Scrape wikipedia-science: 848 new, 932 updated, 1829 total (kb-cron)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Watch-0.md

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+---
+title: "Monarch Watch"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_Watch"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:07.367508+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Monarch Watch is a volunteer-based citizen science organization that tracks the fall migration of the monarch butterfly. It is self-described as "a nonprofit education, conservation, and research program based at the University of Kansas that focuses on the monarch butterfly, its habitat, and its spectacular fall migration."
+
+
+== Organization ==
+The informal organization is largely supported by teachers and students participating in "classroom projects, collaborative research" among other opportunities. Its founder and director is Orley R. "Chip" Taylor, a "world-renowned expert on butterflies and their migration patterns." The organization creates and distributes tags to place on monarch butterflies in order to track their migration path from Canada and the United States to south-central Mexico. The tagging method used is derived from the one that was developed by Canadian scientist, Fred Urquhart. The tagging process was adapted by Orley Taylor to minimize the damage to the butterflies. Color-coded tags are glued to a monarch butterfly's wing. Volunteers have tagged over 1.5 million monarchs in the last 26 years from Colorado to Canada.
+
+
+== Monarch Waystation Program ==
+
+The monarch butterfly is also known as the milkweed butterfly due to its subsistence on the milkweed plant for its habitat. Largely due to commercial farming practices, the habitats of monarch butterflies have declined. In an effort to mitigate the destruction of the monarch butterflies natural habitat, Monarch Watch has called for volunteers to plant milkweed wherever possible. Milkweed is essential to the life-cycle of the monarch butterfly as they lay their eggs on the underside of the plant's leaves. It is possible to register and certify a site that is designated as a "Monarch Waystation." These sites can also be added to an interactive map that is monitored by Monarch Watch. The program also offers free milkweed plugs to people that engage in the creation of habitats for monarchs and pollinators. Primary consideration is given to non-profits and schools. There is an application process to receive the milkweed from Monarch Watch.
+
+
+== Bring Back the Monarchs Campaign ==
+Monarch Watch is not only focused on tracking the fall migration of monarchs, but also on the conservation of the monarch butterfly through the preservation and restoration of monarch habitats. The destruction of habitats has negatively affected the monarch butterfly population as well as that of other pollinators. Habitat shrinkage has resulted in the extinction of several species of pollinators over the last 50 years. The monarch butterfly is also affected by parasites and the "declining winter habitat in Mexico." Monarch Watch's efforts in this arena are specifically referred to at the "Bring Back the Monarchs Campaign." The Bring Back the Monarchs Campaign is an offshoot of the Monarch Waystation Program.
+
+
+=== Milkweed Market ===
+Beyond offering free milkweed plugs, Monarch Watch also offers a shop by which an individual can purchase milkweed for the purpose of creating monarch habitats. The milkweed species offered to the buyer is contingent on the buyer's zip code, in an effort to ensure that only native milkweed is planted in the appropriate regional areas.
+
+
+== References ==

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Alert-0.md

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+---
+title: "Mosquito Alert"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Alert"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:08.648538+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Mosquito Alert is a cooperative citizen science project, currently run as a non-profit and coordinated by four public research centers in Spain. The aim of the project is to study, monitor, and fight the spread of invasive mosquitoes transmitting global diseases such as dengue, Zika, Chikungunya or West Nile fever. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) are some of the invasive species that Mosquito Alert watches out for. The project provided the first detection of the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus in Spain in 2018, providing the first report of a population of mosquitos that were located 1,300 km from their previously nearest known location in Europe.
+Surveillance is carried out with the Mosquito Alert app, which allows anyone with a smartphone to take a photo and report the possible discovery of one of the mosquitoes studied as well as their breeding sites. A team of expert entomologists validates the photos received and notifies the participant of the result. With ongoing work also integrating automated deep learning into the identification process. The results are published on the public map, where users can consult and download the observations recorded since the project launched in 2014, as well as explore the models and results developed from this data. Data has also been openly shared via the UN Environment Program Global Mosquito Alert project, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database. While most of the coverage to date has been in Spain, there has been increasing coverage in Europe since 2020, particularly in the Netherlands, Italy, and Hungary. With CitizenScience.Asia promoting the use in Hong Kong with a Traditional Chinese translation of the open source app, and mobilisation via school projects.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Mosquito control
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Observer-0.md

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+---
+title: "Mushroom Observer"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Observer"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:09.853182+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Mushroom Observer is a collaborative mycology website started by Nathan Wilson in 2006. Its purpose is to "record observations about mushrooms, help people identify mushrooms they aren't familiar with, and expand the community around the scientific exploration of mushrooms".
+The community of about 12,000 contributing users collaborates on identifying the submitted mushroom images, assigning their scientific names by means of a weighted voting process.
+All photographs are subject to a Creative Commons license that allows their reuse by others without the need for remuneration or special permission, subject to the terms of the license. The software is open source and hosted on GitHub.
+
+
+== Growth ==
+As of 2024, the website contains about half a million user-submitted mushroom observations illustrated by more 1.6 million photographs of nearly 20,000 species of fungi. In 2010, the website contained about 53,000 user-submitted mushroom observations illustrated by 101,000 photographs; up from 7,250 observations and 12,800 photographs in 2008.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+github.com/MushroomObserver MushroomObserver software under MIT license on GitHub

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Moth_Week-0.md

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+---
+title: "National Moth Week"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Moth_Week"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:11.016920+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+National Moth Week (NMW) is a citizen science project to study and record populations of moths. The annual event is held in the last week of July. It encourages scientists and non-scientists to participate in mostly night-time surveys of moths. People may participate via organized events, or individually from their own gardens. National Moth Week has partnerships with major online biological data depositories, and participants map moth distribution to provide information on life history aspects of moths around the globe.
+National Moth Week was founded in the United States in 2012 by the Friends of the East Brunswick Environmental Commission, a non-profit organization in New Jersey. Since its founding, National Moth Week participation has grown to include events in all 50 U.S. states and more than 80 countries worldwide. In 2023, there were thousands of registrants across all 50 states and 117 countries.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Mothing
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+East Brunswick Environmental Commission

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org-0.md

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+---
+title: "Observation.org"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:12.184961+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Observation.org is a worldwide platform of naturalists, citizen scientists, and biologists to collect, validate and share biodiversity observations. Observation.org may be accessed via its website or from its mobile applications like ObsIdentify or Observation. By 2026, the database has grown to include over 314 million nature observations of 145,595 species, supported by 138 million photos contributed by 584,000 users. It is published and hosted in the Netherlands under Dutch and European law by the non-profit foundation Observation International.
+
+
+== History ==
+The history of Observation International began in 2003 with the launch of Waarneming.nl. Since then, it has grown steadily, reaching 50 million observations in 2017 and over 154 million observations in 2026. Subsequently, the Belgian Waarnemingen.be followed in 2008 and includes over 93 million observations as of 2026. There were 5000 daily visitors and a total of 1.5 million after 5 years. During the COVID-19 pandemic location data of observations were hidden to prevent gathering of bird watchers.
+
+
+== Quality assurance ==
+Quality assurance measures on Observation.org is managed by established species experts responsible for curating the reference set of observations. Automated validation, supported by artificial intelligence, uses this reference set to aid validators in managing the extensive dataset. However, human experts retain final authority in all validation matters. As of 2026, over half (62%) of the observations have been validated. 
+
+
+== Open data ==
+
+The observations that have been approved are shared as open data on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The dataset comprises approximately 82 million occurrences, 19 million annotated photos and 69,000 annotated sound recordings. Observation.org is the third largest publisher of the world on GBIF.
+
+
+== Use of Observation.org data ==
+As of December 2023, more than 1,700 research results have been published that cite the Observation.org dataset on GBIF, often in the fields of ecology, conservation, and climate change. This research includes for example the discovery of new species for a country , documentation of changes in behavior, monitoring invasive alien species, finding causes of local extinction  and tracking zoonoses such as Avian influenza. Other examples are the integration of nature data into national research programmes and European biodiversity projects. The annotated Observation.org photos are used to train automatic species recognition models.
+Users of Observation.org regularly participate in Bioblitzes to collaboratively collect nature observations. Examples of these Bioblitzes are the City Nature Challenge, the Biomaratón de Otoño in Spain and the annual ICA Biodiversity Challenge Bioblitz; organized among ICA-affiliated European universities, which is an event where participating universities compete to record the highest number of species on their campuses to raise awareness for biodiversity.  
+In 2025 the German Robert Koch Institute started a cooperation project ZEMEKI with Observation.org to evaluate the spread of ticks and mosquitos as carriers of diseases. The focus is on the tiger mosquito, a disease vector for Dengue and Chikungunya.
+
+
+== Public perception ==
+The UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology recommends the app ObsIdentify beside others for detection of alien species.
+As apps for identification NatureSpot recommends Seek and ObsIdentify.
+The Sussex Wildlife Trust finds that ObsIdentify works particularly well with invertebrates.
+ObsIdentify, iNaturalist, Seek, iRecord and Picture This are the favorite identifying apps for the Natural History Society of Northumbria (NHSN)
+Birdwatch (magazine) UK draws a positive conclusion after testing ObsIdentify. It is easy to use and provides a lot of information.
+
+
+== International names ==
+In the Netherlands, Observation.org is primarily known as Waarneming.nl. In the Dutch Caribbean, the name Observation.org is used. In Belgium, the platform is primarily known as Waarnemingen.be (Flanders) and Observations.be (Wallonia).
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+
+Official website
+GBIF page for Observation.org

