---
title: "Geologic time scale"
chunk: 7/7
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:46:38.551417+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---

== Further reading ==
Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van Couvering, John A.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian R.; Owen, Donald E.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). "Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard". Stratigraphy. 6 (2): 100–105. doi:10.7916/D8DR35JQ.
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G. (June 2004). "Geologic Time Scale 2004 – why, how, and where next!". Lethaia. 37 (2): 175–181. Bibcode:2004Letha..37..175G. doi:10.1080/00241160410006483.
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G., eds. (2005). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511536045. ISBN 978-0-521-78673-7.
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.; Bleeker, Wouter; Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004). "A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene". Episodes. 27 (2): 83–100. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002. CORE output ID 11773078.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ialenti, Vincent (28 September 2014). "Embracing 'Deep Time' Thinking". NPR. NPR Cosmos & Culture.
Ialenti, Vincent (21 September 2014). "Pondering 'Deep Time' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change". NPR. NPR Cosmos & Culture.
Knoll, Andrew H.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July 2004). "A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale". Science. 305 (5684): 621–622. doi:10.1126/science.1098803. PMID 15286353.
Levin, Harold L. (2010). "Time and Geology". The Earth Through Time. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2016). Stratigraphy & Timescales. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-811550-3.
Montenari, Michael (2017). Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-12-813077-3.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2018). Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-12-815098-6.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2019). Case Studies in Isotope Stratigraphy (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-12-817552-1.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2020). Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-12-820991-2.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2021). Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-12-824624-5.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2022). Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-98913-8.
Montenari, Michael, ed. (2023). Stratigraphy of Geo- and Biodynamic Processes (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-99242-8.
Nichols, Gary (2013). Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-68777-2.
Williams, Aiden (2019). Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Callisto Reference. ISBN 978-1-64116-075-9.

== External links ==

The current version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart can be found at stratigraphy.org/chart
Interactive version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart is found at stratigraphy.org/timescale
A list of current Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Points is found at stratigraphy.org/gssps
NASA: Geologic Time (archived 18 April 2005)
GSA: Geologic Time Scale (archived 20 January 2019)
British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart
GeoWhen Database (archived 23 June 2004)
National Museum of Natural History – Geologic Time (archived 11 November 2005)
SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems. Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Information model for the geologic time scale.
Exploring Time from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe
Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937. Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time
Lessons for Children on Geologic Time (archived 14 July 2011)
Deep Time – A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic
Geology Buzz: Geologic Time Scale. Archived 12 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine.