md
Normal file
189
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-4.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 5/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Spain ===
|
||||
Cau del Cargol Conquilles del Món (Shells of the World Museum, malacology), Catalonia
|
||||
Institut Paleontològic Dr. M. Crusafont, Sabadell
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias de Arnedo (Museum of Science Arnedo), Arnedo
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Álava
|
||||
Museu de Ciències Naturals, Barcelona
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales (Guadalcazar) and Mocha Tower, Córdoba
|
||||
Museo Geominero, Madrid
|
||||
Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales (Municipal Museum of Natural Science), Valencia
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid
|
||||
Museo Paleontologico de la Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza
|
||||
Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Costix, Mallorca
|
||||
Museu de Granollers Ciències Naturals, Granollers
|
||||
Museu de les Papallones de Catalunya, Lleida
|
||||
Museu Geològic del Seminari de Barcelona, Barcelona
|
||||
Museu Montsia, Amposta
|
||||
Museu Valencià d'Història Natural – Fundación Entomológica Torres Sala, Valencia
|
||||
Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra, Pamplona
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sweden ===
|
||||
Biologiska Museet (Biological Museum), Djurgården, Stockholm
|
||||
Gotland Museum (Gotlands museum), Visby
|
||||
Geological Museum Villa Heidelberg, Klimpfjäll
|
||||
Göteborg Natural History Museum (Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum), Gothenburg
|
||||
Malmö Museums – Natural History Museum, Malmö
|
||||
Lund University Zoology Museum (Lunds Universitet Zoologiska museet), Lund
|
||||
Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University (Evolutions Museet Uppsala Universitet), Uppsala
|
||||
Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet), Stockholm
|
||||
Swedish Amber Museum, Höllviken
|
||||
|
||||
=== Switzerland ===
|
||||
Musée cantonal de géologie (Cantonal Museum of Geology), Lausanne
|
||||
Musée cantonal de zoologie (Cantonal Museum of Zoology), Lausanne
|
||||
Musée d'histoire naturelle de Fribourg (Natural History Museum of Fribourg), Fribourg
|
||||
Museo Cantonale di Storia Naturale, Lugano
|
||||
Museo dei fossili di Meride / Museo dei fossili del Monte San Giorgio, Meride
|
||||
Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève (Natural History Museum of Geneva), Geneva
|
||||
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (Natural History Museum Basel)
|
||||
Naturhistorisches Museum der Bürgergemeinde Bern (Natural History Museum of Bern), Bern
|
||||
Natur-Museum Luzern, Lucerne
|
||||
Naturhistorisches Museum der Universität Zürich (Natural History Museum of the University of Zurich), Zurich
|
||||
Sauriermuseum Aathal (Aathal Dinosaur Museum), Aathal
|
||||
|
||||
=== Turkey ===
|
||||
Istanbul Zoology Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ukraine ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv
|
||||
State Museum of Natural History, former Didushytskyi museum, Lviv
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Kyiv University, Kyiv
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Kharkiv University, Kharkiv
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Lviv University, Lviv
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Luhansk University, Luhansk
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Taurida University, Simferopol
|
||||
Scientific Museum of Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Yalta
|
||||
Odessa Archeological Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== England ====
|
||||
Bagshaw Museum, Batley
|
||||
Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton
|
||||
Bournemouth Natural Science Society
|
||||
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol
|
||||
Buxton Museum & Art Gallery, Buxton
|
||||
Camborne School of Mines Mineral Museum, Tremough, Cornwall
|
||||
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge
|
||||
Charnwood Museum, Loughborough, Leicestershire
|
||||
Chelmsford Museum, Chelmsford
|
||||
Cole Museum of Zoology, Reading
|
||||
Crab Museum, Margate
|
||||
Dinosaur Isle, Isle of Wight
|
||||
Dorman Museum, Linthorpe
|
||||
Grant Museum of Zoology, London
|
||||
Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne
|
||||
Haslemere Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey
|
||||
Horniman Museum, London
|
||||
Ipswich Museum, Ipswich
|
||||
Kendal Museum, Kendal
|
||||
Lapworth Museum of Geology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston
|
||||
Manchester Museum, Manchester
|
||||
Museum of Lancashire, Lancashire
|
||||
Natural History Museum, London
|
||||
Natural History Museum at Tring, Tring
|
||||
Norwich Castle, Norwich
|
||||
Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford
|
||||
Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent
|
||||
Powell-Cotton Museum, Quex Park, Birchington, Kent
|
||||
Rotunda Museum, Scarborough
|
||||
Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
|
||||
Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
|
||||
Tolson Museum, Huddersfield
|
||||
University of Bristol Geology Museum, University of Bristol, Bristol
|
||||
Weston Park Museum, Sheffield
|
||||
Wollaton Hall Natural History Museum, Nottingham
|
||||
World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool
|
||||
Yorkshire Museum, York
|
||||
Yorkshire Natural History Museum, Sheffield
|
||||
|
||||
==== Scotland ====
|
||||
Bell Pettigrew Museum, University of St Andrews, St Andrews
|
||||
Creetown Gem Rock Museum, Creetown, Galloway
|
||||
D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum, University of Dundee, Dundee
|
||||
Elgin Museum, Elgin, Moray
|
||||
Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow
|
||||
National Museums of Scotland, Royal Museum, Edinburgh
|
||||
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow
|
||||
University of Aberdeen Zoology Museum, Aberdeen
|
||||
|
||||
==== Wales ====
|
||||
National Museum Cardiff
|
||||
Falconry Heritage Trust, Carmarthen
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Ireland ====
|
||||
Ulster Museum, Belfast
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bermuda ===
|
||||
Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, Hamilton
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canada ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== Alberta ====
|
||||
Banff Park Museum, Banff
|
||||
Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Heritage Museum, Warner
|
||||
Glenbow Museum, Calgary
|
||||
Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, Wembley
|
||||
Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller
|
||||
Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton
|
||||
Torrington Gopher Hole Museum, Torrington
|
||||
University of Alberta Museums, Edmonton
|
||||
University of Calgary Zoology Museum, Calgary
|
||||
|
||||
==== British Columbia ====
|
||||
Alpine Taxidermy & Wildlife Museum, Grand Forks
|
||||
Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
|
||||
Canadian Wildlife Museum, Vernon
|
||||
Museum of Natural History, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo
|
||||
Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre, Osoyoos
|
||||
Pacific Museum of the Earth, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
|
||||
Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria
|
||||
|
||||
==== Manitoba ====
|
||||
