---
title: "Ethics of artificial intelligence"
chunk: 10/12
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:23:03.965241+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---

=== Governmental initiatives ===
In the United States the Obama administration put together a Roadmap for AI Policy. The Obama Administration released two prominent white papers on the future and impact of AI. In 2019 the White House through an executive memo known as the "American AI Initiative" instructed NIST (the National Institute of Standards and Technology) to begin work on Federal Engagement of AI Standards (February 2019).
In January 2020, in the United States, the Trump Administration released a draft executive order issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on "Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications" ("OMB AI Memorandum"). The order emphasizes the need to invest in AI applications, boost public trust in AI, reduce barriers for usage of AI, and keep American AI technology competitive in a global market. There is a nod to the need for privacy concerns, but no further detail on enforcement. The advances of American AI technology seems to be the focus and priority. Additionally, federal entities are even encouraged to use the order to circumnavigate any state laws and regulations that a market might see as too onerous to fulfill.
The Artificial Intelligence Research, Innovation, and Accountability Act of 2024 was a proposed bipartisan bill introduced by U.S. Senator John Thune that would require websites to disclose the use of AI systems in handling interactions with users and regulate the transparency of "high-impact AI systems" by requiring that annual design and safety plans be submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology for oversight based on pre-defined assessment criteria.
The Computing Community Consortium (CCC) weighed in with a 100-plus page draft report – A 20-Year Community Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Research in the US
The Center for Security and Emerging Technology advises US policymakers on the security implications of emerging technologies such as AI.
In Russia, the first-ever Russian "Codex of ethics of artificial intelligence" for business was signed in 2021. It was driven by Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation together with major commercial and academic institutions such as Sberbank, Yandex, Rosatom, Higher School of Economics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, ITMO University, Nanosemantics, Rostelecom, CIAN and others.
In China, the National Professional Committee on Next-Generation AI Governance issued the "Ethical Norms for the Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence" on September 25, 2021. The document outlines six basic requirements: enhancing human well-being, promoting fairness and justice, protecting privacy and safety, ensuring controllability and trustworthiness, strengthening responsibility, and improving ethical literacy. It also provides 18 specific norms for management, research and development, supply, and utilization activities. In November 2022, China submitted a "Position Paper on Strengthening the Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence" to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) meeting. The paper advocates for the principle of "ethics first," the establishment and improvement of AI ethical rules, norms, and accountability mechanisms, and calls for the international community to reach international agreements based on broad participation.

=== Academic initiatives ===
Multiple research institutes at the University of Oxford have centrally focused on AI ethics. The Future of Humanity Institute focused on AI safety and the governance of AI before shuttering in 2024. The Institute for Ethics in AI, directed by John Tasioulas, whose primary goal, among others, is to promote AI ethics as a field proper in comparison to related applied ethics fields. The Oxford Internet Institute, directed by Luciano Floridi, focuses on the ethics of near-term AI technologies and ICTs. The AI Governance Initiative at the Oxford Martin School focuses on understanding risks from AI from technical and policy perspectives.
The Centre for Digital Governance at the Hertie School in Berlin was co-founded by Joanna Bryson to research questions of ethics and technology.
The AI Now Institute at NYU is a research institute studying the social implications of artificial intelligence. Its interdisciplinary research focuses on the themes bias and inclusion, labour and automation, rights and liberties, and safety and civil infrastructure.
The Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) researches the effects of AI on unemployment, and policy.
The Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence (IEAI) at the Technical University of Munich directed by Christoph Lütge conducts research across various domains such as mobility, employment, healthcare and sustainability.
Barbara J. Grosz, the Higgins Professor of Natural Sciences at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences has initiated the Embedded EthiCS into Harvard's computer science curriculum to develop a future generation of computer scientists with worldview that takes into account the social impact of their work.

=== Private organizations ===
Algorithmic Justice League
Black in AI
Data for Black Lives