---
title: "Open science"
chunk: 8/8
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:48:21.258734+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---

F1000Research provides open publishing and open peer review for the life sciences.
The Open Library of Humanities is a non-profit open access publisher for the humanities and social sciences.
The Journals Library of the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) publishes all relevant documents and data from the onset of research projects, updating them alongside the progress of the study.
Journal support for open-science does not conflict with preprint servers:
figshare archives and shares images, readings, and other data; and Open Science Framework preprints, arXiv, and HAL Archives Ouvertes provide electronic preprints across many fields.

=== Software ===
A variety of computer resources support open science. These include software like the Open Science Framework from the Center for Open Science to manage project information, data archiving and team coordination; distributed computing services like Ibercivis to use unused CPU time for computationally intensive tasks; and services like Experiment.com to provide crowdsourced funding for research projects.
Blockchain platforms for open science have been proposed. The first such platform is the Open Science Organization, which aims to solve urgent problems with fragmentation of the scientific ecosystem and difficulties of producing validated, quality science. Among the initiatives of Open Science Organization include the Interplanetary Idea System (IPIS), Researcher Index (RR-index), Unique Researcher Identity (URI), and Research Network. The Interplanetary Idea System is a blockchain based system that tracks the evolution of scientific ideas over time. It serves to quantify ideas based on uniqueness and importance, thus allowing the scientific community to identify pain points with current scientific topics and preventing unnecessary re-invention of previously conducted science. The Researcher Index aims to establish a data-driven statistical metric for quantifying researcher impact. The Unique Researcher Identity is a blockchain technology based solution for creating a single unifying identity for each researcher, which is connected to the researcher's profile, research activities, and publications. The Research Network is a social networking platform for researchers. A scientific paper from November 2019 examined the suitability of blockchain technology to support open science.

=== Preprint servers ===

Preprint Servers come in many varieties, but the standard traits across them are stable: they seek to create a quick, free mode of communicating scientific knowledge to the public. Preprint servers act as a venue to quickly disseminate research and vary on their policies concerning when articles may be submitted relative to journal acceptance. Also typical of preprint servers is their lack of a peer-review process – typically, preprint servers have some type of quality check in place to ensure a minimum standard of publication, but this mechanism is not the same as a peer-review mechanism. Some preprint servers have explicitly partnered with the broader open science movement. Preprint servers can offer service similar to those of journals, and Google Scholar indexes many preprint servers and collects information about citations to preprints. The case for preprint servers is often made based on the slow pace of conventional publication formats. The motivation to start SocArXiv, an open-access preprint server for social science research, is the claim that valuable research being published in traditional venues often takes several months to years to get published, which slows down the process of science significantly. Another argument made in favor of preprint servers like SocArXiv is the quality and quickness of feedback offered to scientists on their pre-published work. The founders of SocArXiv claim that their platform allows researchers to gain easy feedback from their colleagues on the platform, thereby allowing scientists to develop their work into the highest possible quality before formal publication and circulation. SocArXiv's founders highlight several advantages: rapid colleague feedback enabling quality improvements before formal publication, flexibility to update work for rapid dissemination, and fewer procedural barriers than traditional journals impose for article updates. Perhaps the strongest advantage of some preprint servers is their seamless compatibility with Open Science software such as the Open Science Framework. The founders of SocArXiv claim that their preprint server connects all aspects of the research life cycle in OSF with the article being published on the preprint server. According to the founders, this allows for greater transparency and minimal work on the authors' part.
One criticism of pre-print servers is their potential to foster a culture of plagiarism. For example, the popular physics preprint server ArXiv had to withdraw 22 papers when it came to light that they were plagiarized. In June 2002, a high-energy physicist in Japan was contacted by a man called Ramy Naboulsi, a non-institutionally affiliated mathematical physicist. Naboulsi requested Watanabe to upload his papers on ArXiv as he was not able to do so, because of his lack of an institutional affiliation. Later, the papers were realized to have been copied from the proceedings of a physics conference. Preprint servers are increasingly developing measures to circumvent this plagiarism problem. In developing nations like India and China, explicit measures are being taken to combat it. These measures usually involve creating some type of central repository for all available pre-prints, allowing the use of traditional plagiarism detecting algorithms to detect the fraud. Nonetheless, this is a pressing issue in the discussion of pre-print servers, and consequently for open science.

== Open Science Platforms (Open Repositories) ==
arXiv – open-access repository of electronic preprints and postprints (known as e-prints)
Zenodo – open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN
Figshare – open data and software hosting
HAL (open archive) – open archive where authors can deposit scholarly documents from all academic fields
Dryad (repository) – data and software related to science papers
Open Science Framework – project management and sharing platform

== See also ==

== References ==

== Sources ==
Belhajjame, Khalid; et al. (2014). "The Research Object Suite of Ontologies: Sharing and Exchanging Research Data and Methods on the Open Web". arXiv:1401.4307 [cs.DL].
Nielsen, Michael (2011). Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14890-8.
Groen, Frances K. (2007). Access to medical knowledge: libraries, digitization, and the public good. Lanham, Mar.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5272-3.
Kronick, David A. (1976). A history of scientific & technical periodicals: the origins and development of the scientific and technical press, 1665–1790 (2d ed.). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0844-7.
Price, Derek J. de Solla (1986). Little science, big science – and beyond (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04956-6.
Suber, Peter (2012). Open access (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51763-8. Retrieved 28 July 2016.

== External links ==

TED talk video by Michael Nielsen on open science
Cracking Open the Scientific Process