B.J. Hales Museum of Natural History, Brandon University, Brandon (closed)
|
||||
Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre, Morden
|
||||
Ed Leith Cretaceous Menagerie, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
|
||||
Irvin Goodon International Wildlife Museum, Boissevain
|
||||
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg
|
||||
Robert B. Ferguson Museum of Mineralogy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
|
||||
Sam Waller Museum, The Pas
|
||||
Whiteshell Natural History Museum, Whiteshell Provincial Park, Nutimik Lake
|
||||
|
||||
==== New Brunswick ====
|
||||
Atlantic Salmon Museum, Doaktown
|
||||
Cape Jourimain Nature Centre, Cape Jourimain
|
||||
Grand Manan Museum, Grand Manan
|
||||
Gaskin Museum of Marine Life,
|
||||
Miramichi History Museum, Miramichi
|
||||
Miramichi Salmon Conservation Centre,
|
||||
New Brunswick Museum, Saint John
|
||||
Sunbury Shores Arts & Nature Centre, Saint Andrews Parish
|
||||
|
||||
==== Newfoundland ====
|
||||
Newfoundland Insectarium, Reidville
|
||||
Johnson Geo Centre, St. John's
|
||||
Suncor Energy Fluvarium, St. John's
|
||||
The Rooms, St. John's
|
||||
Northwest Territories
|
||||
|
||||
Nature's North Wildlife Gallery, Yellowknife
|
||||
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife
|
||||
|
||||
==== Nova Scotia ====
|
||||
A.D. Pickett Entomology Museum, Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture, Truro
|
||||
Fundy Geological Museum, Parrsboro
|
||||
Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax
|
||||
Sea Turtle Centre, Halifax
|
||||
Thomas McCulloch Museum, Dalhousie University, Halifax
|
||||
176
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-5.md
Normal file
176
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums-5.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 6/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
==== Ontario ====
|
||||
1000 Islands History Museum, Gananoque
|
||||
Aquatarium, Brockville
|
||||
Arkona Lions Museum, Arkona
|
||||
Ball's Falls Centre for Conservation, Ball's Falls, Ontario
|
||||
Bonnechere Museum, Bonnechere
|
||||
Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa
|
||||
Dynamic Earth, Sudbury
|
||||
Entomica Insectarium, Sault Ste. Marie
|
||||
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
|
||||
The Earth Sciences Museum, University of Waterloo, Waterloo
|
||||
The Miller Museum of Geology, Queen's University at Kingston
|
||||
Museum of Northern History, Kirkland Lake
|
||||
The Niagara Falls Museum, Niagara Falls
|
||||
Pelee Island Heritage Centre, Pelee
|
||||
Science North, Greater Sudbury
|
||||
Stones 'N Bones Museum, Sarnia
|
||||
|
||||
==== Quebec ====
|
||||
Lake Timiskaming Fossil Centre, Quebec City
|
||||
Montreal Biosphere, Montreal
|
||||
Montreal Insectarium, Montreal
|
||||
Musée de la Nature et des Sciences, Sherbrooke
|
||||
Musee du Fjord, La Baie
|
||||
Musée de Paléontologie et de l'Evolution, Montreal
|
||||
Musée Minéralogique d'Asbestos, Asbestos
|
||||
Musée minèralogique et minier de Thetford Mines, Thetford Mines
|
||||
Redpath Museum, Montreal
|
||||
Sherbrooke Nature and Science Museum, Sherbrooke
|
||||
|
||||
==== Saskatchewan ====
|
||||
Abernethy Nature-Heritage Museum, Abernethy
|
||||
Ancient Echoes Interpretive Center, Herschel
|
||||
Museum of Natural Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
|
||||
Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina
|
||||
T.rex Discovery Centre, Eastend
|
||||
|
||||
==== Yukon ====
|
||||
Kluane Museum of Natural History, Burwash Landing
|
||||
Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre, Whitehorse
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mexico ===
|
||||
Caracol, Museo de Ciencias de Ensenada, Ensenada
|
||||
Museo de Geología UNAM, Mexico City
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural de Cabo San Lucas, Cabo San Lucas
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City
|
||||
Museo de las Aves de México, Coahuila
|
||||
Museo de Paleontología de Delicias, Chihuahua
|
||||
Museo de Paleontología de Guadalajara, Guadalajara
|
||||
Museo de Paleontología- UNAM, Mexico City
|
||||
Museo del Desierto, Coahuila
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City
|
||||
Tamux – Museo de Historia Natural de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico en Tocuila, Texcoco
|
||||
|
||||
=== United States ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Oceania ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
Age of Fishes Museum, Canowindra, New South Wales
|
||||
Australian Museum, Sydney
|
||||
Australian Fossil and Mineral Museum, Bathurst, New South Wales
|
||||
Biological Sciences Museum at Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales
|
||||
Broken Hill Geo Centre, Broken Hill, New South Wales
|
||||
Butterfly Farm, Wilberforce, New South Wales
|
||||
The Crystal Caves, North Queensland
|
||||
Crystal Kingdom, Coonabarabran, New South Wales
|
||||
Earth Sciences Museum, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales
|
||||
Emmaville Mining Museum, Emmaville, New South Wales
|
||||
Eumundi Museum, Eumundi, Queensland
|
||||
Kronosaurus Korner, Richmond, Queensland
|
||||
Macleay Museum – Sydney University, Sydney
|
||||
Mining and Minerals Education Centre, Tasmanian Minerals Council, Hobart, Tasmania
|
||||
Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin
|
||||
Museum of Central Australia, Alice Springs, Northern Territory
|
||||
Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville
|
||||
Museum Victoria, Melbourne Museum, Melbourne
|
||||
National Dinosaur Museum, Nicholls, Australian Capital Territory
|
||||
Queensland Museum, Brisbane
|
||||
Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston, Tasmania
|
||||
South Australian Museum, Adelaide
|
||||
Tate Museum, a geological museum at the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
|
||||
Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania
|
||||
Western Australian Museum, Perth
|
||||
Western Australian Museum, Albany, Albany
|
||||
Western Australian Museum Geraldton, Geraldton
|
||||
Western Australian Museum, Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Kalgoorlie-Boulder
|
||||
|
||||
=== Indonesia ===
|
||||
Museum Geologi Bandung, Bandung
|
||||
Museum Geologi Bandung
|
||||
Museum Zoologi Bandung Zoo, Bandung
|
||||
Bogor Zoological Museum Kebun Raya Bogor, Bogor
|
||||
Museum Serangga dan Kupu-Kupu, Bogor
|
||||
Museum Zoologi Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta
|
||||
Museum Purbakala Sangiran, Sragen
|
||||
Museum Patiayam, Pati
|
||||
Museum Gunung Merapi, Yogyakarta
|
||||
Museum Karst, Wonogiri
|
||||
Museum Batu Mulia and Artefak Neolithikum, Purbalingga
|
||||
Museum Gunung Api Batur, Bali
|
||||
Gedong Arca Museum, Bali
|
||||
Bali Shell Museum, Bali
|
||||
Museum Sumatera Utara, Medan
|
||||
Zoological Museum of Pematangsiantar, Pematangsiantar
|
||||
Museum Batubara, Sawahlunto
|
||||
Bukittinggi Zoological Museum, Bukittingi
|
||||
Museum Sulawesi Tengah, Palu
|
||||
Museum Mandar Majene, Majene
|
||||
|
||||
=== New Zealand ===
|
||||
Auckland War Memorial Museum, Auckland
|
||||
Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
|
||||
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington
|
||||
Otago Museum, Dunedin
|
||||
Southland museum and art gallery, Invercargill
|
||||
Te Manawa: Museum, Gallery, Science Centre, Palmerston North
|
||||
|
||||
=== Papua New Guinea ===
|
||||
National Agricultural Insect Collection, Port Moresby
|
||||
|
||||
== South America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Argentina ===
|
||||
Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum, Rosario