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Weather-0.md

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+---
+title: "Old Weather"
+chunk: 1/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Weather"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:13.949352+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Old Weather is an online weather data project that currently invites members of the public to assist in digitising weather observations recorded in ship log books dating from the mid-19th century onwards. It is an example of citizen science that enlists members of the public to help in scientific research. It contributes to the Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth initiative. Data collected by Old Weather has been used by at least five different climate reanalysis projects, including HURDAT, SODA and ECMWF. In February 2013, the project was awarded the Royal Meteorological Society IBM Award for Meteorological Innovation that Matters.
+
+== Origins ==
+Old Weather is a Zooniverse project and is a collaboration between researchers at many institutions, including the University of Oxford, Oxford Martin School, ACRE (International Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth), Naval-History.Net of Penarth, Jisc which encourages UK colleges and universities in the innovative use of digital technologies, the National Maritime Museum at Maritime Greenwich, London, and the UK National Archives, Kew, London.
+
+== Importance of volunteers ==
+In the past, computer programs have proved unable to read handwriting reliably and the task is much better performed by humans and the results transferred to a digital form.
+In the site's tutorial, would-be volunteers are shown how to digitise a weather record. Further instructions on how to transcribe the logs are available on the associated Old Weather forum.
+It is intended that the pages of the logs are digitised by at least three people. The results will be used to make climate model projections and an improved database of weather extremes.
+The Old Weather project is still ongoing and new volunteers are still needed and welcomed. 
+
+== USRC, USCG and USS log books ==
+Currently, the log books of two US vessels are available, each of which have been scanned page by page, and the logs of another 21 vessels have been completed.
+More log books will be added at intervals.
+The transcriber notes the following from the log books: date, location (or voyage) and weather records, usually consisting of wind direction and strength, weather conditions, cloud type and/or amount of clear sky, barometric pressure and temperature readings. Other log entries, such as refueling figures and sightings of sea-ice, ships, people, landmarks or animals may also be recorded, as well as interesting events.
+
+== Progress ==
+
+=== Phases I & II ===
+Phase I was launched in October 2010 and all the available Royal Navy logs from that phase and from Phase II have now been completed. By July 23, 2012,
+officially, 16,400 volunteers had transcribed the weather data from 1,090,745 pages of the log books of 302 ships. These phases of the  project have generated 1.6 million weather observations.
+
+=== Phase III ===
+Phase III, consisting of logs from US ships voyaging in the Arctic and worldwide from the mid-1800s onward, was launched in October 2012. Phase III was completed 06 August 2018.
+
+=== Old Weather WWII ===
+This project was to collect data from the ship logs from 19 US Navy ships in World War II.  The project was completed in 2019.
+
+=== US Federal ships ===
+Currently, the scope of the project is being extended to include all the oceans including Arctic voyages and expeditions. Satellite imagery of this region goes back only to the 1950s, but it was explored for 100 years before that (for example the Franklin Expedition). When Phase III ended, a new method was required for data input. The volunteer transcribers developed their own method using LibreCalc spreadsheets with the log pages imported as a background. This method better suited the needs of the transcribers. The data from the log pages are transcribed in the spreadsheet and the results for each log page are saved in an XML file. These files are uploaded to a Google drive for processing. This method for data extraction was approved by the science team consisting of Philip Brohan, Kevin Wood and Gil Compo. The results were found to be so accurate, that only one transcription is required for each log page. This portion of the Old Weather project is still ongoing with and emphasis of years between 1860 and 1890. To learn how to participate in this project, visit the Old Weather forum.
+
+=== Whaling Logs ===
+This project focuses on the logbooks of whaling ships that sailed Arctic seas from 1849 to 1912. Volunteer transcribers create spreadsheets of information on sea ice and weather provided in the logbooks for scientists to use in climate studies. The logbooks are handwritten and non-standardized so volunteers are encouraged to work communally on transcription work.   
+Following the death of project founder Kevin Wood, the Whaling Logs section is currently seeking a new institution or platform to accept any future data. The project is not accepting new volunteers until the data has a new home. 
+Naval History 
+Old Weather volunteers are transcribing historical data from the ships' logs from US Navy, Revenue Cutter Service/Coast Guard and Coast & Geodetic Survey ships operating mostly in the Arctic and in the Pacific Ocean in the 19th and 20th Centuries.The historical transcriptions are published here, before and after they are edited by Naval-History volunteers. For more details, or to find out how to join in, visit the Old Weather Forum. 

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Weather-1.md

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+---
+title: "Old Weather"
+chunk: 2/2
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Weather"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:13.949352+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+== Results ==
+Initial results of Phase I will be published after data collection is complete and conclusions can be made.
+Indeed, the readings are still being assessed at a very broad level. But the distribution of temperature by latitude and wind force by latitude have been plotted for 120,000 results for which three readings have been taken.
+Large numbers of online volunteers at Old Weather from 2010 to 2012 transcribed historical weather data and naval events from the logbooks of the 314 Royal Navy ships of the World War 1 era. 350,000 pages were transcribed and include logs from ships present at the Battle of the Falklands, at Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, East Africa, and the China Station. Nearly all of the transcriptions have been edited and published. Brief details of all the ships can be found here.
+The Old Weather U. S. Federal Ships project is still ongoing. As of the end of 2023, 248 ship/years had been processed, with over 7.6 million weather observations digitized.  Data from up to 20 different weather elements have been recorded. Data from the project was analyzed by NOAA to reconstruct what had long been described as a hurricane that hit Sitka in Alaska in 1880. The reanalysis showed that it wasn’t a hurricane, but part of a much larger storm system known as an extra-tropical cyclone.
+
+== Security and political considerations ==
+Because climate change is a very political issue, interested parties could try to corrupt the data by, say, entering temperature figures that are too high or too low. Because three sets of records for each data point will be entered, any set from a digitiser showing a marked deviation from the other records should be easily checkable and eliminated. Large-scale fraud is unlikely because the data is entered one log page at a time, and so is immune to a spam type of attack. Collaborative projects such as Linux and Wikipedia have for the most part been able to rely on the transparent honesty of those taking part.
+
+== Accidental errors ==
+Accidental errors, such as reading '4's for '7's are possible, but often context will sort this out. A temperature of 40 °F is unlikely to be correct for a latitude in the tropics and may safely be assumed to be 70 °F.
+
+== See also ==
+Zooniverse projects:
+
+== References ==
+
+Notes
+Lauren Morello (ClimateWire) (2010-11-05). "Historic Sea Voyages Buoy Climate Science". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
+Marissa Cevallos (2010-09-09). "Mining The Maritime Past For Clues To Climate's Future". Science News. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+The collection of Old Weather information is authorized under the OMB Control Number included in the Citizen Science & Crowdsourcing Information Collection.

