---
title: "Outline of natural science"
chunk: 6/12
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T03:57:12.306970+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---

==== Biology ====
Biology – study of living organisms.
Aerobiology – study of airborne organic particles
Agriculture – study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy – study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human.
Biochemistry – study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering – study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
Biogeography – study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
Bioinformatics – use of information technology and statistics for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
Biomathematics or mathematical biology – quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics
Biomedical sciences
Biomedical research – study of the human body in health and disease
Clinical research
Biophysics – study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology – new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
Botany – study of plants
Cell biology – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
Conservation biology – study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Chronobiology – field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.
Cryobiology – study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
Developmental biology – study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
Embryology – study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth). See also topobiology.
Gerontology – study of aging processes.
Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
Environmental biology – study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology – major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
Evolution – any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations.
Evolutionary biology – study of the origin and descent of species over time
Evolutionary developmental biology – field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved.
Paleobiology – discipline which combines the methods and findings of the natural science biology with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology.
Paleontology – study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Genetics – study of genes and heredity
Genomics – discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genomes of organisms.
Proteomics – large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions
Population genetics – study of changes in gene frequencies in
Histology – study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
Integrative biology – study of whole organisms
Limnology – study of inland waters
Marine biology – study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Bacteriology – study of bacteria.
Virology – study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Structural biology – branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
Morphology – In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
Mycology – study of fungi
Oceanography – study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean
Oncology – study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings
Population biology – study of groups of conspecific organisms, including
Population ecology – study of how population dynamics and extinction
Population genetics – study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
Pathobiology or pathology – study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Parasitology – study of parasites and parasitism
Pharmacology – study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines
Physiology (Outline) – study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Immunology – Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms
Kinesiology – Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement
Neurobiology – study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
Neuroscience – interdisciplinary science that studies the nervous system
Histology –
Phytopathology – study of plant diseases (also called plant pathology)
Psychobiology – study of the biological bases of psychology
Sociobiology – study of the biological bases of sociology
Systematics – study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time
Cladistics – method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants (and nothing else)
Phylogeny – study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms (e.g. species, populations), which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices
Taxonomy – science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification.
Zoology – study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior
Arachnology – scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, collectively called arachnids.
Acarology – study of the taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks
Entomology – study of insects
Myrmecology – scientific study of ants, a branch of entomology
Coleopterology – study of beetles
Lepidopterology – study of a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies (called lepidopterans)
Ethology – study of animal behavior
Helminthology – study of worms, especially parasitic worms
Herpetology – study of reptiles and amphibians
Ichthyology – study of fish
Malacology – branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods.
Mammalogy – study of mammals
Cetology – branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea.
Physical anthropology – studies the physical development of the human species.
Nematology – scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms
Ornithology – study of birds

== History of natural science ==