|
||||
Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, San Juan
|
||||
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales "Lorenzo Scaglia" Mar del Plata
|
||||
Museo Carmen Funes, Plaza Huincul
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Augusto G. Schulz" de Resistencia (Museum of Natural Sciences), Chaco Province
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales Carlos Darwin (Carlos Darwin Museum of Natural Sciences), Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Coronel Pringles, Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas "Juan Cornelio Moyano", Mendoza
|
||||
Museo de Geología Mineralogía y Palentología, Jujuy
|
||||
Museo de Geología y Paleontología, Neuquen
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural "Francisco Javier Muñiz" de Moreno, Moreno Partido
|
||||
Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo de Mineralogia y Geologia Dr. A. Stelzner
|
||||
Museo de Paleontologia, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba
|
||||
Museo del Lago Gutierrez "Dr. Rosendo Pascual", Río Negro Province
|
||||
Museo del Mar, Mar del Plata
|
||||
Museo Gallardo, San Lorenzo
|
||||
Museo Histórico y de Ciencias Naturales "Pago de los Lobos", Lobos
|
||||
Museo Mariposa del Mundo, Butterflies of the World Museum, San Miguel
|
||||
Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Monte Hermoso, Monte Hermoso
|
||||
Museo Municipal de Historia Natural de Gral. Alvear/Gen. Alvear Municipal Museum of Natural History, General Alvear
|
||||
Museo Municipal "Punta Hermengo" de Miramar, Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico y Petrolero Astra, Astra Museum of Paleontology and Oil, Chubut
|
||||
Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales (Provincial Museum of Natural Sciences) "Florentino Ameghino", Santa Fe
|
||||
Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Puerto Madryn (Provincial Museum of Natural Sciences of Chubut)
|
||||
Museo Provincial de Historia Natural de La Pampa, La Pampa Province
|
||||
Museo Regional de Ciencias Naturales "Prof. Rodolfo Parodi Bustos", Salta Province
|
||||
Museo Regional Municipal de El Calafate/El Calafate Municipal Regional Museum, Santa Cruz Province
|
||||
Museum of Natural Sciences "Augusto G. Schulz", Chaco Province
|
||||
Museum of Paleontology "Egidio Feruglio" (MEF)
|
||||
Museum of Patagonia, Río Negro Province
|
||||
Paleorama, Museo Itinerante, Buenos Aires
|
||||
Museo Miguel Lillo de Ciencias Naturales, Tucuman Province
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bolivia ===
|
||||
Museo de Anatomía de la Universidad de San Francisco Xavier
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural, La Paz
|
||||
Museo de History Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny, Cochabamba
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of natural history museums"
|
||||
chunk: 7/7
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:53.629949+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== Brazil ===
|
||||
Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia – USP, São Paulo, SP
|
||||
Museu de Ciências Naturais – PUC MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG
|
||||
Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann, Santa Catarina
|
||||
Museu Geológico Valdemar Lefèvre, São Paulo, SP
|
||||
Museu de Geociências – USP, São Paulo, SP
|
||||
Museu de História Natural de Taubaté, Taubaté
|
||||
Museu de Historia Natural Capão da Imbuia Wood, Curitiba
|
||||
Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
|
||||
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém
|
||||
Museu de Rochas, Minerais e Minérios – USP, São Paulo, SP
|
||||
Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP, São Paulo
|
||||
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo state
|
||||
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Chile ===
|
||||
Chilean National Museum of Natural History, Santiago
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso, Región de Valparaiso
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción, Región del Biobío
|
||||
|
||||
=== Colombia ===
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural, Popayán
|
||||
Museo La Salle, Bogotá
|
||||
Museo Prehistórico
|
||||
National University of Colombia, Bogotá:
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural (Museum of Natural History)
|
||||
Museo Entomológico (Museum of Entomology)
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico (Museum of Paleontology)
|
||||
Botanic Garden Medellín
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ecuador ===
|
||||
Gustavo Orcés V. Natural History Museum, Quito
|
||||
|
||||
=== Guyana ===
|
||||
Guyana National Museum, Georgetown
|
||||
|
||||
=== Paraguay ===
|
||||
Botanical Garden and Zoo of Asunción, Asunción
|
||||
|
||||
=== Peru ===
|
||||
Museum of Natural History, Lima (Museo de Historia Natural), National University of San Marcos, Lima
|
||||
Museo La Salle, Lima
|
||||
|
||||
=== Trinidad and Tobago ===
|
||||
The University of the West Indies Zoology Museum, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
|
||||
|
||||
=== Uruguay ===
|
||||
Museo del Mar, La Barra del Maldonado
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Montevideo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Venezuela ===
|
||||
Museo de Biología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (MBUCV), Caracas
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Caracas
|
||||
Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Guanare
|
||||
Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Caracas
|
||||
Museo de la Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande
|
||||
Museo del Instituto de Zoología Agrícola 'Francisco Fernández, Aragua
|
||||
Museo Marino, Boca de Río
|
||||
Museo Oceanologico Hermano Benigno Roman de la Fundación La Salle, Punta de Piedras, Isla Margarita
|
||||
Museo Paleontológico de Urumaco, Urumaco
|
||||
Museum Entomológico, Colección de Insectos de Interés Agrícola y su combate Insect Collection Interest Agricultural
|
||||
William Phelps Ornithological Collection, Caracas
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
Lists of museums
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Biological Collections Index
|
||||
Natural History Museum and Collections
|
||||
EU-funded project for Museums of Natural History
|
||||
35
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_centers-0.md
Normal file
35
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_centers-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of science centers"
|
||||
chunk: 1/1
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_centers"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:48.071624+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This is a list of science centers (spelt science centre in Commonwealth English) organized by continent. Science centers are a type of science museum that emphasizes an interactive, hands-on approach with its exhibitions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Middle East ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Oceania ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== South America ==
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
276
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums-0.md
Normal file
276
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of science museums"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:49.369860+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Below is a list of science museums all over the world. See Science museum for definitions.