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Air_Laboratories-0.md

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+---
+title: "Open Air Laboratories"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Air_Laboratories"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:15.126837+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) network is a UK-wide citizen science initiative that aims to get the public more involved with nature through a range of local and national projects. It aimed to make the public more interested in science through enabling them to record data for scientists across many areas of environmental science, and then see the interpretation of these records.
+It is a partnership organisation, led by Imperial College London, and includes leading museums, universities, environmental organisations, and Government agencies across the UK.
+It developed activities and resources, including seven national nature surveys, which allow people to get closer to their local environment while collecting important scientific data. It also arranges and take part in nature events and workshops around the country. Schools and other organisations took part as well as individuals.
+It is largely funded by the Big Lottery Fund and began in 2007, operating across England. There was an emphasis on involving disadvantaged people and communities. Community scientists were placed to facilitate the surveys. Since January 2014, it has begun expanding into Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland thanks to a further grant.
+
+
+== Soil and earthworm survey ==
+The OPAL soil and earthworm survey was launched in March 2009 by the OPAL Soil Centre at Imperial College London, supported by a number of celebrities including Steve Leonard and Chris Packham. The survey aims to learn more about soil and earthworm distribution in England and the effects that humans are having on soil quality. Members of the public are asked to upload their findings directly onto the OPAL website, and results are then analysed by Imperial College London, which is also coordinating the survey.
+
+
+== Air survey ==
+The OPAL air survey launched in September 2009 and is coordinated by Imperial College London. The survey asks people to look for lichens on trees and tar spot fungus on sycamore leaves and then record their results online. The survey is helping scientists learn more about the effects of air pollution, and is supported by a number of organisations including the British Lichen Society.
+
+
+== Water survey ==
+The OPAL water survey launched in May 2010 and is coordinated by University College London (UCL). The survey asks people to go pond-dipping and identify the invertebrates living in their local pond or lake. Using this information they can then find out how polluted the water is, as some creatures are more tolerant of pollution than others. Results are collected online and will help scientists learn more about lakes and ponds across England.
+
+
+== Biodiversity survey ==
+The OPAL biodiversity survey launched in September 2010, coordinated by the Open University (OU). The survey asks the public to investigate their hedges and look for invertebrates and other signs of wildlife. Hedges are incredibly important habitats for many creatures and the survey aims to raise awareness and learn more about life in hedges across the country.
+
+
+== Climate survey ==
+The OPAL climate survey launched in March 2011, coordinated by the Met Office. It asked people to look for contrails in the sky, estimate their thermal comfort, and measure wind using bubbles. The results are helping scientists learn more about the ways we affect our climate, and how we may adapt to it. Results submissions for this survey closed on 31 March 2014.
+
+
+== Bugs Count ==
+The Bugs Count survey launched in June 2011 and was led by the Natural History Museum. It aims to collect data on bugs and other invertebrates that live all around us by asking the public to count invertebrates in timed challenges and look out for six particular bugs in the Species Quest.
+The Natural History Museum also developed the free Bugs Count app for iPhone and Android.
+
+
+== Tree health survey ==
+The OPAL tree health survey launched in May 2013 in partnership with Forest Research and the Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA). It aims to build a picture of the health of trees across country by asking the public to record data about the size and appearance of their tree while also looking for signs of pests and diseases. This includes six serious pests and diseases, referred to as the Most Unwanted, which are not yet established in the UK and could cause serious damage to the tree population.
+This survey has also been extended to Wales and Scotland in partnership with Natural Resources Wales and the Scottish Government.
+The Food and Environment Agency also developed the free tree health survey app for iPhone and Android.
+
+
+== Community Environment Report ==
+In January 2013, OPAL published the Community Environment Report, summarising the findings of the first five years of the project and its contribution to citizen science.
+The report showed that more than half a million people across England had been involved in OPAL activities, many of whom were carrying out a nature survey for the very first time. Their data had also provided scientists with information about locations that had not been sampled before and may not otherwise have been studied.
+
+
+== UK-wide expansion ==
+In August 2013, the Big Lottery Fund confirmed a further funding grant to OPAL enabling it to expand into Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland with a new team of partners between 2014 and 2016.
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+OPAL website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Insulin_Project-0.md

