---
title: "Vienna Circle"
chunk: 3/6
source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle"
category: "reference"
tags: "science, encyclopedia"
date_saved: "2026-05-05T04:37:41.365102+00:00"
instance: "kb-cron"
---

== Congresses and publications ==

The Vienna Circle was very active in advertising their new philosophical ideas. Several congresses on epistemology and philosophy of science were organized, with the help of the Berlin Circle. There were some preparatory congresses: Prague (1929), Königsberg (1930), Prague (1934) and then the first congress on scientific philosophy held in Paris (1935), followed by congresses in Copenhagen (1936), Paris (1937), Cambridge, UK (1938), Cambridge, Massachusetts. (1939). The Königsberg congress (1930) was very important, for Kurt Gödel announced that he had proven the completeness of first-order logic and the incompleteness of formal arithmetic. Another very interesting congress was the one held in Copenhagen (1936), which was dedicated to quantum physics and causality.
Between 1928 and 1937, the Vienna Circle published ten books in a collection named Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung (Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception), edited by Schlick and Frank. Karl Raimund Popper's book Logik der Forschung was published in this collection. Seven works were published in another collection, called Einheitswissenschaft (Unified Science). In 1930 Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach undertook the editorship of the journal Erkenntnis, which was published between 1930 and 1940 (from 1939 the editors were Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris).
The following is the list of works published in the two collections edited by the Vienna Circle.
Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung (Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception), edited by Schlick and Frank:

Richard von Mises, Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit, 1928 (Probability, Statistics, and Truth, New York: Macmillan company, 1939)
Rudolf Carnap, Abriss der Logistik, 1929
Moritz Schlick, Fragen der Ethik, 1930 (Problems of Ethics, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939)
Otto Neurath, Empirische Soziologie, 1931
Philipp Frank, Das Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen, 1932 (The Law of Causality and its Limits, Dordrecth; Boston: Kluwer, 1997)
Otto Kant, Zur Biologie der Ethik, 1932
Rudolf Carnap, Logische Syntax der Sprache, 1934 (The Logical Syntax of Language, New York: Humanities, 1937)
Karl Raimund Popper, Logik der Forschung, 1934 (The Logic of Scientific Discovery, New York: Basic Books, 1959)
Josef Schächter, Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik, 1935 (Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1973)
Victor Kraft, Die Grundlagen einer wissenschaftliche Wertlehre, 1937 (Foundations for a Scientific Analysis of Value, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1981)
Einheitswissenschaft (Unified Science), edited by Carnap, Frank, Hahn, Neurath, Jørgensen (after Hahn's death), Morris (from 1938):

Hans Hahn, Logik, Mathematik und Naturerkennen, 1933
Otto Neurath, Einheitswissenschaft und Psychologie, 1933
Rudolf Carnap, Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftlogik, 1934
Philipp Frank, Das Ende der mechanistischen Physik, 1935
Otto Neurath, Was bedeutet rationale Wirtschaftsbetrachtung, 1935
Otto Neurath, E. Brunswik, C. Hull, G. Mannoury, J. Woodger, Zur Enzyklopädie der Einheitswissenschaft. Vorträge, 1938
Richard von Mises, Ernst Mach und die empiristische Wissenschaftauffassung, 1939
These works are translated in Unified Science: The Vienna Circle Monograph Series Originally Edited by Otto Neurath, Kluwer, 1987.
Monographs, arranged in chronological order, published in the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science:

Otto Neurath, Niels Bohr, John Dewey, Bertrand Russell, Rudolf Carnap, Charles Morris, Encyclopedia and unified science, 1938, vol.1 n.1
Charles Morris, Foundations of the theory of signs, 1938, vol.1 n.2
Victor Lenzen, Procedures of empirical sciences, 1938, vol.1 n.5
Rudolf Carnap, Foundations of logic and mathematics, 1939, vol.1 n.3
Leonard Bloomfield, Linguistic aspects of science, 1939, vol.1 n.4
Ernest Nagel, Principles of the theory of probability, 1939, vol.1 n.6
John Dewey, Theory of valuation, 1939, vol.2 n.4
Giorgio de Santillana and Edgar Zilsel, The development of rationalism and empiricism, 1941, vol.2 n.8
Otto Neurath, Foundations of social sciences, 1944, vol.2 n.1
Joseph H. Woodger, The technique of theory construction, 1949, vol.2 n.5
Philipp Frank, Foundations of physics, 1946, vol.1 n.7
Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, Cosmology, 1951, vol.1 n.8
Jørgen Jørgensen, The development of logical empiricism, 1951, vol.2 n.9
Egon Brunswik, The conceptual framework of psychology, 1952, vol.1 n.10
Carl Hempel, Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science, 1952, vol.2 n.7
Felix Mainx, Foundations of biology, 1955, vol.1 n.9
Abraham Edel, Science and the structure of ethics, 1961, vol.2 n.3
Thomas S. Kuhn, The structure of scientific revolutions, 1962, vol.2 n.2
Gerhard Tintner, Methodology of mathematical economics and econometrics, 1968, vol.2 n.6
Herbert Feigl and Charles Morris, Bibliography and index, 1969, vol.2 n.10

== Topics and debates ==
The Vienna Circle cannot be assigned one single philosophy. First, there existed a plurality of philosophical positions within the Circle, and second, members often changed their views fundamentally in the course of time and in reaction to discussions in the Circle. It thus seems more convenient to speak of "the philosophies (in the plural) of the Vienna Circle".
However, some central topics and debates can be identified.