|
||||
|
||||
== Europe ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Austria ===
|
||||
Ars Electronica Center, Linz
|
||||
Haus der Musik (House of Music), Vienna
|
||||
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Natural History Museum), Vienna
|
||||
Technisches Museum Wien (Vienna Technical Museum), Vienna
|
||||
|
||||
=== Belgium ===
|
||||
Euro Space Center, Libin
|
||||
Hidrodoe, Herentals
|
||||
Pass, Frameries
|
||||
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels
|
||||
Technopolis, Mechelen
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bulgaria ===
|
||||
National Polytechnical Museum, Sofia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Croatia ===
|
||||
Nikola Tesla Memorial Center, Smiljan
|
||||
Split Science Museum and Zoo, Split
|
||||
Technical Museum, Zagreb
|
||||
|
||||
=== Czech Republic ===
|
||||
National Technical Museum, Prague
|
||||
Techmania Science Center, Plzeň
|
||||
|
||||
=== Denmark ===
|
||||
Kroppedal, Copenhagen
|
||||
Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen
|
||||
Science Museums, Aarhus
|
||||
Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen
|
||||
|
||||
=== Estonia ===
|
||||
AHHAA, Tartu
|
||||
|
||||
=== Finland ===
|
||||
Arktikum, Rovaniemi
|
||||
Heureka, Vantaa
|
||||
Tietomaa, Oulu
|
||||
|
||||
=== France ===
|
||||
Ampère Museum, Lyon
|
||||
Cité de l'espace, Toulouse
|
||||
Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris
|
||||
Micropolis (La Cité des Insectes), Millau
|
||||
Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
|
||||
Palais de la Découverte, Paris
|
||||
Vulcania, Saint-Ours-les-Roches
|
||||
Exploradôme, Vitry-sur-Seine
|
||||
|
||||
=== Germany ===
|
||||
Deutsches Museum, Munich
|
||||
experimenta, Heilbronn
|
||||
German Hygiene Museum, Dresden
|
||||
German Museum of Technology (Berlin)
|
||||
Hermann Oberth Space Travel Museum, Feucht, Bavaria
|
||||
Mathematikum, Gießen
|
||||
Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, Dresden
|
||||
Museum für Kommunikation, Frankfurt
|
||||
Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt
|
||||
Otto-Lilienthal-Museum, Anklam
|
||||
Phaeno Science Center, Wolfsburg
|
||||
Rheinisches Industriemuseum, Oberhausen, Ratingen, Solingen, Bergisch Gladbach, Engelskirchen, Euskirchen
|
||||
Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum
|
||||
Technikmuseum Speyer
|
||||
TECHNOSEUM, Mannheim
|
||||
Spectrum – German Museum of Technology (Berlin), Berlin
|
||||
Völklinger Hütte (Völklingen Ironworks), Völklingen
|
||||
Universum Science Center, Bremen
|
||||
|
||||
=== Greece ===
|
||||
OTE Museum of Telecommunications, Kifisia, Athens
|
||||
Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum, Thessaloniki
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hungary ===
|
||||
Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest
|
||||
|
||||
=== Monaco ===
|
||||
Oceanographic Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ireland (Republic) ===
|
||||
Birr Castle, County Offaly (contains Ireland's Historic Science Centre)
|
||||
Blackrock Castle, Cork (observatory)
|
||||
National Science Museum at Maynooth
|
||||
Science Gallery, Dublin
|
||||
|
||||
=== Italy ===
|
||||
Città della Scienza, Naples
|
||||
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milan
|
||||
Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan
|
||||
Museo Galileo, Florence
|
||||
University History Museum, University of Pavia, Pavia
|
||||
|
||||
=== Netherlands ===
|
||||
Discovery Center Continium, Kerkrade
|
||||
Museon, The Hague
|
||||
Museum Boerhaave, Leiden
|
||||
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden
|
||||
Science Center NEMO, Amsterdam
|
||||
Teyler's Museum, Haarlem
|
||||
|
||||
=== Norway ===
|
||||
Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology, Oslo
|
||||
Trondheim Science Museum, Trondheim
|
||||
The Science Factory, Sandnes
|
||||
|
||||
=== Poland ===
|
||||
Copernicus Science Centre, Warsaw
|
||||
EC1 Science and Technology Center in Łódź, Łódź
|
||||
|
||||
=== Portugal ===
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon, Lisbon
|
||||
Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra
|
||||
Visionarium, Santa Maria da Feira
|
||||
|
||||
=== Romania ===
|
||||
Ştefan Procopiu Science and Technology Museum, Iaşi
|
||||
"Prof.eng. Dimitrie Leonida" National Technical Museum, București
|
||||
|
||||
=== Russia ===
|
||||
Russia has over 250 science and technology museums.