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+---
+title: "Open Insulin Project"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Insulin_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:16.356975+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Open Insulin Project is a community of researchers and advocates working to develop an open-source protocol for producing insulin that is affordable, has transparent pricing, and is community-owned. 
+
+
+== History ==
+The Open Insulin Project was started in 2015 by Anthony Di Franco, himself a type 1 diabetic. He started the project in response to the unreasonably high prices of insulin in the US. The project has been housed in Counter Culture Labs, a community laboratory and makerspace in the Bay Area. Other collaborators include ReaGent, BioCurious and BioFoundry.
+
+
+== Goals ==
+The project aims to develop both the methodology and hardware to allow communities and individuals to produce medical-grade insulin for the treatment of diabetes. These methods will be low-cost in order to combat the high price of insulin in places like the US. There is also potential for small-scale distributed production that may allow for improved insulin access in places with poor availability infrastructure. Access to insulin remains so insufficient around the globe that "half of all people who need insulin lack the financial or logistical means to obtain adequate supplies".
+
+
+== Motivation ==
+Researcher Frederick Banting famously refused to put his name on the patent after discovering insulin in 1923. The original patent for insulin was later sold by his collaborators for just $1 to the University of Toronto in an effort to make it as available as possible. Despite this, for various reasons, there remains no generic version of insulin available in the US. Insulin remains controlled by a small number of large pharmaceutical companies and sold at prices unaffordable to many who rely on it to live, particularly those without insurance. This lack of availability has led to fatalities, such as Alec Smith, who died in 2017 due to lack of insulin. The Open Insulin Project is motivated by the urgent need to protect the health of those with diabetes regardless of their economic or employment status by developing low-cost methods for insulin production available for anyone to use.
+
+
+== Progress and status ==
+The project has genetically engineered microorganisms to produce long-acting (glargine) and short-acting (lispro) insulin analogs using standard techniques in biotechnology and according to their December 2018 release the "first major milestone ― the production of insulin at lab scale ― is almost complete".
+The cost to produce insulin via Open Insulin methods is estimated by the project to be such that "roughly $10,000 should be enough to get a group started with the equipment needed to produce enough insulin for 10,000 people".
+A more recent estimate (May 2020) by the Open Insulin Foundation states that it will cost $200,000 (one-time price, per patient of $7-$20) for used equipment and up to $1,000,000 (one-time price, per patient of $73) for new equipment. The average price per vial was estimated to be $7 with each patient needing two vials per month.
+
+
+== See also ==
+OpenAPS, a project to create open source artificial pancreas system technology
+Nightscout
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Medical_Supplies-0.md