|
||||
Some include:
|
||||
|
||||
Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg
|
||||
Polytechnical Museum, Moscow
|
||||
Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, Moscow
|
||||
Memorial Museum of Kazan School of Chemistry, Kazan
|
||||
|
||||
=== Serbia ===
|
||||
Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade
|
||||
|
||||
=== Spain ===
|
||||
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, Valencia
|
||||
CosmoCaixa Barcelona, Barcelona
|
||||
Museum of Natural Sciences, Barcelona
|
||||
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid
|
||||
Parque de las Ciencias (Granada), Granada
|
||||
|
||||
=== Sweden ===
|
||||
Universeum, Gothenburg
|
||||
Teknikens Hus, Luleå
|
||||
Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm
|
||||
Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm
|
||||
|
||||
=== Switzerland ===
|
||||
Microcosm, CERN, Meyrin
|
||||
Technorama, Winterthur
|
||||
Verkehrshaus der Schweiz (Swiss Museum of Transport), Lucerne
|
||||
|
||||
=== Turkey ===
|
||||
Feza Gürsey Science Centre, Ankara 1993
|
||||
ITU Science Center, Istanbul
|
||||
Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam (İstanbul İslam Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Müzesi), Istanbul
|
||||
Rahmi M. Koç Museum, Istanbul
|
||||
Silahtarağa Power Station Energy Museum, Istanbul
|
||||
|
||||
=== United Kingdom ===
|
||||
|
||||
==== England ====
|
||||
|
||||
==== Northern Ireland ====
|
||||
Armagh Planetarium, Armagh
|
||||
|
||||
==== Scotland ====
|
||||
Dundee Science Centre, Dundee
|
||||
Glasgow Science Centre, Glasgow
|
||||
Mills Observatory, Dundee
|
||||
Our Dynamic Earth in Edinburgh
|
||||
Satrosphere Science Centre, Aberdeen
|
||||
Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh
|
||||
|
||||
==== Wales ====
|
||||
Techniquest, Cardiff Bay
|
||||
Xplore! (formerly Techniquest Glyndŵr), Wrexham
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ukraine ===
|
||||
New Energy, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
|
||||
|
||||
== Latin America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Argentina ===
|
||||
Galileo Galilei planetarium, Parque Tres de Febrero, Palermo, Buenos Aires
|
||||
Parque Astronòmico la Punta, Universidad de La Punta, Ciudad de La Punta, San Luis, Argentina
|
||||
|
||||
=== Brazil ===
|
||||
Museum of Life, Rio de Janeiro
|
||||
National Museum of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro
|
||||
Museum of Science and Technology (PUCRS), Porto Alegre
|
||||
Catavento Museum, São Paulo
|
||||
|
||||
=== Colombia ===
|
||||
Parque Explora, Medellín
|
||||
Maloka Museum, Bogotá
|
||||
|
||||
=== Mexico ===
|
||||
Alfa Planetarium, Monterrey, Nuevo León
|
||||
Museo Descubre, Aguascalientes
|
||||
Museo Interactivo de Xalapa, Xalapa, Veracruz
|
||||
Universum (UNAM), Mexico City
|
||||
Museo Modelo de Ciencias e Industria, Toluca, State of Mexico
|
||||
Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine), Mexico City
|
||||
San Pedro y San Pablo College (Museum of Light), Mexico City
|
||||
|
||||
== North America ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Canada ===
|
||||
(listed by province)
|
||||
For all categorized science museums in Canada, see: Science museums in Canada
|
||||
|
||||
==== Alberta ====
|
||||
Telus Spark, Calgary
|
||||
Telus World of Science, Edmonton
|
||||
|
||||
==== British Columbia ====
|
||||
Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Vancouver
|
||||
H. R. MacMillan Space Centre, Vancouver
|
||||
Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria
|
||||
Science World at Telus World of Science, Vancouver
|
||||
|
||||
==== Manitoba ====
|
||||
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg
|
||||
|
||||
==== New Brunswick ====
|
||||
Science East, Fredericton
|
||||
|
||||
==== Nova Scotia ====
|
||||
Discovery Centre, Halifax
|
||||
|
||||
==== Ontario ====
|
||||
Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa
|
||||
Canada Science and Technology Museum, Ottawa
|
||||
Ontario Science Centre, Toronto
|
||||
Personal Computer Museum, Brantford
|
||||
Science North and Dynamic Earth in Sudbury
|
||||
Canada South Science City in Windsor
|
||||
|
||||
==== Saskatchewan ====
|
||||
Saskatchewan Science Centre, Regina
|
||||
|
||||
==== Quebec ====
|
||||
Cosmodome (Laval), Quebec
|
||||
Montreal Biodome
|
||||
Montreal Biosphere
|
||||
Montreal Science Centre
|
||||
Mont Mégantic Observatory, Notre-Dame-des-Bois
|
||||
|
||||
=== United States ===
|
||||
|
||||
== Asia and Oceania ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Australia ===
|
||||
Macleay Museum – Sydney University Museums, Sydney, New South Wales
|
||||
Melbourne Museum, Melbourne, Victoria
|
||||
MOD., UniSA, Adelaide, South Australia
|
||||
Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
|
||||
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland
|
||||
Questacon – The National Science and Technology Centre, Canberra, ACT
|
||||
Scienceworks Museum, Melbourne
|
||||
Scitech, Perth, Western Australia
|
||||
South Australian Museum, Adelaide
|
||||
|
||||
=== Bangladesh ===
|
||||
National Museum of Science and Technology
|
||||
132
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums-1.md
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|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "List of science museums"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:49.369860+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
=== China ===
|
||||
China Science and Technology Museum, Beijing
|
||||
Beijing Museum of Natural History
|
||||
Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Pudong, Shanghai
|
||||
Sichuan Science and Technology Museum, Sichuan
|
||||
Guangdong Science Center, Guangzhou
|
||||
|
||||
=== Hong Kong ===
|
||||
Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre, Kowloon Park
|
||||
Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences, Mid-Levels
|
||||
Fanling Environmental Resource Centre, Fanling
|
||||
Hong Kong Science Museum, Tsim Sha Tsui
|
||||
Hong Kong Space Museum, Tsim Sha Tsui
|
||||
Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change, New Territories
|
||||
|
||||
=== India ===
|
||||
Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata
|
||||
Birla Science Museum, Hyderabad
|
||||
Gujarat Science City, Ahmedabad
|
||||
Birla Planetarium, Chennai
|
||||
Hakim Karam Hussain Museum on History of Medicine and Sciences
|
||||
Kerala Science and Technology Museum, Thiruvananthapuram
|
||||
National Council of Science Museums (NCSM)
|
||||
National Science Centre, Delhi
|
||||
Nehru Museum of Science and Technology, Kharagpur
|
||||
Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai
|
||||
Regional Science Centre, Bhopal
|
||||
Science City Kolkata, Kolkata
|
||||
Science Park, Jaipur
|
||||
Srikrishna Science Centre, Patna
|
||||
Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore
|
||||
|
||||
=== Indonesia ===
|
||||
Bandung Geological Museum, Bandung
|
||||
Puspa Iptek Sundial, Bandung
|
||||
Bogor Zoology Museum, Bogor
|
||||
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory, Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta
|
||||
Taman Pintar Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta
|
||||
|
||||
=== Iran ===
|
||||
Iran National museum of science and technology, Tehran
|
||||
|
||||
=== Israel ===
|
||||
Bloomfield Science Museum, Jerusalem
|
||||
Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space, Haifa
|
||||
|
||||
=== Japan ===
|
||||
Chiba Museum of Science and Industry
|
||||
Gifu City Science Museum, Gifu, Gifu Prefecture
|
||||
Hiroshima Children's Museum, Hiroshima
|
||||
Miraikan, Tokyo
|
||||
Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya
|
||||
National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan
|
||||
Osaka Science Museum, Osaka, Japan
|
||||
Science Museum of Map and Survey, Tsukuba City
|
||||
Yamanashi Science Museum
|
||||
|
||||
=== Malaysia ===
|
||||
Pusat Sains Negara (National Science Centre), Kuala Lumpur
|
||||
The Green Connection, Kota Kinabalu
|
||||
|
||||
=== New Zealand ===
|
||||
Exscite, Hamilton, New Zealand
|
||||
Museum of Transport and Technology, Western Springs, Auckland
|
||||
Otago Museum, Dunedin
|
||||
|
||||
=== Pakistan ===
|
||||
MagnifiScience Centre, Karachi
|
||||
|
||||
=== Philippines ===
|
||||
The Mind Museum, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig
|
||||
National Museum of Natural History, Rizal Park, City of Manila
|
||||
|
||||
=== Singapore ===
|
||||
Science Centre Singapore, Jurong East
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Korea ===
|
||||
National Science Museum, South Korea, Daejeon
|
||||
Gwacheon National Science Museum, Gyeonggi-do
|
||||
Gwangju National Museum, Gwangju
|
||||
Ulsan Science Museum, Ulsan
|
||||
|
||||
=== Taiwan ===
|
||||
Insect Science Museum, Taipei
|
||||
National Museum of Marine Science and Technology, Keelung
|
||||
National Taiwan Science Education Center, Taipei
|
||||
National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung
|
||||
National Science and Technology Museum, Kaohsiung
|
||||
National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung
|
||||
|
||||
=== Thailand ===
|
||||
National Science Museum, Pathum Thani
|
||||
|
||||
== Africa ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Egypt ===
|
||||
Planetarium Science Center
|
||||
Agriculture Museum
|
||||
Wadi-Hitan-Fossil-Climate-Change-Museum
|
||||
Egyptian Geological Museum
|
||||
The Children's Civilization and Creativity Center
|
||||
Zoological and Geological Museums, Tanta University
|
||||
Hurghada Grand Aquarium
|
||||
Museum of the Zoology Department, South Valley University
|
||||
Kasr EL-Aini Museum, Cairo University
|
||||
Medicinal Plants Museum, Cairo University
|
||||
|
||||
=== Ethiopia ===
|
||||
Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science, Addis Ababa
|
||||
|
||||
=== South Africa ===
|
||||
MTN Sciencentre, Cape Town
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of natural history museums
|
||||
Planetarium
|
||||
Science tourism
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
Map the World's Science Museums on Nature blogs
|
||||
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum-0.md
Normal file
32
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Science museum"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:52.227996+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
A science museum is a museum devoted primarily to science. Older science museums tended to concentrate on static displays of objects related to natural history, paleontology, geology, industry and industrial machinery, etc. Modern trends in museology have broadened the range of subject matter and introduced many interactive exhibits. Modern science museums, increasingly referred to as "science centres" or "discovery centres", also feature technology.
|
||||
While the mission statements of science centres and modern museums may vary, they are commonly places that make science accessible and encourage the excitement of discovery.
|
||||
|
||||
== History ==
|
||||
As early as the Renaissance period, aristocrats collected curiosities for display. Universities, and in particular medical schools, also maintained study collections of specimens for their students. Scientists and collectors displayed their finds in private cabinets of curiosities. Such collections were the predecessors of modern natural history museums.
|
||||
In 1683, the first purpose-built museum covering natural philosophy, the original Ashmolean museum (now called the Museum of the History of Science) in Oxford, England, was opened, although its scope was mixed.
|
||||
This was followed in 1752 by the first dedicated science museum, the Museo de Ciencias Naturales, in Madrid, which almost did not survive Francoist Spain. Today, the museum works closely with the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas).
|
||||
The Utrecht University Museum, established in 1836, and the Netherlands' foremost research museum, displays an extensive collection of 18th-century animal and human "rarities" in its original setting.
|
||||
More science museums developed during the Industrial Revolution, when great national exhibitions showcased the triumphs of both science and industry. An example is the Great Exhibition in 1851 at The Crystal Palace, London, England, surplus items from which contributed to the Science Museum, London, founded in 1857.
|
||||
In the United States of America, various natural history Societies established collections in the early 19th century. These later evolved into museums. A notable example is the New England Museum of Natural History (now the Museum of Science) which opened in Boston in 1864. Another was the Academy of Science, St. Louis, founded in 1856, the first scientific organisation west of the Mississippi. Although the organisation managed scientific collections for several decades, a formal museum was not created until the mid-20th century.
|
||||
|
||||
== Modern science museums ==
|
||||
|
||||
The modern interactive science museum appears to have been pioneered by Munich's Deutsches Museum (German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology) in the early 20th century. This museum had moving exhibits where visitors were encouraged to push buttons and work levers. The concept was taken to the United States by Julius Rosenwald, chairman of Sears, Roebuck and Company, who visited the Deutsches Museum with his young son in 1911. He was so captivated by the experience that he decided to build a similar museum in his home town. The Ampère Museum, close to Lyon, was created in 1931 and is the first interactive scientific museum in France. Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry opened in phases between 1933 and 1940.