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+---
+title: "Open Source Medical Supplies"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Medical_Supplies"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:17.619471+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+Open Source Medical Supplies is a not for profit organization that collates and shares open source designs to make personal protective equipment and other medical supplies needed in the COVID-19 pandemic.
+
+
+== Organization ==
+Open Source Medical Supplies founded by Ja’dan Johnson and Gui Cavalcanti in March 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic was escalating. Initial activities were coordinated through a Facebook group which grew to 52,000 members. A team of 130 people coordinate and filter the information in the group.
+
+
+== Activities ==
+Open Source Medical Supplies provides a library of 195 DIY instructions on how to fabricate healthcare items including face masks. All designs are vetted by a team of thirty healthcare professionals. Open Source Medical Supplies has shipped over 15 million items of medical supplies.
+The group inspired the Open Source Ventilator Ireland Project.
+
+
+== See also ==
+Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic
+Maker culture
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official website
+Open Source Medical Supplies Community (Facebook Group)

data/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milky_Way_Project-0.md

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+---
+title: "The Milky Way Project"
+chunk: 1/1
+source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milky_Way_Project"
+category: "reference"
+tags: "science, encyclopedia"
+date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:15:06.013896+00:00"
+instance: "kb-cron"
+---
+
+The Milky Way Project is a Zooniverse project whose main goal is to identify stellar-wind bubbles in the Milky Way Galaxy. Users classify sets of infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Scientists believe bubbles in these images are the result of young, massive stars whose light causes shocks in interstellar gas.
+
+
+== Details ==
+The Milky Way Project works with data taken from the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer Galactic Plane Survey (MIPSGAL) and Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE). Only a small part uses WISE data. The project looks for bubbles, which can mean the formation of stars. The project also looks for knots, star clusters, and other objects such as young stars, supernova remnants, and newly discovered galaxies.
+
+
+== History ==
+The Milky Way Project started as the ninth Zooniverse project in December 2010. The phase 1 worked with the colors: 4.5 μm for blue, 8.0 μm for green and 24 μm for red. This resulted in the Data Release 1 (DR1) of the Milky Way Project in 2012 with 5,106 bubbles, which can also be found in SIMBAD.
+The annulus tool that was used to mark the bubbles in the Milky Way Project phase 1 was at random round and needed improvement. This problem was solved after the introduction of the ellipse tool. This new tool was used in the phase 2 of the project, short after DR1. This changed the classification and the tool does fit the actual shape of the bubbles. The phase 2 also used different colors: 3.6 μm for blue, 4.5 μm for green and 8.0 μm for red, the same three colors as GLIMPSE 360 in Aladin Lite. Phase 3 is also called Phoenix since it started after a year offline and it is now active. Phase 3 uses the same colors as phase 1 and the same ellipse tool as phase 2, combining the strength of phase 1+2.
+The Milky Way Project did also search for star clusters and galaxies. Phase 2 additionally did search for Extended Green Objects (EGO), 4.5 μm emissions that seem to be connected to outflow from massive young stellar objects. The volunteers did mention objects that are compact and yellow in the Milky Way Project. They are now called yellow balls, a mix of compact star-forming regions that show transition into bubbles. In the phase 3 the volunteers can additionally search for yellowballs, pillars and bowshocks. Phase 3 aims to create a reliable bubble catalog (DR2) with the data from phase 2+3 (4.4 million classifications), an improved yellowball catalog and the largest bowshock catalog to date. For this goal the 24 μm part of the image is important: Bubbles are more easy to spot and bowshocks are most of the time visible at this wavelength.
+
+The MWP classification aggregation pipeline is continuously tested and modified to avoid issues that were encountered in DR1.
+The second Data Release was published in 2019, which contains 2,600 infrared (IR) bubbles and 599 candidate IR bow shock candidates. With a subset of highly reliable subset of 1394 IR bubbles and 453 bow shocks. The lower number of bubbles is being explained with a better quality of the catalog. The new catalog includes bow shocks near the star-forming regions NGC 3603 and RCW 49. The size of the bubbles in the catalog is proven to be as good as expert classifications and to be better than in previous works. The mysterious "coffee ring" is presented as well, but although this perfect ring in absorption was observed with the Green Bank Telescope, the nature of this object remains a mystery.
+
+
+== See also ==
+ Astronomy portal
+Zooniverse projects:
+
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+Official Website
+Milky Way Project Blog
+Classical Milky Way Project Blog
+Old Milky Way Project Talk
+Data Release 1
+GLIMPSE Extended Green Object catalog