|
||||
In 1959, the Museum of Science and Natural History (now the Saint Louis Science Center) was formally created by the Academy of Science of Saint Louis, featuring many interactive science and history exhibits, and in August 1969, Frank Oppenheimer dedicated his new Exploratorium in San Francisco almost completely to interactive science exhibits, building on the experience by publishing "Cookbooks" that explain how to construct versions of the Exploratorium's exhibits.
|
||||
The Ontario Science Centre, which opened in September 1969, continued the trend of featuring interactive exhibits rather than static displays.
|
||||
In 1973, the first Omnimax cinema opened at the Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center in San Diego's Balboa Park. The tilted-dome Space Theater doubled as a planetarium. The Science Centre was an exploratorium-style museum included as a small part of the complex. This combination of interactive science museum, planetarium and Omnimax theater pioneered a configuration that many major science museums now follow.
|
||||
Also in 1973, the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC) was founded as an international organisation to provide a collective voice, professional support, and programming opportunities for science centres, museums and related institutions.
|
||||
The massive Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (City of Science and Industry) opened in Paris in 1986, and national centres soon followed in Denmark (Experimentarium), Sweden (Tom Tits Experiment), Finland (Heureka), and Spain (Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe). In the United Kingdom, the first interactive centres also opened in 1986 on a modest scale, with further developments more than a decade later, funded by the National Lottery for projects to celebrate the Millennium.
|
||||
Since the 1990s, science museums and centres have been created or greatly expanded in Asia. Examples are Thailand's National Science Museum and Japan's Minato Science Museum.
|
||||
|
||||
== Science centres ==
|
||||
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum-1.md
Normal file
39
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Science museum"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:52.227996+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Museums that brand themselves as science centres emphasise a hands-on approach, featuring interactive exhibits that encourage visitors to experiment and explore.
|
||||
Recently, there has been a push for science museums to be more involved in science communication and educating the public about the scientific process. Microbiologist and science communicator Natalia Pasternak Taschner stated, "I believe that science museums can promote critical thinking, especially in teenagers and young adults, by teaching them about the scientific method and the process of science, and how by using this to develop knowledge and technology, we can be less wrong."
|
||||
Urania was a science centre founded in Berlin in 1888. Most of its exhibits were destroyed during World War II, as were those of a range of German technical museums. The Academy of Science of Saint Louis (founded in 1856) created the Saint Louis Museum of Science and Natural History in 1959 (Saint Louis Science Center), but generally science centres are a product of the 1960s and later. In the United Kingdom, many were founded as Millennium projects, with funding from the National Lotteries Fund.
|
||||
The first "science centre" in the United States was the Science Center of Pinellas County, founded in 1959. The Pacific Science Center (one of the first large organisations to call itself a "science centre" rather than a museum), opened in a Seattle World's Fair building in 1962.
|
||||
In 1969, Oppenheimer's Exploratorium opened in San Francisco, California, and the Ontario Science Centre opened near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. By the early 1970s, COSI Columbus, then known as the Center of Science and Industry in Columbus, Ohio, had run its first "camp-in".
|
||||
In 1983, the Smithsonian Institution invited visitors to the Discovery Room in the newly opened National Museum of Natural History Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland, where they could touch and handle formerly off-limits specimens.
|
||||
The new-style museums banded together for mutual support. In 1971, 16 museum directors gathered to discuss the possibility of starting a new association; one more specifically tailored to their needs than the existing American Association of Museums (now the American Alliance of Museums). As a result of this, the Association of Science-Technology Centers was formally established in 1973, headquartered in Washington DC, but with an international organisational membership.
|
||||
The corresponding European organisation is Ecsite, and in the United Kingdom, the Association of Science and Discovery Centres represents the interests of over 60 major science engagement organisations. The Asia Pacific Network of Science and Technology Centres (ASPAC) is an association initiated in 1997 with over 50 members from 20 countries across Asia and Australia (2022). Their regional sister organisations are the Network for the Popularization of Science and Technology in Latin America and The Caribbean (RedPOP), the North Africa and Middle East science centres (NAMES), and the Southern African Association of Science and Technology Centres (SAASTEC). In India, the National Council of Science Museums runs science centres at several places including Delhi, Bhopal, Nagpur and Ranchi. There are also a number of private Science Centres, including the Birla Science Museum and The Science Garage in Hyderabad.
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
List of science museums
|
||||
Science education
|
||||
Science festival
|
||||
Science outreach
|
||||
Physics outreach
|
||||
List of natural history museums
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== General references ==
|
||||
Kaushik, R.,1996, "Effectiveness of Indian science centres as learning environments : a study of educational objectives in the design of museum experiences", Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, UK
|
||||
Kaushik, R.,1996, "Non-science-adult-visitors in science centres: what is there for them to do?", Museological Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 72–84.
|
||||
Kaushik, R.,1996, "Health matters in science museums: a review" in Pearce, S. (ed.) New Research in Museum Studies, Vol. 6, Athlone Press, London/Atlantic Highlands, p. 186–193.
|
||||
Kaushik, R.,1997, "Attitude development in science museums/centres", in Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 1–12.
|
||||
|
||||
== Further reading ==
|
||||
Holland, William Jacob (1911). "Museums of Science" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–69.
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
79
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science-0.md
Normal file
79
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science-0.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Voodoo Science"
|
||||
chunk: 1/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:46.326818+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud is a book published in 2000 by physics professor Robert L. Park, critical of research that falls short of adhering to the scientific method. Other people have used the term "voodoo science", but amongst academics it is most closely associated with Park. The book is critical of, among other things, homeopathy, cold fusion and the International Space Station.
|
||||
|
||||
== Categories ==
|
||||
Park uses the term voodoo science (see the quote section below, Page 10) as covering four categories which evolve from self-delusion to fraud:
|
||||
|
||||
pathological science, wherein genuine scientists deceive themselves
|
||||
junk science, speculative theorizing which bamboozles rather than enlightens
|
||||
pseudoscience proper, work falsely claiming to have a scientific basis, which may be dependent on supernatural explanations
|
||||
fraudulent science, exploiting bad science for the purposes of fraud
|
||||
Park criticizes junk science as the creature of "scientists, many of whom have impressive credentials, who craft arguments deliberately intended to deceive or confuse."
|
||||
|
||||
== Examples cited ==
|
||||
Perpetual motion, free energy suppression and fringe physics claims
|
||||
Robert Fludd
|
||||
Garabed T. K. Giragossian
|
||||
The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman
|
||||
Better World Technologies (Dennis Lee)
|
||||
Blacklight Power, formerly HydroCatalysis (Randell Mills)
|
||||
Cold fusion (Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann)
|
||||
Patterson Power Cell (James Patterson)
|
||||
Gravitational shielding (Eugene Podkletnov)
|
||||
Human spaceflight (in terms of actual importance to science since the rise of robotic spacecraft)
|
||||
International Space Station (for claims of necessity to conduct scientific research)
|
||||
Gerard K. O'Neill, L5 Society and space colonization
|
||||
Robert Zubrin, Mars Society, Biosphere 2 and a human mission to Mars
|
||||
Voodoo science protected by government secrecy
|
||||
Project Mogul and the Roswell UFO incident resulting in a loss of public trust, as well as the later alien autopsy video hoax
|
||||
Edward Teller and Lowell Wood's work on the Strategic Defense Initiative (especially regarding the X-ray laser, but also "Brilliant Pebbles")
|
||||
Great Oil Sniffer Hoax
|
||||
Superstitions and pseudoscience
|
||||
Mars effect (astrology) claimed by Michel Gauquelin
|
||||
Parapsychology (e.g. Robert G. Jahn and Dean Radin)
|
||||
Placebos and alternative medicine
|
||||
Vitamin O
|
||||
Homeopathy
|
||||
water memory (proposed by Jacques Benveniste)
|
||||
Animal magnetism
|
||||
Magnet therapy
|
||||
Therapeutic touch (debunked by Emily Rosa at age nine)
|
||||
Other health claims
|
||||
Maharishi Effect (using Transcendental Meditation (TM) to effect a decrease in societal violence; the spike in murders during the 1993 Washington D.C. study is specifically mentioned)
|
||||
Deepak Chopra (who makes claims linking Ayurveda (traditional medicine native to India) with quantum mechanics)
|
||||
Electromagnetic radiation and health (especially related to power lines and cancer risk)
|
||||
"Paul Brodeur and Microwave News in particular, had given the public a seriously distorted view of the scientific facts." (Page 158)
|
||||
Contributing factors
|
||||
Mainstream media reporting voodoo science uncritically as infotainment
|
||||
Abolition of the Office of Technology Assessment
|
||||
Establishment of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
|
||||
Park also discusses the Daubert standard for excluding junk science from litigation.
|
||||
|
||||
== Quotes ==
|
||||
I came to realize that many people choose scientific beliefs the same way they choose to be Methodists, or Democrats, or Chicago Cubs fans. They judge science by how well it agrees with the way they want the world to be. (Pages VIII-IX)
|
||||
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self-delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
|
||||
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
|
||||
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low-Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
|
||||
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
|
||||
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self-educated genius fighting against a pompous, close-minded establishment. (Page 112)
|
||||
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
|
||||
|
||||
== Warning signs ==
|
||||
Drawing on examples used in Voodoo Science, Park outlined seven warning signs that a claim may be pseudoscientific in a 2003 article for The Chronicle of Higher Education:
|
||||
|
||||
Discoverers make their claims directly to the popular media, rather than to fellow scientists.
|
||||
Discoverers claim that a conspiracy has tried to suppress the discovery.
|
||||
The claimed effect appears so weak that observers can hardly distinguish it from noise. No amount of further work increases the signal.
|
||||
Anecdotal evidence is used to back up the claim.
|
||||
True believers cite ancient traditions in support of the new claim.
|
||||
The discoverer or discoverers work in isolation from the mainstream scientific community.
|
||||
The discovery, if true, would require a change in the understanding of the fundamental laws of nature.
|
||||
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science-1.md
Normal file
28
data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science-1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Voodoo Science"
|
||||
chunk: 2/2
|
||||
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Science"
|
||||
category: "reference"
|
||||
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
|
||||
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:28:46.326818+00:00"
|
||||
instance: "kb-cron"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
== Reception ==
|
||||
Matt Nisbet in the Skeptical Inquirer noted that the reaction to Voodoo Science has been mostly favorable.
|
||||
Bob Goldstein in a book review for Nature Cell Biology described Park as an equivalent to Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould, scientific writers who have "talent for defending a view of the world that is perfectly rational and free of witchcraft and superstition."
|
||||
American chemist Nicholas Turro wrote "the book is entertaining and provocative reading... Whether or not you agree with Park's take on voodoo science, a message of the book is that if scientists do not take a more significant role in the way that science is disseminated to the public and especially to politicians, voodoo science will continue to survive."
|
||||
The mathematician Malcolm Sherman in the American Scientist gave the book a positive review stating "Park does more than analyze and expose various kinds of bad ("voodoo") science. He demonstrates how valid science is distorted or ignored by the media and by those (including scientists) seeking to influence public policy." The physicist Kenneth R. Foster also positively reviewed the book concluding "Park is an articulate and skeptical voice of reason about science."
|
||||
Reviewing the book for The New York Times, Ed Regis compared it positively to the 1957 book by Martin Gardner, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, calling Voodoo Science a "worthy successor" and praising it for explaining why various purportedly scientific claims were in fact impossible. Science writer Kendrick Frazier wrote "Robert Park has brought us a book that has a freshness and originality—and an importance and potential for influence—perhaps not seen since Gardner’s first."
|
||||
Robin McKie for The Observer described it as "an admirable analysis: wittily written, vivid and put together without a hint of malice."
|
||||
Rachel Hay in a review wrote that Park had "debunked expertly" pseudoscience topics such as homeopathy, cold fusion and perpetual motion machines but the book is not easily accessible to students. However, S. Elizabeth Bird an anthropology professor recommended it for "students who need to establish a grasp of the scientific method."
|
||||
Bruce Lewenstein wrote a critical review claiming Park had lumped together pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraud all together as voodoo science but this is problematic as "each category alone is fraught with definitional, historical, and analytical difficulties." Brian Josephson wrote that the book, while giving "the official story regarding a number of 'mistaken beliefs' ", did not provide "the additional information that might lead one to conclude that the official view does not tell the whole story."
|
||||
|
||||
== See also ==
|
||||
|
||||
=== Debunking ===
|
||||
|
||||
== References ==
|
||||
|
||||
== External links ==
|
||||
"The rock that fell to Earth". The Verge.
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user